Number: Journal

THE
JOURNAL
OF
THE
SOCIETY
ACOUSTICAL
Volume
OF
AMERICA
Number
23
JULY
1951
Sound Scattering by Solid Cylinders and Spheres*

JAMESJ. FARAN, JR.
AcousticsResearchLaboratory,Harvard University,Cambridge,Massachusetts
(ReceivedMarch 13, 1951)
The theoryof the scatteringof planewavesof soundby isotropiccircularcylindersandspheresis extended

to take into accountthe shearwaveswhichcan exist (in additionto compressional
waves)in scatterersof
solidmaterial.The resultscanbe expressed

in termsof scattering
functionsalreadytabhlated.Scattering
patternscomputedon the basisof the theoryare shownto be in goodagreementwith experimentalmeasurementsof the distribution-in-angle
of soundscatteredin water by metal cylinders.Rapid changeswith
frequencyin the distribution-in-angle
of the scatteredsoundand in the total scatteredenergyare foundto
occurnear frequencies
of normalmodesof free vibration of the scatteringbody.
I. INTRODUCTION
can have a considerable effect on the distribution-in-
angleof the scatteredsoundand on the total scattered

HE scattering
of sound
wasfirstinvestigated
mathematically by Lord Rayleigh. However, energy.Morse,with Lowan, Feshbach,and Lax, later
becauseof the complexityof the mathematicalsolution, extended his solution to include the effects of comwavesinside(fluid)cylindricaland spherical
he only considered
the limitingcasewherethe scatterers pressional
s These resultsare also given in convenient
are small comparedwith the wavelength.The solution scatterers.
hose
for scatteringby rigid,immovablecircularcylindersand form in termsof severaladditionalphase-angles
reported
spheres,not necessarilysmallcomparedwith the wave- valuesaretabulated.The objectof theresearch
by cylindersand
length, was given in convenientform by Morse, who herehasbeento studysoundscattering
of solidmaterial(whichwill supportshearwaves
definedand tabulatedvaluesof phase-angles
associated spheres
waves).The mathematical
with the partial scatteredwaves,in orderto simplifythe in additionto compressional
complicateddependence
on besselfunctions."Although solutionwill be givenfirst, after whichexperimental
most solidscatterersin air can be considered
rigid and apparatusand resultswill be described.
immovable,it is valid only in a few specialcasesto
II. THE MATHEMATICAL
SOLUTION
assumethat a scattererin a liquid mediumis rigid and
List of Symbols
immovable. In general, the soundwaves which penetrate the scatterermust be taken into account,as they
Mostof thesymbols
usedhereare,in theappropriate
* This papercontainsthe essentialresultsof a thesissubmitted
to the Faculty of Harvard University in partial fulfillment of the
requirementsfor the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy.This research
has beenaided by funds made available under a contractwith the
ONR.
sections
of theanalysis,
thesameasthoseusedby Love
and thoseusedby Morse'
a
= radiusof cylinderor sphere;
a,, b,,c,= expansioncoefficients;
Lord Rayleigh,The Theoryof Sound(Dover Publications,New

York, 1945), first Americanedition.
aMathematical Tables Project and M.I.T. Underwater Sound
P.M.
,Morse, Vibration and Sound (McGraw-Hill 'Book Laboratory,Scattering
andRadiation
from CircularCylinders
and
Company, New York, 1936), first edition, and (1948), second Spheres(U.S. Navy Department, Office of Researchand In- "
edition.
ventions,Washington,D.C., 1946).
405
Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 200.37.4.233 On: Sat, 11 Apr 2015
21:24:56
406
JAMES
A
Az
J.
FARAN,
= vector displacementpotential;
= z-componentof vectorpotential;
= C-componentof vectorpotential;
=velocity of compressionalwaves in the
Ao
1
scatterer;
2
= velocity of shearwavesin the scatterer;

= velocityof soundin the fluidsurrounding
the
= Young's modulus;
= (--1);
=spherical besselfunction of the first kind;
= besselfunction of the first kind;
= oo/c;
= oo/o.;
= o/c;
= order integer;
= sphericalbesselfunctionof the secondkind;
scatterer;
in()
k
k.
ka
JR.
cylinderalongthe negativex-axis,as shownin Fig. 1.

As in the solutionsgivenpreviouslyfor rigid and fluid
scatterers,-a the wave motion external to the scatterer
is assumedto consistof the incidentplanewaveand an

outgoing scattered wave. It is desired to find the
amplitudeof the scatteredwaveas measured
at large
distances
from the cylinder.The mathematicalexpressions for displacementand dilatation inside and for
pressureand displacement
outsidethe cylinderwill be
foundin generalform first, after whichthe application
of the properboundaryconditionsat the surfaceof the
cylinderwill lead directly to the solution.
The wavesinsidethe cylinderwill be represented
by
suitablesolutionsof the equationof motion of a solid
elasticmedium,whichmay be written4
(X+2/OX7A--/X7X
(2&)=pO2u/Ot",
(1)
= besselfunctionof the secohdkind;

P
pi
p
= pressure;
=pressurein incidentwave;
=pressurein scatteredwave;
P n(cos0)= Legendrepolynomial;
P0
= amplitude of pressurein incidentwave;
r, 0, z
=cylindrical coordinates;
r, 0, =spherical coordinates;
rr, rO, rz=stress components

in cylindricalcoordinates;
[rr, [rO-],Ire-I= stresscomponents

in sphericalcoordinates;
t
u
= time;
= displacement;
ur, uo
ui.r
= componentsof displacementin the solid;

=radial componentof displacementin inci-
us.r
=radial componentof displacementin scat-
x, y, z
= rectangularcoordinates;
x
x.
X3
=ka;
= k.a;
o
= kaa,
dent wave;
tered wave;
an,/n,/Sn,/Sn','n,tin=scatteringphase-angles;
A
P
P3
O'
= dilatation;
=Neumann factor; e0= 1; en=2, n>0;
= Lam( elastic constants;
=rotation;
Fro. 1. Choiceof coordinateaxesfor scatteringby cylinders.

where
a=V-u
(2)
and
:
2&=VXu.
From Eq. (1) canbe derivedthe equations,
=density of the scatterer;

= densityofthefluidsurrounding
thescatterer;. and
= Poisson's
ratio;
V"A= (m/X+ 2u)OaA/Ot"
(3)
Va(2g0= (m/u)O'(2gO/OF,
(4)
= boundary
impedance
scattering
phase-angle;
which
define
thewave
velocities
=scalar displacementpotential;
= angularfrequency
(2r f).
Scattering by Solid Circular Cylinders
c= [ (Xq-2)/m]= [E(1- a)/m(1q-a)(1- 2a)] (5)

and
c.=(//p)i= [-E/2p(lq-a)-].
(6)
Plane wavesof soundof frequencyo0/2r in a fluid
medium are incident upon an infinitely long circular Solutions
of Eq. (1) canbe foundby assuming
that the
cylinderof someisotropicsolidmaterial.Let the axisof
4A. E. H. Love, A Treatiseon the MathematicalTheoryof
the cylindercoincidewith the z-axisof a rectangular Elasticity
(Dover Publications,
New York, 1944),fourthedition,
coordinatesystem,and let the planewaveapproachthe p. 141.
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
displacementcan be derivedfrom a scalarand a vector

potential'
u=--g+gxA.
(7)
AND
SPHERES
407
tion for a (nonviscous)

fluid medium,which can be
written
V2p= ( l/ca)Op/ot.
The displacement
thus can be thoughtof as the sumof The incidentplanewaveis represented
by5
two displacements,
one associated
with compressional
waves and the other with shear waves. If we assume that
P= Poexp(-jkax)= Poexp(-jkar cos0)
the potentialssatisfythe equations,
=P0 Y'en(-j) nJn(kar)cosn0.
(15)
(8)
and
V2A= (1/c?)O:/OF,
The radial componentof displacementassociatedwith
(9)
this wave is
we can showthat A(= V. (--V,I,)) satisfiesEq. (3), and

that 2(=VXVXA)
satisfiesEq. (4). That these
assumptions
do lead to a valid solutionof Eq. (1) may
be seenby noting that the solutionswe shall obtain
satisfyEq. (1) by directsubstitution.
If we nowchange
to a cylindricalcoordinatesystemdefinedby
x=rcos0,
y=rsin0,
ui.r=-(1//pao)Opi//Or
Po
oo
co,nO.(16)
=p302n=O
The outgoingscatteredwave must be symmetrical
z-z,
about 0=0
and therefore of the form
it can be seenthat pressureand displacementmust be

symmetricalabout 0-0 (the directionof the positive
Ps-- cn[Jn(kar)-jNn(kar)']cosn0. (17)
n-----0
x-axis). Moreover,becausethe cylinderis of infinite
length, and the incidentplane wave of infinite extent,
associated
with
there can be no dependence
on z, and it is logicalto The radial componentof displacement
assumethat there is no displacementin the z-direction. this wave is
Subjectto theseconditions,
the solutionof Eq. (8) can
1
oo
d
be written
Y'6n--[Jn(ka')-jNn(ka')']COS0. (18)
xI,= y' anJn(kr)cosn0.
p302 n----Odr
(10)
The factors Cn are the unknown coefficientswhich must
(Thetimedependence
factorexp(jot)will beunderstood be evaluated.
The followingboundaryconditions
are appliedat the
in all the expressions
representing
waves.)Examination
in the fluidmust
of Eq. (9) showsthat, subjectto the conditionsdis- surfaceofthe cylinder:(I) The pressure
cussedabove,the vector potential can have no com- be equalto the normalcomponentof stressin the solid
of
ponentin the r- or the O-direction.
The vectorEq. (9) at the interface;(II) the normal(radial)component
of the fluid must be equalto the normal
then reducesto a scalarequationin A z, and its solution displacement
can be written
componentof displacement
of the solidat the interface;
and (III) the tangentialcomponents
of shearingstress
dz= b,Jn(k.r)
sinn0.
(11) mustvanishat the surfaceof the solid.That is,
n=0
pq-p8= - [-rr-] at r = a,
Only sinetermsappearhere,becausethe vectorpotential must be anti-symmetricalabout 0=0 in order

that the displacement
derivedfrom it shall be symmetricalabout0=0. Now, by Eqs. (7) and (2),
ui. r-q-U,.r = Ur
at
r = a,
(19)
(20)
and
[-rO=[-rz=O at r=a.
(21)
In cylindricalcoordinates,
6
at=n=0
Zoo
[--Jn(k.r)-an--Jn(kr)
(12)
[nbn d cosn0,
go
= n=-0
Zoo
[--Jn(kr)
[nan- bn--Jn
d'
d (k.r)
]sinn0,(13)
and
A= k anJn(kr)cosn0.
(14)
n=O
The wavesin the fluid surrounding

the cylinderwill
be represented
by suitablesolutions
of the waveequa-
[rr] = X/x+ 2uOuJOr= 2pc?[

(/1 - 2) zX
+ OuJOr],
=
(OuJoo)+
(ud) ],
and
[z]= [OuJOz+ OUz/O].
By the conditionsof symmetry,[rz=O everywhere.

Uponsubstitutionfrom Eqs. (15), (17), (14), (12), (16),
(18), and (13), the boundawconditionEqs. (19), (20),
Seereference2, secondedition, p. 347.
0 See reference4, p. 288.
21:24:56
408
JAMES J. FARAN,
and (21) become,for the nth mode,
JR.
wave,is definedby
xJn'(xOan-nJn(x.)bn
tann, = tana,(xa)
+ (xa/wpa)[-J,d(xa)= -- (PoX3/OO2p3)n(--j)nJn'(X3),
jN,(xa) 3c,
(19a)
X Etanq-tanan(xa)/['tannq-tan/ (xa).
The intermediate
scattering
phase-angles
+ aEJ,(xa)
- jN(xa)c, = - Poe(- j) aJ,(xa), (20a)
an(x)= tan-Z[
-- Jn(x)/Nn(x)-I,
a.(x) = tan-E- xJ.' (x)/J.(x)-I,
and
in(x)= tan-q-- xNn'(x)/Nn (x)-!,
and
havebeendefined
andtheirvaluestabulated
previously.
s
The anglen, whichis a measureof the boundary
impedance
at thesurface
of thescatterer,
isgiven,fora
2n[xxJ,'(xO-J,(xOa,
Solvingtheseequationssimultaneously
for c, is labori- solidscatterer,by
ousbut straightforward.The resultis
tanon=(--Pa/POtan'n(x,),
c,= --Poe(--j) + sinn,exp(/n,),
(22)
(23)
wherethe newscattering
phase-angle
'n(x,) is given
where n, the phase-shiftangle of the nth scattered by
xJn(xO
2n'Jnx)
XXJn'(XO--Jn(x
0 n'Jn(x.)--xJn'(x)+x
(/1-2)xEJ"(xO-J""(xO
x (x)
'n(x,
)=tan
----. 2n[xJ"'(x)
'
(24)
For convenience
in computing
valuesof thisfunction,it canbe writtenin termsof the angle
r, (xz, ) = tan-z
tana,(x0
n
2 tana,(xO+n:-}x:
n[tana:l '
x::
tana,(x0+ 1 tana,(x:)+n:-}x:
....
(25)
tana(x0
+1 tana,(x:)+n:-}x:
]
Although'n as written aboveis explicitlya functionof

xz and x.,it can be considered
a functionof xz and e,
sincethe ratio of xz and x. is a functionof e only.
Valuesof 'n(xx,e) computedfrom Eq. (25) for e= are
givenin Table I. For convenience
in findingthe tangent,
the value of the anglelying between4-90 is given in
thetable.Thedottedlinesindicatethat fn(xz,) passes

through4-90 betweenthe adjacententries,and thus
serveto pointout theinfinitiesof tan'n(xz,e). It will be
seenbelowthat the infinitiesof tanfn(xz,e) occurat
preciselythe frequenciesof thosenormalmodesof free
vibrationof the scattererwhichsatisfythe conditions
of symmetryof the scatteringproblem.The dottedlines
in Table I thus mark the locations of the normal modes
of vibration of the scatterer.For other values of ?oisson's
ratio the functions

will be similar,the onlydifference
beingshiftsin the locationsof the normalmodes.
The scatteringpattern, or distribution-in-angle

of
pressure
in the scatteredwaveat largedistances
from
the cylinder,can be foundfrom Eqs. (17) and (22),
usingthe asymptoticexpressions
for the besselfunctions
for large arguments:
IP,[P0t
1I[
INCIDENT PLANE
WAVE
Fro. 2. Choiceof coordinateaxesfor scatteringby spheres.
[ E ensinnexp(jnn)
cosn0].(26)
Scatteringby Solid Spheres
Let us assumethat plane waves'of soundin a fluid
mediumare incidentupona sphereof someisotropic
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
AND
SPHERES
4:09
TABLEI. Valuesof ',,(x,,r) for the cylindricalcasefor = .

n =2
0.0
0.00
--45.00
0.00
3.59
n =3
0.00
2.06
n =4
0.00
1.52
n =5
n =6
0.00
1.20
n =7
0.00
1.01
0.00
0.86
n =8
n----9
0.00
0.76
0.00
0.67
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.37
6.27
14.35
25.60
--44.13
--43.33
--41.18
-- 37.48
15.47
36.24
60.28
8.73
20.10
35.26
6.33
14.07
25.40
4.97
11.15
19.90
4.02
9.12
16.24
3.46
7.80
14.00
3.03
6.80
12.12
2.68
6.04
10.24
1.0
38.90
-- 31.24
79.03
51.42
37.95
30.52
25.18
21.23
18.52
16.84
1.2
1.4
52.22
63.81
-- 18.06
+62.49
--88.71
-- 79.71
65.40
76.03
50.79
61.87
41.33
52.07
34.96
45.11
30.31
38.96
26.58
34.61
23.56
31.22
1.6
73.08
--31.82
1.8
80.33
-- 7.53
-- 74.29
-- 68.94
83.85
89.73
70.71
77.52
61.11
68.61
53.83
61.51
47.93
55.74
42.73
50.71
39.11
46.45
2.0
86.05
q- 15.39
--63.54
--85.59
82.84
74.55
67.96
62.24
57.38
53.06
2.2
--89.25
36.63
-- 56.21
--81.57
87.06
79.25
73.05
67.88
63.03
59.43
2.4
--85.16
53.17
2.6
2.8
--81.30
-- 77.32
64.93
73.30
--49.71
--37.81
-- 19.43
--77.67
--73.08
--64.48
--89.43
--86.35
--83.42
83.05
86.22
88.92
77.21
80.71
83.58
72.25
76.15
79.25
67.97
72.17
75.52
64.10
68.51
72.15
3.0
--72.71
79.69
+6.92
+68.10
--80.28
--88.67
86.02
81.83
78.34
75.20
--74.64
--76.17
--86.39
88.15
84.09
80.71
77.75
3.2
--66.65
85.83
34.29
3.4
3.6
--57.35
--40.29
74.49
87.38
54.21
67.25
--65.75
--55.95
--68.06
-- 11.94
--84.05
--81.35
--89.92
--88.10
86.04
87.77
82.78
84.58
79.94
81.86
3.8
--6.92
--89.02
76.96
--40.24
+85.24
-- 77.55
--86.28
89.35
86.18
83.57
4.0
+34.15
--86.10
--87.62
-- 11.45
--83.85
--69.80
--84.30
--89.16
4.2
58.25
--83.24
+70.33
+28.36
--78.33
--27.54
--81.87
--87.69
88.91
86.34
57.79
-- 73.27
q- 75.02
-- 78.22
--86.15
-- 89.85
87.54
-- 70.46
--84.38
--88.63
88.64
87.59
4.4
4.6
70.32
77.19
--80.06
--76.03
80.59
84.69
78.81
--66.94
88.55
4.8
81.68
-- 70.05
87.52
14.69
--56.75
--86.36
--29.41
--82.10
--87.38
5.0
84.94
--60.60
89.87
68.66
-- 34.99
--82.97
q- 70.97
-- 78.49
--86.02
solidmaterial.Let the centerof the spherecoincidewith
theoriginofa rectangular
coordinate
system,
andlet the
planewavesapproach
the spherealongthe negative
z axis,asshownin Fig.2. Theanalysis
isverysimilarto
that for the cylindricalcase.We transferto spherical
85.03
89.69
--89.28
Pressure
in the incidentwaveis represented
by7
pi= 1o
exp(-jk3z)= 10oexp(-jk3r cos0)
= 100 (2n+ 1)(-/) "j,(k3r)10n(cosO).
coordinatesdefinedby
x= r sin0cos4, y= r sin0sin4, z= r cos0.
The outgoingscatteredwavewill be of the form,
p= c,[j,(kr)-jn,(kr)]P,(cosO). (27)
Because
the incidentwaveapproaches
alongthe axisof
,-0
4, thereis no dependence
on 4. It is logicalto assume
The sameboundaryconditionsat the surfaceof the
that there is no componentof displacement
in the
for displacement,
4-direction,and it followsthat the onlynon-zerocom- scattererareappliedto theexpressions
and dilatation,whichare eithergivenabove
ponentof thevectorpotentialin thiscaseis A,. The pressure,
or derivablefrom the above. In sphericalcoordinates
potentials
arethenfoundto beof theforms,
the stresscomponentsare
I,= E anjn(kr)Pn(cosO)
['rr= X/x+2uOu/Or=2tcl-(o'/1-
n----O
and
Or
O0 J
A4,- E b,j,(k2r)--10n(cosO).
,o
dO
Seereference2, secondedition,p. 354.
21:24:56
410
JAMES
J.
FARAN,
and
JR.
The intermediateangles,
r sin0 O0
(x)= tan-l[-- j, (x)/n,(x)-],

a,(x)= tan-l[-- xj,'(x)/j,(x)-],
/S(x) = tan-l[-- xn,'(x)/n,(x)-I,
Or
By carryingtheanalysis
throughasin thecylindrical
case,we find that
havebeendefinedand their valuestabulatedprevi-
cn=- P0(2n+1)(-j) +l sinr exp(jr),

where the phase-shift
definedby
(28) ously.
8 The boundaryimpedance
phase-angle
n is
definedby
of the nth scatteredwave is
tan=-
tanr/= tan (x3)Etan4- tanan(x3)-]/

tan nq-tan/g(x3).
',(xx, v)= tan- .
(p/m) tan'(xl,),
(29)
wherethenewscattering
phaseangle'(xl, ) is given
by
Xly.''(Xl)
2(nS-+
-n)in(x2)
2(v/1--2v)xS[j(xO--j"(x)]
2(nS+n)[jdxa)--sJ'(xa)
I
X
2' tt
xjn'(Xl)--j(xl)
(nS+n2)y(
a)q-x2
y(xs)
x2
x,j'(x,)--j(xO
(nS+n-- 2)j(xa)+xaaj"(xa)J
This functioncanbe expressed

in termsof the anglea(x)'
,(x, v)= tan-
tana(x)
nS+n
2n+nx
ta
na( 7stai(xa)+l
/'
xas
tana(x)+l
nS+n-1-xas+tana(xa)
-
tana(x)+ 1
(30)
nS+n-- 1--xS+tana(xs)]
Valuesof thisfunctioncomputed
fromEq. (30)for = repetitionrate, servedto identifyinterfering
pulses
aregivenin TableII. The dottedlinesagainindicatethe which,stillreverberating
in thetankfromtheprevious
infinitiesof tan'(xx,), that is, the normalmodesof transmittedpulse,happenedto arriveat the receiverat
free vibration of the scatterer.
the sametime as the pulseto be measured.A small
The distributionin angleof pressurein the scattered adjustmentof the averagepulserepetitionrate was
wave at largedistancesfrom the sphereis foundfrom effective
in controlling
interference
of thistype.Both
Eqs.(27) and (28)by meansof theasymptotic
expres- transducers
employed
x-cutquartzcrystals
operated
at
sionsfor the spherical
besselfunctions
for largeargu- resonance.
Seriousdistortionof the short (64 tsec)
ments'
pulses
by thetransducers
wasprevented
bylowering
the
Q of the quartzcrystalsby increasing
the radiation
loading.This wasaccomplished
by inserting
between
the crystalsand the wateran acousticquarter-wave
transformer
in theformof a thindiskof Plexiglas.
The
III. EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS
amplitudeof the scatteredsoundpulseswasmeasured
Measurements
of the distribution-in-angle
of sound bya modified
substitution
method,
anoscilloscope
being
scatteredin waterby metal cylindersweremadefor the usedas an indicator.
The pulseswerebroughtto a
purposeof checkingthe theory. Thesemeasurements standard
deflection
on the oscilloscope,
changes
in the
weremadein a largesteeltank at or neara frequency pulseamplitude
beingcompensated
by changes
in the
IPI
IY'(2n+sinn.
exp(j,.)p(cosO)].
of onemegacycle
per second.
A soundprojectorin one attenuationin the receivingsystem.
end of the tank irradiated the scatterer with sound. A
receiving
hydrophone
wasmounted
in sucha way that
it couldeasilybemovedto anyposition
lyingona circle
IV. COMPARISON
OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
Theexperimental
datawerenormalized
sothatthey
concentricwith the scatterer,and servedto measurethe couldbe compared

with scattering
patternscomputed
distributionin angleof the pressurein the scattered fromthetheory.In orderto dothis,theamplitude
of
wave.Shortwavetrainsor "pulses"of soundwereused thepressure
in theincident
wave(Po)wasmeasured
by
in orderthat the measurement

of eachpulsecouldbe movingthe receiving
transducer
to theposition
of the
effectivelycompletedbeforesoundreflectedfrom the
8Seereference
3. Caremustbetakento distinguish
between
the
wallsof thetankcouldreachthereceiving
hydrophone.cylindrical
andspherical
cases,
sincethesamesymbols
areusedfor
A novelfeature,frequency
modulation
of 'the pulse the scatteringphase-angles
in bothcases.
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
AND
SPHERES
411
TABLEII. Valuesof l',(xi,a) for the spherical

casefor a= .
n=2
n----5
0.00
1.13
0.00
0.96
n=7
0.00
0.81
n=8
n=9
10.58
18.89
--41.62
-- 38.54
12.77
29.97
51.40
7.77
17.88
31.55
5.91
13.38
23.47
4.66
10.38
18.83
3.91
8.73
15.93
3.33
7.50
13.58
1.0
29.12
--33.76
70.41
46.79
35.44
28.67
24.25
20.74
18.32
16.09
1.2
40.28
--26.18
83.89
60.52
47.88
39.29
33.22
29.67
25.84
23.32
1.4
51.05
-- 12.80
1.6
60.55
7 16.87
1.8
68.41
89.15
--86.94
--80.31
-- 75.00
71.44
79.64
85.78
58.67
67.68
74.68
50.00
59.02
66.42
43.23
52.20
59.69
38.34
46.57
54.53
34.49
42.41
49.80
31.51
38.72
45.77
2.0
74.78
--25.58
-- 70.20
--89.46
80.14
72.50
66.17
60.82
56.28
52.29
2.2
79.92
+9.84
2.4
84.14
30.55
--65.27
--59.50
--85.58
--82.18
84.46
87.97
77.29
81.17
71.50
75.75 '
66.61
71.13
62.27
67.13
58.30
63.16
2.6
87.71
48.97
"'.
--78.94
' ' 6
84.39
79.27
74.89
71.11
67.61
--45.00
--44.72
--43.57
0.00
1.41
n=6
0.6
0.8
0.00
1.16
4.66
0.00
1.94
n----4
0.00
0.73
2.93
6.58
12.19
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.00
3.05
n=3
0.00
0.64
2.62
5.88
11.01
2.8
--89.15
61.45
--41.61
-- 75.41
--86.44
87.06
82.18
78.10
74.62
71.07
3.0
--86.24
70.09
-- 25.03
-- 70.56
--83.95
89.38
84.63
80.80
77.41
74.43
3.2
--83.36
76.48
--0.51
-- 55.48
--81.37
--88.53
86.75
83.03
79.87
77.00
3.4
--80.31
81.81
3.6
--76.72
88.64
7 27.37
49.05
"'l'.i
--68.79
-- 78.27
--73.44
--86.56
--84.57
88.61
' ' '.)
84.98
86.69
81.93 79.23
83.75 81.23
3.8
--72.00
75.11
63.24
--59.85
--59.37
--82.35
--88.10
88.21
85.33
82.88
4.0
--64.84
85.64
72.99
--47.06
765.07
-- 79.48
-- 86.50
89.61
86.71
84.30
4.2
-- 51.66
89.00
81.77
-- 2{.13
--87.41
-- 74.70
--84.81
--89.07
87.99
85.62
4.4
--22.39
7 13.38
--80.54
--60.64
--82.81
--87.76
89.17
86.81
4.6
726.0
47.64
--75.60
748.49
--80.07
--86.41
--89.71
87.88
--62.36
--88.16
--60.25
--83.03
--87.50
89.85
--88.45
' ' '.i
--86.12
773.10
4.8
56.58
--83.70
80.80
5.0
70.03
--80.89
84.41
68.81
--88.10
-- 70.16
scatterer.After normalization,it was still necessaryto
84.65
-- 75.21
--84.90
-- 88.62
88.89
the valuesof Young'smoduluswere measured(to
of thefirst
adda factoramountingto 1.9db to the amplitudeof the withinq-5 percent)by findingthefrequency
scatteredsoundin orderto bringthe experimentaldata mode of flexual vibration of the cylindricalspecimen
into goodagreement
with the theory.This correction mounted so that it could vibrate as a fixed-free bar. The
by meansof Eq. (5). In .
factorhasbeenexplained,
andits valuecomputed
with valueof x wasthendetermined
goodaccuracy,
by takingintoaccountthefact that the somecaseswherethe patternwasvery sensitiveto freit wasnecessary
to choose
a valueofx slightly
illuminationof the scatterervariesin phaseand ampli- quency,
different from that based on the Young's modulus
tude alongits length.
The part of Eq. (26) whichwasevaluatedin com- measurementin order to bring the measuredand
computed
patterns
intoagreement.
Comparison
of the
puting the patternswas
valueofYoung'smodulus
corresponding
to theassumed
IY'. sin,exp(/n,)cosn0[,
r---0
value of x with the measuredvalue servesin thesecases
to indicatethedegreeof agreement
betweenexperiment
and theory.
and the corresponding

numericalscaleis shownon all
Figures3 through13 are measured
and computed
thepatterns
usedasillustrations.
ThevaluesofPoisson's scattering
patternsfor cylinders
of varioussizes.The
ratio for the various scattererswere assumed,because
of the difficultyof measuring

thisconstantdirectly;but
pressure
in thescattered
waveisplottedlinearlyagainst
scattering
angle.In eachcasethe arrowindicates
the
9j. j. Faran, Jr., SoundScatteringby Solid Cylindersand directionof the incidentsound.The angle0 is measured
Spheres,TechnicalMemorandumNo. 22 (March 15, 1951), fromthe top centerof the graph,the incidentsound
AcousticsResearchLaboratory,Harvard University,Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
comingfromthe direction0= 180. For eachsizeof
21:24:56
412
JAMES
J.
FARAN,
_
JR.
,
FIo. 3. Scatteringpattern for brass cylinder 0.0322 in. in Fio. 5. Computedamplitudeof pressurein wave scatteredby a
rigid, immovablecylinderfor xa= 1.7.
diameterat 1.00 mc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressure
in the scatteredwave. The measuredYoung's moduluswas 10.!
X l0 n dynes/cm
2. Curve:Computedpattern for xa= 1.7, x=0.6,
(Fig. 6) is somewhatunusual;the amplitudeof sound
= , p=8.5 g/cma.
scatteredback in the directionof the sourceis nearly

scatterer,the pattern computedon the basisthat the zero.This near-nullin the back-scatteredsoundis fully
scattereris rigid and immovableis includedfor com- explainedby the mathematicalsolutionin which the
parison.
Figures3 and4 showscatteringpatternsfor brassand
steel (drill rod) cylindersof the samesize,for eachof
whichxa= 1.7. Thesepatternsare both very similarto
that for a rigid, immovablescattererof the samesize
(Fig. 5).
Figures6-8 showscatteringpatternsfor cylindersof
various materials twice as large in diameter, that is,
xa=3.4. The pattern for a brasscylinderof this size
.75
FIo. 4. Scatteringpattern for steelcylinder0.032 in. in diameter
at 1.00 inc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressurein the

scatteredwave. The measuredYoung's moduluswas 20.0X10 n
dynes/cm
. Curve: Computed pattern for xa-l.7, x=0.45,
a=0.28, m= 7.7 g/cm3.
FIo. 6. Scatteringpatternfor brasscylinder0.0625in. in diameter at 1.02mc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressurein the

scatteredwave. The measuredYoung's moduluswas 10.4X10n
dynes/cm
. Curve: Computed pattern for xa=3.4, x--1.185,
,-- , m=8.5 g/cma (corresponding

to E- 10.5Xl0n dynes/cm').
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
AND
SPHERES
413
term for n=2 in the seriesfor the scatteringpattern

suddenlybecomesvery large in amplitudeand of the
properphaseto cancelthe sumof all the othertermsat
0= 180.This, in turn, is broughtaboutby the presence
of an infinity in the tan(x, ) functionfor e= at

x= 1.18... (corresponding
to a normalmodeor resonanceofthescatterer),in the neighborhood
of whichthis
functiongoesrapidly througha wide range of values
causingthe variations in the coefficientof the n=2
term. The value of x for the computed pattern of
Fig. 6 waschosento givea deepnotchat 0= 180,and
the frequencyat which the experimentalpattern was
Fro. 8. Scatteringpattern for steelcylinder0.0625 in. in diameter at 1.00mc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressurein the

scatteredwave. The measuredYoung's moduluswas 19.5X10 n
dynes/cm
. Curve:Computed
patternfor xa=3.4,x= 0.9, a= 0.28,
m = 7.7 g/cma.
Figures10, 11, and 12 are scatteringpatternsfor

brass,steel,and aluminumcylindersfor whichxa= 5.0.
Fro. 7. Scatteringpatternfor coppercylinder0.0625in. in
diameterat 1.00mc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressure

in the scattered wave. The measured Young's modulus was
11.9X10n dynes/cm
. Curve:Computedpattern for xa=3.4,
x=1.08, a=, m=8.9 g/cma (corresponding
to E=12.7X10n
dynes/cm').
measuredwas chosenthe sameway. Figure 7 is the

scatteringpattern for a coppercylinderof the same
size. The value of x for the coppercylinder is near
enoughto 1.18that the coefficient
of the n-2 term is
stilllarge,but in thiscaseit isof theopposite
phaseand
causesthe sound scattered in the direction 0= 180 to be
somewhat
largerin amplitudethan that scatteredby a
rigid, immovablecylinderof this size (Fig. 9). The
velocityof soundin steelis somuchhigherthan that in
brassor copperthat this scattererbehavesnearly as
thoughit wererigid andimmovable,and its scattering
pattern(Fig. 8) is little differentfromthat for the rigid,
immovable
case.
Fro. 9. Computedamplitude of pressurein wave scatteredby a

rigid, immovablecylinder for xa= 3.4.
21:24:56
414
JAMES
J. FARAN,
JR.
ofxxthanuponthedensityof thescatterer.
Thepattern
for a rigid,immovablecylinderof the samesizeisshown
in Fig. 13,andit is apparentthat all thesepatternsfor
metal cylindersof this size bear little resemblanceto
this limiting case.
Thetheory
thusverifies
theexistence
ofnulls
inthe
back-scattered
soundfor cylindersof variousmetals,
andat theproperfrequencies;
but a furthertestis to see
whetherit predictsproperlythe mannerin whichthe
amplitude
of theback-scattered
sound(andtheshapeof
theentirepattern)changes
with frequency.
In orderto
testthis,patternsweremeasured
for thebrasscylinder
of Fig. 6 and the steelcylinderof Fig. 1! at two other
frequencies,
3 percentbelowandabovethat at whichthe
reference
patternsweremeasured.
The corresponding
patternspredictedby the theorywerecomputedby
makinga corresponding
changein the valuesof the x
parameters.
In Fig. 14, the pattern of Fig. 6 is reproducedin thecenter,andthosefor 3 percentchanges
in
frequencyare shownat eitherside.In Fig. 15, the
patternof Fig. 11 is reproduced
in the center,and the
patternsfor3 percentchanges
in frequency
areshownon
eitherside.Thetheoryisseento predictthechanges
in
the measured
patternswith gratifyingprecision.
These
groupsof patternsalsoemphasizethe fact that the null
Fro. 10. Scatteringpattern for brasscylinder0.093 in. in diame-
ter at 1.015mc/sec.Points:Measuredamplitudeof pressure

in the
scatteredwave. The measuredYoung's moduluswas 10.0X l0 n
dynes/cm
'.Curve:Computedpatternfor xa=5.0, x= 1.78,= ,
m=8.5 g/cma (corresponding
to E= 10.2Xl0 n dynes/cm").
The frequencyof measurement

of the pattern of the
brassscattererwaschosento givethe deepestnotchat
120, and the value of xx was chosento make the
patterns agree. The choice of the value of xx is well
substantiatedby the measurementof the Young's

modulusof this scatterer,sincethe value of E corre-
sponding
to the chosen
valueof xxis within2 percentof
the measured
value.Figure11 .shows
that, just asin the
caseof brass(Fig. 4), there is a near-nullin the sound
back-scattered
froma steelcylinderat a frequencynear
that of the lowest-frequency
normalmodewhich, for
=0.28, occursat xx- 1.30. .. Figure12 showsthat the
same is true of an aluminum scatterer of the same size.
Althoughthe velocityof compressional

wavesin steelis
not the sameasthat in aluminum,the valuesof Poisson's
ratio differ sufficientlythat this normalmodeoccursin
thesetwo materialsfor the samephysicalsize of the
scatterers.Thesetwo patternsare so similarthat they
are seento dependmuchmorecriticallyuponthe value
Fro. 11. Scattering pattern for steel cylinder 0.09375 in. in

19.3X10n dynes/cm'. Curve: Computed pattern for xa=5.0,
x= 1.293,a= 0.28, p= 7.7 g/cma(corresponding
to E= 19.7X l0 n
dynes/cm").
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
AND
SPHERES
415
in the back-scattered sound is very sensitive to

frequency.
Measurementsof scatteringby a few sphereswere
madewith this apparatus.However,becausethe sound
scatteredby a sphere divergesin three dimensions
(insteadof two, as in the caseof a long cylinder), the
measurementwas found to be very difficult, becauseof
the reduced margin of signal to noise. The measurements(and alsocomputations)indicatethat, although
rapid changesin the pattern do occur,thereis no null in
the soundback-scatteredin water by a brasssphere,
near its lowest-frequency
normal modeof vibration.
V. REMARKS
ON THE BEHAVIOR
SCATTERERS
OF
SOLID
It is interestingto examinethe behaviorof certain of

the functionswhich appear in the mathematicalsolu-
tion, especiallythe tan(x, e) functions.As noted

above, it can be shown that the infinities of the
tan(x, e) functionsoccurat preciselythe frequencies
of thosenormalmodesof freevibration of the scattering
body which satisfy the conditionsof symmetry of the
scattering problem. This can be done by applying
boundaryconditions
to expressions
for displacement
and
dilatation written in general form in terms of an' unknown frequency.The boundary conditions,for free
vibrations, are simply that the normal componentof
stressand the tangentialcomponentsof shearingstress
FIG. 13. Computedamplitudeof pressurein wave scatteredby a

rigid, immovablecylinderfor xa-5.0.
at the surfaceof the bodymustbothvanish.Solvingthe

resultantequationfor frequency(in termsof unknown
x and x2 parameters)givesa conditionwhich,in the
cylindricalcase,is identicalto requiringthe denominatorof Eq. (24) to vanish?For e= , the firstfew of

thesenormal modesoccurat the followingvaluesof the
frequencyparameter'
for
for
for
for
for
n=O,
n=l,
n- 2,
n=3,
x,=2.17...,
x=1.43...,
x--1.18-..,
x=1.81...,
5.43-..,
3.27...,
2.25...,
3.01-..,
n=4,
x=2.36...,
etc.
8.60...;
3.74...;
3.98--.;
4.65.-.;
The firstnormalmodesfor n- 1, 2, and 3 occurfor lower

values of x (lower frequencies)than that for n=0,
contraryto whatwemightexpect.The reason

for thisis
that there are no shear waves associated with the n=0
normal modes.The complicatedwave structurewhich
comprises
a normalmodecan be realizedat a much
lower frequencywith shearwavesthan without, becausethe velocityof shearwavesis somuchlowerthan
FIG. 12. Scatteringpatternfor aluminumcylinder0.0925in. in that of compressional

waves.
For fluid scatterers,the functionstan'(x, e) in
7.0X10n dynes/cm
'. Curve: Computed pattern for x3=5.0, Eqs. (23) and (29) are replaced
by the functions
x= 1.17, a=, m=2.7 g/cm3 (corresponding
to E=7.2Xi0 n
0For details of this demonstration,seereference9.
dynes/cm").
21:24:56
416
JAMES
J. FARAN,
JR.
Fro. 14.The scattering

patternof Fig. 6 repeated
for comparison
with measured
andcomputed
patternsfor frequencies
3 percenthigher(right) and 3 percentlower (left).
tana(x).It isinteresting
to notethattheinfinitles
of surroundingfluid, however,this frequencyshift is
thesefunctionsalsocorrespond
to frequencies
of normal usually small.
modesof freevibrationof the (fluid) scatterer,sincethe
While measurements
werebeingmadewith the exinfinities of tana(x) occur at the zerosof J,(x) or perimental apparatusat frequenciesnear that of a
j (x), in thecylindrical
andspherical
cases,
respectively. normalmode,it wasin somecasespossibleto observe
The coefficientc in the seriesfor the scatteringpat- "ringing"of that normalmodefollowingthe endof the
tern doesnot attain its maximumvalue at exactlythe pulse;that is, long transientscouldbe observedat the
frequenciesof the normal modesof free vibration of the end (andat the beginning)
of the scattered
pulse.By
scatterer.Sincethe amplitudeof c is proportionalto adjusting
thefrequency
to givethemaximumamplitude
sinr/, c reachesits maximum value when tanr/ beof the transientat the end of the pulse,it was thus
comesinfinite. This representsa shift in the resonant possibleto measurethe frequenciesof variousnormal
frequencyofthenormalmode,andthisshiftisattributed modes.It wasalsopossible
to identifythe ordern of the
to the reactive componentof the acousticimpedance excitedmode,becausethe amplitudeof the transient
presentedto the scattererby the surroundingfluid, i.e., followingthe pulsewas proportionalto cosn0.These
the reactivecomponentof the radiationloading.In the transients were not noticeable in the case of the first
caseof solidshaving densitiesgreaterthan that of the normal modefor n=2. Apparentlythe dampingby
FIG.15.Thescattering
patternof Fig.11repeated
for comparison
withmeasured
andcomputed
patternsfor frequencies
3 percenthigher (right) and 3 percentlower (left).
21:24:56
SCATTERING
BY
CYLINDERS
modes with
?oisson's ratio
is illustrated
417
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
in
1.0
Figs.16and 17,wherethe valuesof x at whichthe first

normalmodesfor n-0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 occurare plotted
as functions of ?oisson's ratio. The variation
SPHERES
2.2
radiationinto the water wasgreat enoughto causeany

ringing to die out quickly. However, the first normal
modesfor n=0, 1, and 3 were observedand identified
for brassand steelcylindricalscatterersof appropriate
sizesand showedgoodagreementwith the frequencies
predictedby the theory.
That thereare sizeableshiftsin the frequenciesof the
normal modeswith changesin Poisson'sratio suggests
that finding the frequenciesof one or more of these
normal modesof vibration might providea methodof
measuring?oisson'sratio for cylindricalor spherical
specimens.The variation of the frequenciesof these
normal
AND
of the
secondnormalmodefor n- 2 is alsoshownin the graph

for the sphericalcase.In this connection,as well as in
the scatteringproblem itself, the potential utility of
having the '(x, a) functionscomputedfor a wide
range of valuesof ?oisson'sratio will be evident. A
computationprogramto yield theseresultsappearsto
be justified.The frequenciesof the normalmodescannot
be computedexplicitly,but canbe foundeasilyfrom the
locationsof the infinitiesof the tan'(x, a) functions.
It is interestingto comparethe behaviorof the tan(l)
functionsfor solid and fluid scatterersas x, the frequency parameter for the scatterer,approacheszero.
For solid scatterers,either cylindricalor spherical,as
24
.26
.28
30
.:52
.:54
.36
POISSON'S RATIO --,-
Fro. 16. The values of x for the first few symmetricalnormal

modesof free vibration of a solidcylinderplotted as functionsof
Poisson's ratio.
the fluid becomeincompressible;

but as this happens,
the scattererdoesnot necessarilybecomerigid to shear
distortions.It must then be that, for n= 2 and higher,
shapedistortionsof the incompressible
fluid scatterer
make the componentsof the scatteredwave different
from what they would be if the scattererwere rigid.
Because
the fluidscattererneverbecdmes
rigidasx-->0,
one can only passfrom this solutionto the caseof the
rigid,immovablescattererby letting the densitybecome
infinite.
Two summarycommentscanbe addedregardingthe

generalfeaturesof scatteringby solid cylindersand
tan-0,
n 1; tanr-p3/p;
spheres.If the frequencyof the incidentsoundis lower
than that of the first symmetricalnormal mode of free
while for fluid scatterers,where
vibration of the solidscatterer,and if the densityof the
tan= (--p3/pl) tanot,(Xl),
scattereris greaterthan that of the liquid, thereis little
as xO,
differencebetweenthe scatteringpattern for the solid
tan--(pa/p)n.
scattererand that for a rigid, immovablescatterer.But,
In neithercase,by letting x-O, do we realizethe case rapid changes
in the shapeof the scatteringpattern and
of the rigid,immovablescattererwheretan(I)= 0 for all in the total scatteredpower(or scatteringcrosssection)
n. In orderthat x = a/c-O at finitefrequencies
in the
3.0
solidcase,the velocitiesof both the compressional
and
shearwavesmustbecomeinfinite,and the scattererdoes
2.6
indeedbecomerigid. The only term wheretan(I) does
xr--O,
not vanish is that for n-1.
This deviation from the
rigid,immovablecaseis simplydueto oscillationof the

scattereras a whole in synchronism
with the incident
soundfield.Thus, by settingx =0 in the solutiongiven
here for solidscatterers,we can calculatethe scattering
from a rigid,movable
cylinderor sphereof densitym. To
passto the caseof the rigid, immovablescatterer,we
must also require that the density of the scattererbecomeinfinite. In the caseof a fluid scatterer,as x-->0,
2.2
I 1.8
-
1,4
1.0
only tan0 approaches

the valuefor the limitingcaseof
0.6
a rigid, immovablescatterer.For n= 1, tan behaves
.24
.26
.28
.30
.32
.34
:36
in the sameway asin the caseof the solidscatterer,and
POISSON'SRATIO
representsoscillationof the scattererin synchronism
Fro. 17. The values of x for the first few symmetricalnormal
with the incident sound.Now, for fluid scatterers,in modesof free vibration of a solidsphereplotted as functionsof
Poisson's
ratio.
orderthat x-->0at finite frequencies,
it is necessarythat
21:24:56
418
W.
J.
CUNNINGHAM
VI.
canoccurwith smallchanges
in frequencyin the vicinity
of certain of the normal modes of free vibration
of the
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is indebted to Professor F. V. Hunt for his
solidscatterer.Thesechangesincludethe appearanceof guidanceand encouragement

throughoutthis investigadeepminima in the scatteringpattern at certainangles tion. The assistanceof Dorothea Greene,who perand may include,for cylinders,a near-nullin the sound formedthe laboriouscomputations
for Figs. 16 and 17,
scattered back toward the source.
is gratefullyacknowledged.
THE
JOURNAL
OF THE ACOUSTICAL
SOCIETY
The
VOLUME
OF AMERICA
Growth
of Subharmonic
23, NUMBER
JULY,
1951
Oscillations
W. J. CNneoaAa
Yale University,New Haven, Connecticut
(ReceivedJanuary 14, 1951)
Subharmonic
oscillations
at one-halfthefrequencyof excitationmay appearin certaintypesof oscillating
systems,
amongwhichis the direct-radiatorloudspeaker.
Theseoscillations
occurat verynearlythe resonant
frequencyof the systemwhenthe parameters
of the systemare madeto vary at twicethisfrequency.The
rate of growthof the subharmonic
dependsuponthe amountof variationof the parametersrelativeto the
dissipation
in the system.If the dissipation
is small,the rate of growthmay be large.In the loudspeaker,
conditions
are suchthat the rate of growthis usuallysmallfor typicalconditionsof operation.
HEgeneration
Ofsubharmonic
oscillations
bya a singledegreeof freedom.a.7 For the subharmonicto
direct-radiaforloudspeakerhas often been ob- appear,the quiescent

resonantfrequencyof the system
served.-4 Suchoscillations
usuallyoccurat one-halfthe must be very nearly one-halfthe excitingfrequency.
frequency
of the currentsupplied
to the'loudspeaker,Further, operationmust be suchthat under excitation
andappearfor onlycertaindiscretefrequencies
nearthe the resonantfrequencyof the systemis causedto vary
center of the audio spectrum. In most cases, the at the exciting frequency.This variation must take
subharmonicis not presentunlessthe loudspeakeris placein sucha way that sufficientenergyis beingsupIf
beingoperatednearits maximumpower.Whenpresent, pliedto the systemto replacethat lostby dissipation.
the subharmonicis easilyaudible,even thoughsound morethan thisamountof energyis supplied,the ampligrows,in theory,withoutlimit.
pressure
measurements
indicatethe amplitudeof the tudeof the subharmonic
subharmonic
is onlya fewpercentrelativeto thefunda- Ultimately, in practicalsystems,someadditionaleffect
mental. The statement has been made that this sub- takesover and the amplitudeachieves
a steadyvalue.
harmonicdistortionis usually of little practical imIn order to give a simpleexampleof this type of
portancein the operationof the loudspeaker.
5 The operation,an electriccircuit will be consideredin some
reasoningis basedon the observedfact that an ap- detail. This circuit contains in series combination an
R, and a capacitance
C. If q
preciable
lengthof timeisrequired
for theamplitude
of inductanceL, a resistance
the subharmonicto grow to its ultimate value. Since is the instantaneous
chargeon the capacitance,
the sum
typical programmaterialis of constantlychanging of voltagesaround the circuit is
nature,thereis little opportunityfor the subharmonic
z+tO+q/C=O,
to build up. In the followingrather simplediscussion,
the growthof the subharmonic
oscillation
is consideredwheredotsindicatetime derivatives.In someway the
with the intent of determiningwhatfactorsinfluencethe capacitance
is madeto vary sinusoidally
in time by an
rate of growthand why this rate is low for the loud- amount AC about the mean value Co. The instantaneous
speaker.
capacitanceis
Subharmonicoscillationat one-halfthe frequencyof
C= C0(1q-a sin2tot),
(2)
anexcitingforcemayoccurin oscillating
systems
having wherethe angularfrequencyof the variationis taken as
H. F. Olson,Acoustical
Engineering
(D. Van NostrandCom- 2to,andamAC/Co.Evidentlya canneverexceed
unity.
pany,Inc., New York, 1947),p. 167.
It
is
possible
to
show
that
such
a
variation
in
capaci'P.O. Pederson,
J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 6, 227-238(1935),and 7,
64-70 (1935).
tance can add energy to the oscillatingcircuit. The
aF. yon Schmoller,TelefunkenZeitung67, 47-54 (June,1934). resonantangularfrequencyof the circuitin its quiescent
4 G. Schaffstein,
Hochfrequenztechn.
Elektroakust.
45, 204-213
0N. Minorsky, NonlinearMechanics(EdwardsBrothers,Inc.,
(1935).
5 Seereference2. Also,H. S. Knowles,"Loudspeakers
and room Ann Arbor, 1947), Chap. XIX.
acoustics,"Sec. 22, Henney's Radio EngineeringHandbook 7N. W. McLachlan, OrdinaryNonlinearDifferentialEquations
(OxfordUniverdty Press,London,1950), Chap.VII.
(McGraw-Hill BookCompany,Inc., New York, 1941),p. 902.
21:24:56

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THE

Sound Scattering by Solid Cylinders and Spheres*

The theoryof the scatteringof planewavesof soundby isotropiccircularcylindersandspheresis extended

solidmaterial.The resultscanbe expressed

can have a considerable effect on the distribution-in-

angleof the scatteredsoundand on the total scattered

Lord Rayleigh,The Theoryof Sound(Dover Publications,New

= velocity of shearwavesin the scatterer;

cylinderalongthe negativex-axis,as shownin Fig. 1.

is assumedto consistof the incidentplanewaveand an

= besselfunctionof the secohdkind;

rr, rO, rz=stress components

[rr, [rO-],Ire-I= stresscomponents

= componentsof displacementin the solid;

=radial componentof displacementin scat-

Fro. 1. Choiceof coordinateaxesfor scatteringby cylinders.

From Eq. (1) canbe derivedthe equations,

=density of the scatterer;

V"A= (m/X+ 2u)OaA/Ot"

c= [ (Xq-2)/m]= [E(1- a)/m(1q-a)(1- 2a)] (5)

displacementcan be derivedfrom a scalarand a vector

tion for a (nonviscous)

The radial componentof displacementassociatedwith

we can showthat A(= V. (--V,I,)) satisfiesEq. (3), and

The outgoingscatteredwave must be symmetrical

and therefore of the form

it can be seenthat pressureand displacementmust be

xI,= y' anJn(kr)cosn0.

The factors Cn are the unknown coefficientswhich must

Only sinetermsappearhere,becausethe vectorpotential must be anti-symmetricalabout 0=0 in order

The wavesin the fluid surrounding

[rr] = X/x+ 2uOuJOr= 2pc?[

[z]= [OuJOz+ OUz/O].

By the conditionsof symmetry,[rz=O everywhere.

and (21) become,for the nth mode,

in(x)= tan-q-- xNn'(x)/Nn (x)-!,

c,= --Poe(--j) + sinn,exp(/n,),

where n, the phase-shiftangle of the nth scattered by

Although'n as written aboveis explicitlya functionof

thetable.Thedottedlinesindicatethat fn(xz,) passes

ratio the functions

The scatteringpattern, or distribution-in-angle

Fro. 2. Choiceof coordinateaxesfor scatteringby spheres.

Let us assumethat plane waves'of soundin a fluid

mediumare incidentupona sphereof someisotropic

TABLEI. Valuesof ',,(x,,r) for the cylindricalcasefor = .

solidmaterial.Let the centerof the spherecoincidewith

x= r sin0cos4, y= r sin0sin4, z= r cos0.

The outgoingscatteredwavewill be of the form,

Seereference2, secondedition,p. 354.

(x)= tan-l[-- j, (x)/n,(x)-],

havebeendefinedand their valuestabulatedprevi-

cn=- P0(2n+1)(-j) +l sinr exp(jr),

of the nth scatteredwave is

tanr/= tan (x3)Etan4- tanan(x3)-]/

',(xx, v)= tan- .

This functioncanbe expressed

,(x, v)= tan-

OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

concentricwith the scatterer,and servedto measurethe couldbe compared

in orderthat the measurement

TABLEII. Valuesof l',(xi,a) for the spherical

' ' '.i