Chapter 1

11
ECE 3205: Circuits and Systems II.
REVIEW OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

Complex Numbers
Cartesian Representation
A general complex number can be represented as:
z D x C jy
where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. The imaginary
number j is defined by:
p
j D !1
Complex numbers in this form are easily represented in a rectangular, or

cartesian, coordinate frame.
Polar Representation
Equivalently, we can express complex numbers in polar form, using the
radial magnitude and rotation angle instead of rectangular coordinates:
z D r!
We can relate polar to rectangular coordinates through the following

expressions:
p
r D x2 C y2
8
< " if x < 0 and y " 0
!y "
! D tan!1
C
0
if x " 0
x
:
!" if x < 0 and y < 0
c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli
Lecture notes prepared by M. Scott Trimboli. Copyright #
12
ECE3205,
The complex conjugate of a complex number is defined by:

z $ D x ! jy
D r ! !
Complex Exponentials
A complex exponential is defined by:
z D r % e j!
where, using Eulers formula we can equivalently write:

z D r % .cos ! C j sin ! /
From this expression we have:
Rfzg D r cos.!/
Ifzg D r sin.!/

13
ECE3205,
The complex conjugate of the complex exponential is written:

z $ D r % e !j!
Note we can obtain the inverse expressions:

1
cos.!/ D .e j! C e !j! /
2
1 j!
sin.!/ D
.e ! e !j! /
2j
Some Useful Properties of Complex Numbers
1
.z C z $/
2
1
Ifzg D
.z ! z $/
2j
Rfzg D
z % z $ D kzk2

ECE3205,
Example 1.1
Express the following complex numbers in Cartesian form:
1. z1 D je j.9"=4/
!p
" p
2. z2 D
3 ! j 2 2e !j.3"=4/

14
15
ECE3205,
Example 1.2
Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
1. z3 D .1 C j /.1 ! j 2/
2. z4 D
j.2 C j /
.1 C j /.2 ! j /

16
ECE3205,
Example 1.3
Use the definition of the complex exponential or Eulers relations to
demonstrate the following trigonometric identities:
1. cos.2!/ D cos2.!/ ! sin2.!/
2. cos.!/ % cos.#/ D
1
1
cos.! ! #/ C cos.! C #/
2
2

17
ECE3205,
Circuits
Lets review the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of primary circuit
elements.
Resistor:
Vr .t/ D Rir .t/
Capacitor:
dvc .t/
ic .t/ D C
dt
1
vc .t/ D
C
t
0
ic .$/d $ C vc .0/
Inductor:
vl .t/ D L
d i`.t/
dt
What happens when we put these elements together?

Kirchoffs Current Law:
k2N
ik .t/ D 0
where N is the set of currents entering or leaving a node.

18
ECE3205,
Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
k2M
vk .t/ D 0
where M is the set of voltages around a closed path.

How do we solve circuit equations? There are a number of methods
available; we will highlight two: the node method and the mesh method.
Node Method
1. Create a supernode encircling each voltage source and the two
nodes to which it is attached
2. Select one of the nodes of the circuit as the ground node.
3. Define n ! 1 node potential variables at the remaining nodes of the
circuit.
4. Set up KCL equations at n ! 1 of the nodes in the network. The
currents in these equations must be expressed in terms of the node
potentials.
5. Solve the n ! 1 equations for the n ! 1 node potentials.
6. Calculate the element voltages and currents of interest from the node
potentials.

ECE3205,
Example 1.4
For the circuit shown below,
use the Node Method to find the following quantities: e1.t/, e2.t/, i1.t/,
i2.t/.

19
ECE3205,
110
Mesh Method
1. Create a supermesh from any pair of adjacent meshes that are
separated by a current source.
2. Define a mesh current for each mesh that does not contain a current
source.
3. Write l KVL equations, each of which is written oer one of the paths
over which the mesh currents have been defined. the voltages in
these equations must be expressed in terms of the mesh currents.
4. Solve those l equations for the l mesh currents.
5. Compute the element currents and voltages of interest from the mesh
currents.

ECE3205,
111
Example 1.5
use the Mesh method to find the following quantities: e1.t/, e2.t/, i1.t/,
i2.t/.

ECE3205,
Example 1.6
use the Mesh method to generate the system of equations needed to

find the currents, i1.t/ and i2.t/.

112
ECE3205,
Resistor-Only Subnetworks
In Series:
In Parallel:
Voltage Divider:
Current Divider:

113
ECE3205,
Example 1.7
Find the equivalent resistance for the following circuit:

114
ECE3205,
Example 1.8
Find the equivalent resistance for the following circuit:

115
ECE3205,
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
How do we compute the Thevenin voltage and resistance?

1. Find the open-circuit voltage, voc .t/ (this is the Thevenin source
voltage).
2. Find the short-circuit current, isc .t/ .
3. The Thevenin equivalent resistance is then given by:
voc .t/
RT D !
isc .t/

116
ECE3205,
Example 1.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent of the following two-terminal network.

117
ECE3205,
Norton Equivalent Circuits
Example 1.10
Find the Norton equivalent of the following two-terminal network.

118
119
ECE3205,
Laplace Transforms
Definition: [single-sided Laplace Transform]
L fx.t/g D X.s/ D
x.t/e !st dt
The Laplace transform allows us to transition between the time domain

and the complex (frequency) domain.
Example 1.11
Find the Laplace transform of
x.t/ D e !2t u.t/ C e !t cos.3t/u.t/
Example 1.12
Find the Laplace transform of
x.t/ D .t ! 1/ C .t / C e !2.t C3/u.t ! 1/

120
ECE3205,
Transfer Functions
Definition:
For a dynamic system described by linear, ordinary, constant
coefficient differential equations, a transfer function is the ratio of
the Laplace transform of the input to the Laplace transform of the
output with all initial conditions set to zero.
We will derive transfer functions from differential equations later. For the
moment, we simply note that a transfer function describes the
input-output relationship for a system and is expressed as a ratio of
polynomials:
B.s/
bms m C bm!1s m!1 C % % % C b1s C b0
H.s/ D
D
A.s/
s n C an!1s n!1 C % % % C a1s C a0
The roots of the numerator B.s/ D 0 are called the zeros of H.s/.
The roots of the denominator A.s/ D 0 are called the poles of H.s/.
Inverse Laplace Transform
The inverse Laplace transform provides a way to convert Laplace
transformed expressions back into the time domain.
Definition:
1
x.t/ D
2"j
cCj 1
X.s/e st dt
c!j 1
In practice, we rarely use this integral to find the inverse transform.

Instead, well rely on algebraic techniques and tables of common
Laplace transform pairs.
121
ECE3205,
Example 1.13
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
H.s/ D
sC2
s 2 C 4s C 3

122
ECE3205,
Example 1.14
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
H.s/ D
sC2
.s C 1/2.s C 3/

123
ECE3205,
Circuit Analysis in the Laplace Domain

Laplace transforms make circuit analysis easy by replacing often difficult
differential equations with simple algebraic expressions.
Well begin this section by developing the Laplace transforms for the v-i
characteristic of fundamental circuit elements.
Resistor:
vr .t/ D ir .t/R ) Vr .s/ D Ir .s/ % R
Capacitor:
ic .t/ D C
dvc .t/
) C sVc .s/ ! vc .0/%
dt
1
1
)
Ic .s/ C vc .0/
Cs
s
Inductor:
d i`.t/
) V`.s/ D L sI`.s/ ! i`.0/%
dt
For the case where we have zero initial conditions, these relationships
reduce to:
v`.t/ D L
Vr .s/ D Ir .s/ % R
Vc .s/ D Ic .s/ %
1
Cs
V`.s/ D I`.s/ % Ls
And when we connect the elements together in circuits !
124
ECE3205,
Kirchoffs Current Law:

X
k2N
ik .t/ D 0 )
Ik .s/ D 0
Vk .s/ D 0
k2N
Kirchoffs Voltage Law:

X
k2M
vk .t/ D 0 )
k2M
Impedance
The impedance, Z.s/; of a fundamental circuit element can be thought of
as the transfer function relationship between the voltage output and the
current input:
V .s/
Z.s/ D
I.s/
Working with impedences allows us to use algebraic expressions to
simplify circuit analysis.
Series Connection:
Parallel Connection:

ECE3205,
Voltage Divider:
Current Divider:

125
ECE3205,
126
Example 1.15
Find the Laplace domain expression for the voltage across the capacitor,
Vc .s/. Assume that the capacitor has an initial charge of vc .0/.

ECE3205,
127
Example 1.16
Find the Laplace domain expression for the voltage across the capacitor,
Vc .s/. Assume that the circuit is initially at rest.

ECE3205,
128
Example 1.17
Find the Laplace domain expression for the current through the inductor,
IL.s/. Assume that both the capacitor and inductor have initial conditions.


Chapter 1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

11

ECE 3205: Circuits and Systems II.

REVIEW OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

Complex numbers in this form are easily represented in a rectangular, or

We can relate polar to rectangular coordinates through the following

The complex conjugate of a complex number is defined by:

where, using Eulers formula we can equivalently write:

From this expression we have:

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

The complex conjugate of the complex exponential is written:

Note we can obtain the inverse expressions:

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

What happens when we put these elements together?

where N is the set of currents entering or leaving a node.

Kirchoffs Voltage Law:

where M is the set of voltages around a closed path.

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

use the Mesh method to generate the system of equations needed to

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

Thevenin Equivalent Circuits

How do we compute the Thevenin voltage and resistance?

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

Norton Equivalent Circuits

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

The Laplace transform allows us to transition between the time domain

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

In practice, we rarely use this integral to find the inverse transform.

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

Circuit Analysis in the Laplace Domain

Kirchoffs Current Law:

Kirchoffs Voltage Law:

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

c 2012, M. Scott Trimboli

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi