Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sequence:
If a set of real numbers
u1 ,u 2 , , un
{ Sn }={ u1 ,u 2 , , un } if n is finite
{ Sn }={u1 ,u 2 , , un , . } if n is infinite.
Series:
n
Infinite Series:
If the number of terms in the series is infinitely large, then it is called infinite series and is
un=u 1+u 2+ +un +
denoted by
and the sum of its first n terms be denoted by
S n= u k =u1 +u2 + + un .
k=1
Convergence:
An infinite series
un
is said to be convergent if
lim S n=k
1 1
Example: 1+ 2 + 4 + ..
1
1
(
2 )
1
=
=2
1 1
S n=1+ + 2 + ..+ n1
2 2
2
1
1
2
( )
, finite.
Example:
S n=
tends to either
u n=1+2+3+ ..
n ( n+1 )
2
un
is said to be divergent.
lim S n=
un
Therefore
is divergent.
Oscillatory Series:
lim S n
If
un
tends to more than one limit either finite or infinite, then the infinite series
Example:1.
u n=11+11+ ..
S n= 1, n is odd
0, n is even
Therefore series is oscillatory.
u n=1+(3)+(3)2+ ..
2.
S n=
1(1) 3
1+3
The series
r n=1+r +r 2 +r 3 + + r n+
n=0
b.
Converges if |r|<1
Diverges if r 1
c.
a.
Proof:
S n=1+r + r + +r
Case 1: |r|<1
S n=
n=0
n1
1r n
1r
lim S n=
rn
1
1r
i.e.
lim r n=
r n1
S n=
r1
lim S n=
i.e.
Let r=m
n n
1r n 1(1) m
=
1r
1+m
lim S n= 1, n is odd
0, nis even
Where
f (n)
decreases as n
f ( x ) dx
1
is finite or infinite.
i)
Convergent if
ii)
Divergent if
u n= n p =1+ 2 p + 3 p + + n p + .
p>1
p 1
Proof:
1
Let f ( x )= x p
xp +1
, For p 1
f ( x ) dx= x1p dx= p+
11
1
1
{
{
,if p+1>0
1
,if p+1<0
p1
,if p<1
1
,if p> 1
p1
When
Thus
p=1 ,
np
Theorem:
p 1 .
is
un
Let
un
is convergent then
lim un=0
Proof:
If
un
is convergent then
lim S n=k
k k=0
Note:
Converse need not be always true. i.e. Even if
lim un=0
, then
un
need not be
convergent.
1 1 1
u n=1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
Example 1:
1
un= lim = 0
n n
is divergent by integral test. But
lim
1
u n= n
Hence
un
lim un=0
Example 2
Solution: Consider
Therefore
Example 2
un
1
nlogn
n=2
1
dn= [ log ( logn ) ] 2 =
nlogn
xe
2
x =t . Then 2 x dx=dt
Solution: Let
n en
[ ]
et
et
1
dx=
dt =
=
2 1 2 e
1 2
Therefore
un
is convergent.
Comparison test:
1. Let
a.
b.
un
Then
is also convergent.
d.
Then
un v n , n
un
is also divergent.
1
logn
n=2
Solution:
1
Let un= log n
1
and v n = n
log n n
1
1
log n n
u n vn
v n= n
But
Therefore
p=1 .
is a p-series with
vn
is divergent.
un
By comparison test
is also divergent.
Example 2
1
2n +1
1
and v n = 2n
2n 2n 1
1
1
n
n
2
2 1
vn u n
1
1
is a geometric series with r= 2 < 1 .
v n = 2n
But
Therefore
vn
is convergent.
By comparision test
un
is also convergent.
un
and
un
=k ( 0) . Then
vn
un
Statement: If
lim
That is if
If
un
un
and
converges then
diverges then
Examples 3.
vn
vn
vn
vn
behave alike.
also converge.
also diverge.
1
3
5
+
+
+.
1.2 .3 2.3 .4 3.4 .5
2n1
n(n+1)( n+2)
vn =
Choose
v n = n2
But
Therefore
vn
1
n2
with
then
lim
un
=2
vn
p=2>1 .
un
is also convergent.
Examples 4.
( n 2+1n )
n=1
un=( n2+ 1n )
Solution:
Let
lim
But
( n2 +1+n )
( n2 +1+n )
n2 +1n 2
n2 +1+n
1
n ( 1+n +1 )
2
v n= n ( p=1 )
un 1
=
vn 2
vn
un
is also divergent.
Examples 5.
Test the series for convergence,
n3 +1n
Solution:
u n n 3 1
a 3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )
ab
a 3 b3
a 2 ab b 2
u n n 1
3
n3 1 n3
lim
(n 3 1) 3 n n 2
1
n 1 3
n
1
v n = n2
1
1
3
p=2>1 .
with
un 1
=
vn 3
vn
But
1
2
Let
un
is also convergent.
Example 6.
Test the series for convergence,
21 + 31 + 41 +
Solve
331
4 31
531
Solution:
un
Let
lim
But
n 1 1
n 2
v n=
n3
1
1
n
n
3
2
1
1 3
n
n
1
n
5
2
with
5
p= > 1 .
2
un
=1
vn
vn
Example 7
un
is also convergent.
n3 tan n
1
1
Solution: un= n3 tan n
tan
We know that
lim
Let
v n= n4
But
vn
1
n
1
n
=1
lim
. Then
un
=1
vn
un
is also convergent.
Example 8
Test the series for convergence,
1n log ( n+n 1 )
1
1
Solution: un= n log 1+ n
( )
1 1 1
1
2 + 3
n n 2n 6 n
1
1
3 +
2
2n 6 n
Let
v n= n2
But
vn
. Then
lim
24 nn5+1
+1
n=0
un 1
=
vn 2
Exercises
un
is also convergent.
22 32 42
+ + +
2 ! 3! 4 !
2.
1+
3.
1
3
5
+
+
+ ..
1.2 .3 2.3 .4 3.4 .5
3n1
n
2 +1
4.
5.
n
( n+1
)n+ 1
6.
1 1+2
1+2+3
+ 2 2 + 2 2 2 +
2
1 1 +2 1 +2 +3
INFINITE SERIES
un
If the test fails, one should apply comparison test or the Raabes test, as given below:
Raabes Test:
lim n
un
If
un
1 =l ( finite ) ,
un+ 1
l>1 , is divergent if
l<1
xn , x2 n
1
np
etc.
2
(iii) nth term has n ! , ( n+1 ) ! ,(n !)
ect.
1+
22
2!
32
3!
42
4!
+ .
ex: (
12
1!
Therefore un+1 =
u n 1
un
lim
Therefore
32
3!
3
4!
(n 1) 2
n 1!
(n 1) 2 n!
n 1! n 2
22
2!
u n 1
un
(n 1) 2
n2
n!
(n 1)( n! )
n 1
2
n
lim
n 1
n2
1 1
lim n n 2
=0 <1
x2
2.3
>> un =
x3
3.4
+ .
xn
n(n 1)
x n 1
Therefore un+1 =
Now
u n 1
un
Therefore
(n 1)( n 1 1)
x n 1
(n 1)( n 2)
u n 1
lim u
n
n
lim
x n 1
(n 1)( n 2)
n(n 1)
xn
n
n2
x=
n
n2
1
lim (1 2 / n)
n
x=x
convergent if x 1
divergent if x 1
n2
n!
But when x = 1, un =
1n
n( n 1)
1
n(n 1)
1
n n
2
x
2
x2
5
x3
10
+ .
>> Omitting the first term, the given series can be written in the form
x1
12 1
x2
22 1
x3
32 1
+ so that un =
xn
n2 1
n 2 (1 1 / n 2 )
x n 1
n2 1
lim n 2 (1 2 / n 2 / n 2 )
n 2 2n 2 n 2 2 n 2
n
Therefore un+1 =
.
x=
.x
That is,
u n 1
lim u
n
n
=x
convergent if x 1
divergent if x 1
But when x = 1, un =
1n
n2 1
1
n 1
2
is of order
1
n2
(p = 2 > 1)
x2
1
2 1
3 2
x4
+
4 3
+
x 2n
>> omitting the first term, the general term of the series is given by un =
x 2 (n 1)
x 2n 2
(n 1 2) (n 1) 1
(n 3) n 2
Therefore un+1 =
u n 1
un
x 2n 2
(n 2) n 1
(n 3) n 2
x 2n
n 1 2
x
n2
n2
n3
lim
u n 1
un
lim
(n 2)( n 1)
(n 3)
x2
n(1 2 / n)n(1 1 / n)
n(1 3 / n)
. x2 = x2
convergent if x 2 1
divergent
if x 2 1
When x2 = 1, un =
(n 2) n 1
(n 2) n 1
x+
x3
2.3
3
2 .4
x5
5
3. 5
2 .4 .6
x7
7
+ (x > 0)
( n 2) n 1
x +
1
2
x3
3
1 .3 x 5
1 .3 .5 x 7
2 .4 5
2 .4 .6 7
+
.
+
.
+ .
un =
1.3.5...(2n 1)
2.4.6...2n
x 2 n 1
2n 1
1.3.5...[2( n 1) 1]
x 2 ( n 1) 1
2.4.6...2(n 1)
2(n 1) 1
un+1 =
.
1.3.5...(2n 1)
2.4.6....( 2n 1)
Therefore
That is,
Therefore
1.3.5...(2n 1)( 2n 1)
2.4.6....( 2n)( 2n 2)
u n 1
un
u n 1
un
x 2n3
2n 3
x 2n3
2n 3
1.3.5...(2n 1)( 2n 1)
2.4.6....(2n)(2n 2)
x 2 n 3
2n 3
2.4.6...2n
2n 1
1.3.5...(2n 1) x 2 n 1
( 2n 1)( 2n 1) x 2
( 2n 2)( 2n 3)
u n 1
lim u
n
n
n ( 2 1 / n) n( 2 1 / n ) x 2
lim n(2 2 / n)n(2 3 / n)
n
= x2
convergent if x 2 1
divergent
if x 2 1
When x2 = 1,
u n 1
un
(2n 1)( 2n 1)
(2n 2)( 2n 3)
lim
un
1
u n 1
6n 5
2
(2n 1)
lim
(2n 1) 2
lim
(2n 2)( 2n 3)
1
(2n 1) 2
lim
n 2 (6 5 / n ) 6
lim n 2 ( 2 1 / n) 2
n
4
3
2
>1
1+
2
5
x+
>> un =
6
9
x2 +
2 n 1 2
2 n 1 1
Therefore un+1 =
u n 1
un
u n 1
un
2 n2 2
2 n 2 1
14
17
x3 + +
xn + .
xn.
2 n2 2
2 n 2 1
xn+1
xn+1
2 n 1 1
2 n 1 2
2 n 2 (1 2 / 2 n 2 )
2 n 2 (1 1 / 2 n 2 )
2 n 1 2
2 n 1 1
(1 1 / 2 n 1 )
(1 1 / 2 n 2 )
.x .
.x.
1
xn
2 n 1 (1 1 / 2 n 1 )
2 n 1 (1 2 / 2 n 1 )
(1 1 / 2 n 1 )
(1 1 / 2 n )
Therefore
u n 1
lim u
n
n
(1 0)
(1 0)
lim
= x.
convergent if x 1
divergent if x 1
2 n 1 2
2 n 1 1
When x = 1, un =
Therefore
.x.
(1 0)
(1 0)
un =
2 n 1 (1 1 / 2 n )
lim 2 n 1 (1 1 / 2 n 1 )
n
=1
lim
Since
un = 1 0, un is divergent (when x = 1)
1+
2!
22
3!
33
4!
44
>> the first term of the given series can be written as 1!/11 so that we have,
un =
n!
nn
and un+1 =
Therefore
lim
u n 1
un
u n 1
un
(n 1)!
(n 1) n 1
n!
(n 1) n
1
lim (1 1 / n) n
n
nn
n!
(n 1)(n! )
(n 1) n 1
=
1
e
nn
(n 1) n
<1
n!
(n 1) n
nn
n n (1 1 / n) n
un
u
1
n
( n) =l (finite) ,
lim
n
and
fails if
Remark: Root test is useful when the terms of the series are of the form
1
lim n n =1
1
(1+ ) n =e
(ii) nlim
n
x 1n x
lim
(1+
) =e
(iii) ) n
n
n 1
1
Example : Test for convergence
1
>> un =
n3/ 2
1/n
Therefore (un) =
n1/ 2
1
1
1/ n
n3/ 2
n3 / 2
l=1.
un=[f ( n ) ] g(n) .
lim 1
n
lim
(un)
1/n
lim 1
n
1
e
< 1.
Therefore as n ,
also
Therefore (un)1/n =
(un)1/n =
3
lim 1 4
Therefore
x
lim 1 n
lim
That is,
n2
(un)1/n =
1/ n
n2
3
1
n
lim
3
1
n
n 1
n2
>> un =
3
1
n
= e-3.
1
e3
= ex
n 1
1
Example : Find the nature of the series
>> un =
Therefore (un) =
(un)1/n =
lim 1
n
1/ n
n3/ 2
lim
n1/ 2
1/n
n3/ 2
n3/ 2
lim 1
n
1
e
< 1, since as n ,
also
>> un =
3
1
n
3
1
n
n 1
n2
n2
1/n
Therefore (un) =
3
1
n
1/ n
n2
3
1
n
lim
3
lim 1 n
(un)1/n =
lim
That is,
(un)1/n =
1
e3
= e-3, since
x
lim 1 n
= ex
ALTERNATING SERIES
A series in which the terms are alternatively positive or negative is called an alternating
series.
u1 u2 u3 u4 ... 1
n 1
n 1
i.e.,
un
LEBINITZS SERIES
u1 u2 u3 u4 ... 1
n 1
An alternating series
(i)
n 1
un
converges if
(ii)
lim un 0
Note: If
Solution:
Here un =
then un+1 =
1
7(n 1) 1
1
20
1
27
1
7n 1
1
7n 6
1
7n 1
therefore, un un+1 =
1
13
(7 n 6) (7n 1)
(7 n 1)(7n 6)
1
7n 6
7
(7n 1)(7n 6)
>0
Also,
lim
un =
1
7n 1
lim
1
1
n (7 1 / n )
=0
log 2
log 3
Solution: Here un = 1 -
log 4
1
log( n 1)
1
log( n 2)
Therefore, un un+1 =
log( n 1) log( n 2)
log( n 2) log( n 1)
log 5
then un+1 = 1 -
1
log( n 2)
1
log( n 1)
< 0.
Since (n + 1) < (n + 2)
un - un+1 < 0 un < un+1
lim
further
lim
un =
1-
1
log( n 1)
= 1 0 = 1 0.
Both the conditions of the Leibnitz test are not satisfied. So, we conclude that the series
oscillates between - and + .
Problems:
Test the convergence of the following series
1
1
1
....
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
....
ii
log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5
i 1
(iii )
n 1
n 1
n 1
1 x n
n 2 n n 1
n 1
iv
v
for 0 x 1
1
1 n2
a 1
n 1
An alternating series
series
n 1
n 1
n 1
an 1
a
(i)
is convergent.
n 1
un
is said to be conditionally convergent if
is divergent
n 1
n 1
an 1
(ii)
un
is said to be absolutely convergent if the positive
a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an
An alternating series
n 1
n 1
un
is convergent
Theorem: An absolutely convergent series is convergent. The converse need not be true.
a 1
Proof: Let
n 1
n 1
n 1
un
be an absolutely convergent series then
is
convergent.
We know,
a1 a2 a3 a4 ... a1 a2 a3 a4 ...
a
By comparison test,
n 1
is convergent.
(ii)
1 a n2
; (iii)
an
1 an
a n2
1 a n2
an2
(iii)
an
1 an
| an |
| 1 an |
<
| an |
1 | a n |
a n2
1 a n2
As |an| converges, |an| 0 as n . Hence for some positive integer N, we have |an| <
for all n N.
This gives
an
1 an
That is,
an
1 an
converges absolutely.
1 1
1
1
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 4 ...
3
2 3
4
5
1 2 ... n 1 n1 n 1 n1 u
n
3
2
2 n 1
n 1
n 1
Solution: Here
un un 1
then
converges.
1
n2 n 1
0
2 n 1 2 n 2 2
un 1 un & lim un 0
n
i.e.,
Also,
lim
Then
Since is
1 n
2 n2 1
is convergent.
vn
. Take
1
n
an 1
0
vn 2
divergent, therefore
is also divergent.
a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n ... (i )
where the
ai
s are
independent of x, is called a power series in x. Such a series may converge for some or all
values of x.
INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
In the power series (i) we have
lim
Therefore,
un an x n
a
un 1
lim n 1 x
n
un
an
an 1
l
n
a
n
lim
If
1
l
other values.
1
1
x
l
l
for values of x outside the interval. Such interval is called the interval of convergence of the
power series.
Therefore,
n 1
xn
n
un 1 1
and
x2 x3 x 4 x5
x ....
2 3 4 5
x n 1
n 1
un 1
n
lim
x x
n n 1
un
x 1
By Ratio test the given series converges
x 1
for and diverges for
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3 4
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3 4
1 x 1
xn
(1) n1
2n 1
xn
2n 1
(1) n x n 1
2n 3
Therefore un+1 =
u N 1
lim u
n
n
(1) n x n 1 2n 1
lim
=
lim
(1)
2n 1
x
2n 3
(1)
n ( 2 1 / n)
x
n ( 2 3 / n)
lim
2n 3 (1) n 1 x n
=|x|
2n 1
, un+1 =
2n 3
Also
lim
un =
1
2n 3
=0
1
-
1
+
1
-
1
+ whose general term is u n =
2n 1
and is of
order
1/ 2
Since the alternating series is convergent and the absolute series is divergent when x = 1, the
series is conditionally convergent when x = 1.
1
If x = -1, the series becomes
1
=-
1
5
1
7
- .
...
(i )
n 1
ii
n 1
n 1
n
n 1
n 2
1. Test the conditional convergence of
sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
3 ....
13
23
3
2. Prove that
is absolutely convergent
3. For what values of x the following series are convergent
x2
x3 x 4
i x ....
2
3
4
2
3
4
x
x
x
ii x 2 2 2 ....
2 3 4
x
x2
x3 x 4
iii
....
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
iv 3x 34 x 4 39 x9 .... 3n
x n ...
n 1
n n