Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
f^ I,
in accuracy
and fluency.Mo.eovcr,rhercmendous
rncreasern rnotrvanonnhich rcsutrs irom the
sIU.lents'perceprionof rheir ability ro use rhe
larguaeecanbe elen morvatuabtettranlhc prac
ti calski l l acqui red.r
c L \,\' 2
FOR E i GNI ,\N ' ]U A GE A N N LS
Redudtun of Scope
Ih c .r r(,k o .e k .' r.nd rfe dpr.m.r ' \ ol rh'
e d .n c ,.e n " l .. l e u J r m Prl er,,dorl or r\ro
havcthe nudenlsacquiresomethingapproachnrg
a narivelikeabilily !o communicaleinfonnally jn
..ru d lo l re q u i r.n 4
' i r' ' r' .ommur " rr' \e.om_
p rrc .r. A In u \l a l l re r.b
o o l T ere.d ro n.o' _
p o ro rer' \ s o a l .b u r rl e i o o ie. r\c. ol \o e1.om
i re
p d s rh .l ' 1 g u ,i c l o n ,t' c re n .eor
d. ed..drednd
e\nositorv
to
read
includine
the
abilil,v
speakc6.
p.o!e. Such an extensivecomPeten.eis lotally
unrealisticro. a besinningcourse.Ihe iollorins
F ra i ' a p h .{ rl l o P ,n e 3 s o rl o li ed P d upcand
deterdinesomc oi ils gratnmalicalrequsiles.
s ru d ' e ..n J rae . c ro e \d , . .o ,ol i neu' ... hd\(
.n o " n h o \ \o i Pd .d n s l d g e.. l ^r rcsj on o
resion, ftom classto class,and, in the individual
\n e 3 l e r..ro - ' i ru a o n .o .| " i on. A rcd.urabl (
colloq!ial;{erican Spani5hnaLes
Like En-!1ish,
considefablylcssuseof the terltcl or compoun.l
lenscslhandocsther.iuen laiguage.Thc preteritc
lsnds Lo.eplaclhe pasl pc ccr *hrev* lhe se
qucnceofele.ts is evident.La !t.ortri.loh.le Io
deja ltot habtadejado)(t lbund hin ahere I left
I pr nine r L. . p. ' r i. l, \ er b . t 'e m . \ r 't - o
hifr [tor I hadleft]).The fLrtu'cpe.rectn extemely
J or b' r hc m J r ' . m e . on t m i f L r ' l l o r r ' r '_
thesimplelulure.
or l . n I o r e B l a n c h - .a _ rare.lr is oftenparaDhrasedvith
d! nr . A loo. dr Po;
lnanddr
dntes
delli
es (I am going ro
el
espanol
Lo
vo!
o
v{ba
I
en
ticlc, "La reducciondel sisiema
CL q(-.3
F E E RUAR YI9 E4
)L',ie \
I.'OREIGNLANCUAGE ANNALS
50
te Jc e r
l- o L lJ
h .( fr
ci
'
"'
l rs'
mdre
cbtr-,
F E B R U A R YI9 8 4
5I
cttt ^a
FOR LIC N LA N C LJA C ! A N N A LS
52
ollhe motivalionaleffe.t oi connunicarire pra.
tice in clasr.(Irlvill aho be iNreasinglydifiicult
to constructsithin the limiG ol a ninifral granmar.)An oraltulervjew,ratinelhestudcnts'global
compclcncein comhunication,sill betrertell the
reacherwharIhe sludenrshaveacconrplished,
and
will shos lhe studertsthal they harc bccDwork
ing to a l ta i nth e fe a l o b j e c ri v eosf l he cousc.,,
just discusscd
Thc componcDls
do not cxhausi
jnvolvedir desigringa
the lisr of considerations
conduni.ative cou6e. -lhe rea.her ntusl make
maDycreatireadapialions
ofaDy curreDltexlbook.
This is noi alwayscasysinc.mostaurhorsconrder
il a vi.ruc to intgratethe g.annar as nuch a!
posible inlo thc readines,di!loeues,and olheractivities of the chapter. Thc sludcnts,with the
tcachcfseuidancc,shouldoftcn crcatetheir o*n
language
situations.
Thc rcfcrcnccs
madcprcvjous
ly to thc noiional tunctionalsyllabuscan p.ovide
a tranreworkfor planning cla$ objeclivesand
acriliries., There aho exisc a ianly abundanr
lireratu.cgivinep.aclic!1suegcsiions
for laneuagc
a. q u i !i ti o na c ti v n i e \.' ,
Ibr g.eatly
I havcmadesomespeciiicluggestions
r c d u c j n sth e g .a m n a ti c a l o a d o f a beti nnl ng
Spannhcou6c and have shoivnthat this can be
don c tri rh o uat b a n d o n i n s th c tra d i ri onal
obj ecri ve
of c o n v e rs i nBgi Ih n e a rl yna ti v eg ra nnal i calpar'
lerns on son rangeof topics.This is not ro sa,v
tha!allstudenl!.eachlh; goal.'fhereis $ide va.iain then rareof
lion in accuracydue10difre.ences
lea.ning.But, by severelylimiting gramnar con'
t en t, c o n c e n r.a ri n g
o r o ra l re sponses,
sel f
o i l isteD i ng
comx p re si o n ,a n dth ed e !e l o p me rl
preh.rior, rhe teachertrill fnrd rhat all srudenrs
do learn to rcspond appropriatcly, exprcss
thenselv$ inlellisibly,and comprchcDd
\hat lhcy
Wbaleversuccess
studerls adrievc i'r ach'ally
conrmunicalingjn SpaDishis a vry st.ong
notivatinS fo.cc, Nol leastamongrhe benetilsoi
halins hore moddted ltudentsi5thaLtheLeach*\
tall is nore enjoyable.
NOI L S
an,rle i! n revi\ed reFio. ofa pape. gircn
in Spanishar the Ihnd Conlcrcncc Ior F.reign Languige
Teache$ al lounsnosn SrareUniv.trity (Youn-qnoNr,
O h io ) o n No ve m b e r 3 , lr 7 r .
lsandr! I Savigno., ar,,r!ni.atic
Ca p.knd: /1,
E\petirte,t i,r Farcign LaneuaE 1.d.rt8 (Philadcllhia:
rThcprs.
Ceiter nt Cudlulun
Developmem, 1972), p. 9.
rPchoDalcxJrcricr.chas(ntri.c.jme ol !helrulh oi
these a$cnio.s. lhq xfc also Savisnor's najor
s h i c ha l l e c to u r d e o 'f o r a l i s c u s s i o n o lr h e l a c r o r N
rons on *har ro say,sceChaprcr5, TIrc Edrnoaraphy
ol Spcafrrg, 'n, Nlal.dln Cornhrrd, An lnLodrction
10 Dn.rrrs. /rr1)in (L.ndon: Longmar, l9?l), pD.
l0 51.
5 H e l e n ! .$ r a r i n e r ,
" H i C hS c h o o l F o r c i S n L a n g r aSc
T e l r \ : T o o V u c h B e r R e ernh e C o v s s b C o v d , 'F o r e i 8 ,
LonZuaE.Annals,ll \1914).551-57.
Thc Droblcmcxists
jLrl as much in colles. tcxt
is nruchthe
'A minimal cdnnunicarivecompelence
samcasdrc dredrold Level' .f c.inpeteicedes.ribdd
in thefti chaprerolLA. lan Lk s TheThrcsholdLerel
Jat Mo.leth La4tag Leanlirf t, S.rodh (Londdn:
L o r C D a n .1 9 1 7 )t,t 5 l l
7Tfa.y T.rcll. .\ Natur!l ADror.h ro lhe Teachiis
oi Verb rornb and runcrion nr S!annh." 1,rek"
LaneuaeeAnndls, 13 (1980),i2t-r6. Scc aho Albcn
valdmrn "ComnunicaliveUseof I-aneuace
andSyllabus
DeslE, Fot.ilh ta,tuute A,,rl, ll (1978),56?-78.
l F o r r c o m p d r i s o . o t l h e e r a m m abra s e d s y u a b u s a n d
one desis.edl.r a conmu.iclrive co!6e, secChapter
I or D.,\. lvilkfx Nbrirral.S/lahuses:
A td\oh.htt onl
ns rcldane loJarcign lanEudE.ctticthnn derelapnpnt
(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Prc$, 1976),pp. 1.20.
tFor ntrrhernrformarions.cChaprcrl, Varicri.sol
Laneuae., in Muricl Savill. Traik , TheEthraEtuph!
.f CaD,"u i.aIion: A hto.lr.ra, (lralrinrore:
Univer
n t y P a r k P" r e s s ,1 9 3"2 )F, t . 5 1 1 0 7 .
"'Jurn L.te Bianch, La reduc.ioDdel sislen[ ver
bal en el esFnol de Niexrco,"in his asrrdios robr. r/
espanol .le M6i.a (Mexico: Unjvenidad Nacional
Aut6nomadc N1irico,1972),pp. l,1l 55 A \.r) usclLrl
nndy by Josic. Morcnode Alba, t/dlaresdelasJarntas
retbaleter el espanalde Maxno (Nlexico:Lrnive$idad
Na.ional A!16nomade Niirico. 1973),uonr.i to.$.n
rially thc saDcconclusions
and nrclud.snarisricaldara
on i.equcncyoioccurrcnceoirhe lensesand ftequency
ol rariou: u\age5ol each1r.s..
"\,1orcnodc ALbaiirds ihar t*o.lhifds ol Ihc nscsof
r h e l a m i l i a r i n r p e r a t i r e a r e a l l e nel ieolnl i n s c l i c h i s , $ c h
as,lid (look),,_ve(ln'en),/rar (nore)(jr. I r6). rhe im
perarive,famillarorlo.mal, in SFai.a\ wellaJi. SFanish
Ajirc.i.a,n nruchlcs poh., cvcnwtrhpor/rvrf (!lcasc),
rha. h Ed!lish !rd orhcr la.guagcsiscctltc dircussion
bj_[niLio Lor.[o,
La c\lfcsian d. Luegoy de nan.
dato cD cspanol, in his t/ ?lpanol .1. hor, lensuaen
e r l l f t i n r ( v a d r i d : C r e d o r , 1 9 7 1 ) p, r . 9 r l 0 r L o t e
Bh.ch !\o.o1es rhlr rhehona!\c suhjrnctivc,.rrrcrror,
n ire{rusrl} .erlacedby a p!'^Aht^\.. rdnlost entat,
or a \i.rple lnlerio!aiive, ;e,totno\? (r, 113)
':Accordins kr Vorcro de Alba, the tuturc t..sc has
a l $ ! l . . q L c n c yo i o c c u r e n . el s p o k c nS p a n i s h , 08 q 0
(1rn roundby william Bull Io bc over rhrceunes dor.
f.!qucnrinw.irren sourccsi\.cBull\ "\1o{lern Spanith
V.fb.lorm l reqre.cir\, ' 1tul"ru, 30 (l9r?), 45166)
l n a n u d ) o f r h e c x n r e s i o i o lf u r u r c r i m e w i t h l n d i . a t i lc
lor!r,Ihc futLtrcren!ciJ !scd ody 2101ol lhe tnne,prc-
F E B R U A R Y]9 E4
16?0.d' 1. , , p. u.
.e n' . '
. I r i i. c 5 00\ \ 4 o r e n o.
'6DerekEicke(on,,,Pidsinizarionandcreoliution:
'
Alba, p.92) I-oDeBl.nch obscnesrhat
rhe futurerenrc I a n g r d - . A . . t r . r 'r o n
I q n g l d g eU 1 i . e . . i r , . r " d
6 usedm.( oiten as a furure or probabihy (p. 145)i \ t 'e r \ ^ t J a d t . P i t *,"nn.da d a - p o l r t . L a u N . .. f t a a m
\."1 1e. V. enuoe \ t od t nd. i b t u r r r r . e l 4 !
inelon: lndia.a Univ Prcs, 19?7),pp .19_69.
uscdIn a r.mnorat,not a conjcc'ural,s..j 78oftof rtrc
r o h n l . \ . h u nd n i I n p t re . o r, o n , J en . / r , o r .
d ( - r e o l a r . o o o r I r . \ r r d ) o A d l l r s " , rd I r l g u a ! ,
"q' c t u n i 'i o 1 .
rrL opc Blanc h,pJ r .
o e d l o n n H s . l u m " l n d 1 d\ q n ! ) ( r . .
l, 1155.
.on, \pn l ranrpt t1 Sp r4d t rryLdEe t
'l o . e d
|, p. t 4r ,
ea.nhL
hd.
t
.
,
npe
.
.
.
I
n
'.
"' c
(Rowley,MA: Nesbury touse, r974),D. l40.
d !d i\"
on. '
L c d o' t ' t pJ ho! ! . r , u m , J i . r .
bur cspeciallr, rcrull' oi condirionalsen(encesi
in-lhe
in
{u d , e , . e r I . q ,e . e I L o $ r t ,.,. N { \ (
Moreno dc Alba, p. 103,howcve.ionly rheconditio.al s p r 'r p ' J r d e m e 'I
o \p..1d-t,,d,qge,eJ.rer\' | |
ienscn usedin therelnr clauseof.ondirionalscnrences r o r r ' J ( o m r 1 1 c J
o| A RelicL
/i" Mo./rl
lrln ord.r to cxpre$
the pertlctivcartecrot lhe Iaxer LahEuase Jarrnal, 66 (1982), 211 83
!e
.
, . r hF. olo! Lr .| , ) ! uaB,or ' eod\ J r . r . ! t . o t F
:eVickiCalloway,,.perccptions
ot !heConrnunicari!c
p rc. i e. I . h
I e. ' t t pe, r r r c ! 1. e. r .o r i . t d . ,
F foll.o Amelldr.rLdq .otspa .h, thp Uodet,
re n! eqnir! bi . . ' 04 i. t e. ir r p r er c .r ! . . q t r . b ,
Lar.8,aee routnat, 64 (t98q, 128-tl
'
q hi.h '
d. r r l
r.! ,
r., r,,on,.
"5e..ere1,.aroo,.,r,
'\o
o , r n r r d m d 1 .. . ( o m
. on. ' 1. ns r , . o , I i
o l" L, ef "r ' ' . ( . . o. ,'!,"c o
m u n 'c a t i v U
c s e . . . , ,p . 5 7 5 .
)d\. a G \ t a. , j r - 0, t \ t p, . p. .) a. . , 1ondr , o t J e r .
"Cusalo Conzilez,..TheAcquiririonot Cranuarical
td 4 ott d! t r t o. | \ . et 4p. . , at n Fa"o aoa n o d on a p e <r u r u r e b j v e \ . , d r
A m e . , " n I I t d , p n ,i 1 . I I d L " '
d ld' . p 41, ir \ t { er . oJ e a bd . . udy , t ! . u , u r - do
Ho.indcz Chivez,Andrew D. CohenandAnrhonv
'
o! ! uh. ' ! 6
ic . r J ' . o t . 88u) . . r h e m $ t r - | . B e . nd n o . L t t p q
t
o ! , d , , w . , n i , " u r 1 l o e r o . r ,v A .
'lp.
conjc.ruralmeanins(p. l0O).
er rer or Aprhcd I ing' c.. q-1, pn 220 I A torni
'
ai.
, 1. ! r - qr ,
h ?..s.r.
n T a e r o . o ' c r . b l i . t ^d . L n 1 . h e . F. . r p r o d. , r . \ !
h Lr.e )
a. \ t | | o i l c r t p .
nrlelnr irj rheforn nly havebeenusedcorccrly before,
- , ot ? ) , 1t ,r . . - q?r a,
T, . f et , , |. v . o. . , , L n . eo t . r .
but^l'mrtedro cenain verbsor set erpresions
condnionalpcraeclii only o.Ol0/0
accordjnsro Ntorcnc
"rhethesislharsynlaxevotvesouloicorveAaii.n:l
(d$ou^e) nflcru.es is discused by Evelyn Halch.
rrJuan LopeBla.ch,
Sobreelusodel prerernoenel
''Discourc Analysn,Spec.hActs.and Ssond Lanen,qe
espaaolde Mixicoj ' jn hisErtudiastubrcc! apanotde
Leanjng," in ed. wilriad C. R it.hie, se.oadLan;u;e
.l'r',!.? (Metico: Univesidad Nacio.al Aur6nona dc Acquisition
Reseorch:t$les and tnptuatia8 tNew \otk:
va \ico , 1972)pp.
, t 2719.
A c a d c m i cP r e $ , t 9 ? 8 ) ,p p , [ 7 - 5 5 .
!Pau r M(nrtrt, The
AcAurhah ud Dewtupncnt
o/
a,r{!d8E rEnglcunoJ(hlf\. N l prenrce.Halt,lo-t),
.,The
variabte Consrrinrs on
':oJame!P La.toti,
Mood in Puc(o RicanAnerican Spanish,, in cd.
"Sec Carol,\. Xatcs,praazatisand Senantits:Ar
NtargarnaSuricr, Cantehp.rat! Shl.liesh Ronan.e
Enpnicisr Theor! llthaca, Ny: Cornelt tjniv p.cs,
Zi,szdrts (w!!hhsron: CeorsetoRn
Univ.pres, 19?8), 1980),p. ll4, ro. a dir.ussionor judies
shownrgrhar
pp. 191217.Srudieson Nlexica.a.d Njcxjcan-Amcrica.
''the conrexrualfador
is ofsuchrundamcn(at
inponance
varietiesoi spa.ish arc alsodn.u$ed.
ihat $ne ulEnrcs aie virrua y uninrcllicjbtcshen
t a k e no u t o f c o n r e x r ',
llThe useof aioidance
s5Padicularlynnerenins
asa comnunicarionnrarcgy
in lhn resardare lhe obseF
explainswhy mistatesinvolvinssubjunctivedo not o.
\ r n o n s o f E a r l \ \ *e \ r t . M . n b r r , V e n n e r n l
cu rasor t enas oncdr ghtpr edic rSc
. . J Sc ha c h r e r , , , A n Vethal: Sohe Ps\th.lqt.dt pe'spe.tnet
ah L.reu.te
Eror in Enor Analysis,,tdrAuaqeLeornjq, 2t (j914),
,@r,rA (Rowle}, MA: NewburyHoure, t976).
2 05 I1.
"On rhenorivarionalvatueotproperrcnins.s.c Etana
'?rThereis so'ne evjd.nce,ho\ecvq,rhar subjundile Shohany, "Arrecrivc Considerarionsin Lansuaee
lorhs arc sebanricalty
\iCnifica.r,accordingro Lamotf, resina," The Modem Luryldse
.towhat, 66 \is8;),
ll 17. SccalsoSavignon,p 47, ior noded evatuatio.
,Error
"Ja.k C Ri.hards,
Analy\is and SecoDd
, in cd. John H.
L anguageSrrategies,
rTconcemingslude.l
Schumannand
inrpuron syllabus
desien,seeLin
Nanct Srenson,Ne|| tiohliers h Se.andLdnsuae.
da L. Harlower al.,..srudenlperceivcd
conmunicarion
Zerrfta (Roslel, i\,lA: NewburyHouse,197.t),p. 45. Necds:
ldraslructure of rhe Func!ionat/Norionai
''Th is . 5nNpt ion is bas i.r o lher c . hniqueosf , 'e r r o l Svla6ns,t
tbtdsn Laryrase Anhuts,t5 t.1982),j122.
a na lysis ir Sc cf or
, ex adple,HeidiC.Dut a,in d i l l a r i n a
"A recenranicle n Sknhen A. Sados. .,Crcarive
K. Bu rr , Yo! Canl I eaf n W it hour Coo t i r g : A n
Problem-SoirinSlor rhc Foreien Lan8uageClas,,,
,Liio^,,i. in ed
Analysi\ofChild.n\ Sc.ord Language
I:ateisr LdnluaEe ,1,,"k, l6 (1981). tr5 20. See
.lackC. Richalds,Erro.,4rrlfsrr: pet\pe.tiwson Se.and refcre.ces
cired rhcrc rd lunhcr sour.e\.
LunEuaS.A.Auisitian t.Londan:Loredan, t9lj), pp