Plotting the Onshore to Offshore

Transformation to Expedite Efficient

Offshore LNG Projects.

Heinz Bauer
Linde Engineering
VP Technology Natural Gas Plants

Outline

Company Information

Equipment Qualification

Refrigerant Selection

Boil-Off Gas Handling

Conclusions

Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

The Linde Group | Sales

13.787

14 EUR billion

2.531
13

12.439
1.863

12

12.306

12.868

12.663

2.461

3.016

Engineering Division

2.750

11.211
2.311

11

11.061

6.195
10

9.511

10.228

1.623

9.209

9.515

8.932

4.438

from 05.09.06:

7
6
5

Gases Division
4.326

4
3

The BOC Group

8.113

3.628

2
1
0

- 0.188

2005
Linde AG Engineering Division

+0.055

2006

- 0.347

2007

- 0.132

2008

- 0.032

2009

0.179

2010

0.195

2011
3

Other/Consolidations
KION Group till 05.11.06

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

The Linde Group | Linde Gases Division

Product Range
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon
Acetylene and other
fuel gases
Welding process
shielding gases

Carbon oxide
Hydrogen

Medical gases
Rare gases

Ultra-high purity gases

Gas application processes
and services
Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

The Linde Group | Linde Engineering Division

Product Range

Petrochemical plants
Polyolefin plants

LNG plants
Natural gas processing
plants
Gas processing plants
Hydrogen- and
synthesis gas plants
Adsorption plants

Air separation plants

Cryogenic plants

Biotechnological plants
Manufacturing of plant
components and modules
Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Engineering Division | Employees world-wide

(31.03.2012)

Engineering Division

2,679

Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH

81

Selas-Linde GmbH
Inland total

Engineering Division-Group USA

Other foreign countries

Linde AG Engineering Division

519

3,279
611
2,459

Foreign total

3,070

World total

6,349

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Engineering Operations and Sales Offices

Gothenburg

Tulsa
Houston

Moscow

Samara
Dresden
Aldershot
Pullach/Schalchen
Pratteln
Pfungen
Hsingue
Rome

Murray Hill
Blue Bell
Holly Springs

Beijing

Al-Khobar Abu Dhabi

Riyadh
Vadodara

Dalian
Seoul
Hangzhou
Taipei

Bangkok

So Paulo
Johannesburg

Engineering operations
Sales offices
Linde AG Engineering Division

LE graphic-office
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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Outline

Company Information

Equipment Qualification

Refrigerant Selection

Boil-Off Gas Handling

Conclusions

Linde AG Engineering Division

LE graphic-office
/ LE-general-presentation_E.ppt
9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Equipment Qualification

Rotating Equipment
In the absence of large gas turbines the Shell
Prelude FLNG project uses steam turbines
GE LM 6000 will be used for the Wheatstone LNG
project as mechanical drive (start-up 2015?)

Large nitrogen expanders (>10 MW) are not proven

yet
Mega trains in Qatar use 8 MW expanders
Stationary Equipment
Vessels and columns are tested and proven, preference is for packed columns

Reactors and adsorbers have to be designed with adequate margins

Plate-fin heat exchangers have to be installed properly to avoid fatigue

two-phase flow in coil wound heat exchangers (CWHE) needs to be qualified

Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) fabrication

Linde Engineering
and one competitor
are only current
suppliers for coil
wound heat
exchangers
(CWHEs)
Coil and shell can
be manufactured in
aluminium or
stainless steel

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Mid Scale LNG Plant

SMR process (SWHE)

0.3 to 1.5 mtpa LNG
Stavanger / Norway
Mid scale LNG plant
300,000 tpa LNG

All stainless steel CWHE (shell and bundles)

Liquefaction at about 100 bar (transcritical pressure)

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) operation

Raman scattering (inelastic

interaction between photons and
electrons) in a fiber optic is used
to measure the temperature along
the heat exchanger tubes with a
resolution of <1m and <5 deg C.

Source: LIOS Technology Fibre optic radar system for fire detection in cable trays - AUBE 2004

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

3D temperature profile of a CWHE

top view

Linde AG Engineering Division

side view

13

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Main cryogenic heat exchanger (CWHE) testing

Simulation of offshore conditions in

Lindes R&D
facilities
Full swing of the
CWHE by 6
within 2 seconds
Cool-down of
warm water (tube
side) against
vaporizing
hydrocarbon
mixture (shell side)

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Equipment Qualification Status

Coil Wound Heat Exchangers

Process concept has been proven since 2003

All stainless steel design is in operation since 2010

Operation under simulated sea motion has been tested

Ready for offshore installation

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Outline

Company Information

Equipment Qualification

Refrigerant Selection

Boil-Off Gas Handling

Conclusions

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Refrigerant Selection

non flammable refrigerants

ChloroFluoroCarbons (CFC) e.g. R22
high ozone depletion potential (ODP)

HydroFluoroCarbons (HFC) e.g. R134a

high global warming potential (GWP)
Nitrogen (N2)
used in gas expanders
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
widely used in industrial refrigeration

flammable

flammable refrigerants
heavier hydrocarbons (C3plus)
high density vapor, risk of vapor cloud formation
light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4, C2H6)
low density vapor, least risky hydrocarbons

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Onshore Experience

Hammerfest LNG
CO2 sequestration
700.000 tpa
10 MW CO2 compressor

CO2 compressor Siemens VK 40-6

subcooling MR cycle
N2, CH4, C2H6 as refrigerant components
LNG subcooler
Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Offshore Application (DDR process)

patent

Minimized
hydrocarbo
n inventory

pending

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

40

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as Refrigerant

Transcritical Operation
compress from 60 to 100 bar
cool to 40 deg C
let down to 60 bar
100

generate 65 % liquid CO2

60

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Outline

Company Information

Equipment Qualification

Refrigerant Selection

Boil-Off Gas Handling

Conclusions

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Offshore Boil-Off Gas Handling

N2 expander process (PFHE)

Q-Max LNG carriers
Onboard re-liquefaction (EcoRel)
50,000 tpa LNG

Cryostar is a fully owned subsidiary of Linde Engineering

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Onshore Boil-Off Gas Handling

SMR process (SWHE)

Bintulu / Malaysia
Full scale BOGR plant
800,000 tpa LNG

Fuel

Fuel

GT

MRC

Large boil-off gas compressor with mechanical drive

LNG

Nitrogen rich (up to 30 vol%) fuel for gas turbines

GT

LP

HHP

BOG

Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Outline

Company Information

Equipment Qualification

Refrigerant Selection

Boil-Off Gas Handling

Conclusions

Linde AG Engineering Division

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9th Offshore LNG
Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Conclusions

Onshore qualification of new concepts or equipment is mandatory to minimize the

risk
Linde coil wound heat exchangers (CWHE) feature optionally
all stainless steel bundle and shell
real time 3D temperature monitoring
CO2 pre-cooled lean MR cycle (DDR process)
efficient and safe

An adaption of proven offshore concepts or equipment to onshore applications is

attractive
Boil-Off Gas reliquefaction generates more LNG output also onshore

Linde AG Engineering Division

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Asia Summit Seoul 2012

Thank you
for your attention.

Heinz Bauer
Linde Engineering
VP Technology Natural Gas Plants
Heinz.Bauer@linde-le.com