Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Mohsen Mojabi
Submitted to the
Graduate Committee of School of Computing and Technology
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Technology
in
Information Technology
We certify that we have read this project and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and
quality as a project for the degree of Master of Technology in Information Technology.
Examining Committee
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa lkan
2. Asst. Prof. Dr. Alper Doanalp
3. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ersun iolu
ABSTRACT
The mankind has faced many new phenomena over the course of last couple of
decades. One, for sure, is the IT revolution. One cannot even imagine a world
without computers on each desk nowadays; and thats not the whole picture. The
need for huge back-end computing has led to proliferation of huge data-centers.
Although the move towards Cloud Computing has already been started for couple of
years now, there are still so many companies and large enterprises which rely solely
on their own server rooms. But what about the other phenomenon the world is just
facing nowadays: Global Warming as a consequence to the increase in carbon
dioxide emissions created by power plants. Everyday scientists and manufacturers
are working hard to find a new method/technique to reduce the energy consumption
of consumer electronic devices, in order to reduce what is known as carbon
footprint of that device, but what about desktop computers and servers? Aside from
all thats been done for decreasing their energy consumption, is there a new way to
progress even further down this road? In this project, we are going to discuss how
virtualization can influence the new way of computing, and how drastically it can
decrease the carbon footprint of computing, both on front-end (Desktop
Virtualization) and back-end (Server Virtualization).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Ersun Iscioglu for his continuous support and
guidance in the preparation of this study. Without his invaluable supervision, all my
efforts could have been short-sighted.
I also would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa lkan, Director of the School of
Computing and Technology, Eastern Mediterranean University.
II
To my late father
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ II
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................IV
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... VII
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1
2 WHAT IS CARBON FOOTPRINT AND HOW IT SHOULD BE MEASURED...5
3 TRADITIONAL APPROACHES VS. VIRTUALIZATION ................................13
3.1 VIRTUALIZATION .....................................................................................15
3.1.1 SERVER (HARDWARE) VIRTUALIZATION .....................................16
3.1.2 NETWORK FUNCTION VIRTUALIZATION......................................17
3.1.3 STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION............................................................17
3.1.4 DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION (VDI)..................................................18
3.2 ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION ....................................................19
3.3 DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION AND ITS FUTURE...................................20
4 CASE STUDY.....................................................................................................21
5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................33
REFERENCES
..................................................................................................35
IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Definition of different business sizes based on number of employees .....22
Table 4.2: Pre-virtualization total carbon footprint ..................................................29
Table 4.3: Server consolidation ratios for each business type ..................................29
Table 4.4: Post-virtualization total carbon footprint.................................................30
LIST OF FIGURES
VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3D
Three Dimensional
ACPI
APM
ARM
ATA
CISC
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CO2eq
CPU
DPMS
EPA
GHG
GHz
Giga Hertz
HDD
HP
I/O
Input/Output
IBM
ISO
IT
Information Technology
KB
Kilo Bytes
kWh
MB
Mega Bytes
MHz
Mega Hertz
MWh
VII
NFV
OS
Operating System
PC
Personal Computer
RAM
RISC
ROI
Return on Investment
SAN
SDN
Software-Defined Networking
SMB
Small-to-Medium Business
SPEC
TIA
UK
United Kingdom
US
United States
VDI
VESA
vs.
versus
VIII
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Computers have been around for decades, but the real boom in computing began
with the introduction of personal computers, in which brought computers to everyday
life of people. With the advancement of technology, computers become cheaper and
widely available, and at the same time evolved from sparsely isolated standalone
personal computers to an internetwork of connected nodes. Upon the invention of the
Internet and its related technologies like Web, the need for computers grew, and now
theyve become an inseparable part of our lives. Gartners statistics show that the
billionth personal computer has been delivered in April 2002 [1]. The second billion
personal computer has probably shipped back in 2007. A report by Forrester
Research claims that by the end of 2008 there were at least a billion personal
computers in use (worldwide), and it is growing fast especially in the emerging
markets. Estimates by Forrester show that at least two billion personal computers
will be in use by 2015 (not taking into account mobile devices and tablets) in use by
2015. Hence, although it took 27 years for the world to reach one billion personal
computers in use, it would take only 7 years for to reach to 2 billion. But this is not
the whole image. Approximately 8 to 8.5 million rack and blade servers are shipped
annually [2]. Facebook, Google, Rackspace and other web giants are now building
their own servers so the numbers will be skewed upwards lightly [3]. With an
average life expectancy of 5 years, one can estimate there are about 45-50 million
servers in operation in the world now. Businesses now heavily rely on computing
by
the
hardware,
the
carbon
dioxide
emissions
for
the
Chapter 2
"A carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted through
the combustion of fossil fuels. In the case of a business organization, it is the amount
of CO2 emitted either directly or indirectly as a result of its everyday operations. It
also might reflect the fossil energy represented in a product or commodity reaching
market."[13]
The carbon footprint was calculated by "measuring the CO2 equivalent emissions
from its premises, company-owned vehicles, business travel and waste to
landfill."[14]
"The carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to your daily
activities from washing a load of laundry to driving a carload of kids to
school."[15]
"Carbon footprint is the total amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, emitted
over the full life cycle of a process or product. It is expressed as grams of CO2
equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation (gCO2eq/kWh), which accounts for the
different global warming effects of other greenhouse gases."[16]
The definition which is suggested by Thomas Wiedmann and Jan Minx (from
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, UK), is "Carbon footprint is a
measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly
and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a
product"[18]. This one seems to be the definition that would serve best to the scope
of this study since it only takes into account the carbon dioxide as the element to be
measured (and not taking into account the other Green House Gasses), and also it
considers not only the activity of a certain entity (the amount of electrical power
used) but its life stages as well. When speaking of life stage, it is important to put
focus on the parts where GHG emissions are inevitable. Take Wind Turbines as an
example. One would think as they generate electricity by wind, they would have no
carbon footprint at all. But that is not true. The amount of GHG a wind turbine
produces in its lifespan (its carbon footprint) is approximately 11 grams
(CO2eq/kWh) [16]. Although the by the normal electricity generation phase it emits
no GHGs, but the manufacturing processes of it do results in GHG emissions,
needless to say the installation and maintenance. Regular inspections and
maintenance implies transportation that is powered by fossil fuels. 98% of the GHG
which is emitted by a wind turbine over a lifespan of 20 to 25 years is made during
the production, assembly and installation of it. 2% is produced by periodic
inspections and maintenance [16]. Wind turbines installed inside the seas and away
from shoreline will create more GHG than onshore ones since it is harder to reach
them [19]. Also the reason that in this study the focus has been put on CO2 emission
only (and neglecting other GHGs) is that firstly, it is the most dominant one (84
percent of all GHG emissions) among the other Green House Gasses (Nitrous Oxide,
Methane and other gasses)[20] (Fig. 2.1a) and it also is the direct consequence of
burning fossil fuels for generating electricity (33 percent of all GHG emissions) and
transportation (28 percent) [21] just as it can be seen in the Fig. 2.1b.
Fig. 2.1a&b: U.S. Total GHG Emissions and Emissions by Sector (2011) [21]
Although there are cases (e.g. DreamHost [22]) in which all the required electricity
by a certain data-center/service-provider is generated by clean sources (e.g.
hydroelectric sources or wind) or so-called sustainable/renewable energy, or
nuclear energy (although some debate it as fully clean energy due to the risk of
radioactive material leakage), for most part electricity is generated by burning fossil
fuels (natural gas, diesel or coal). According to EPA (United States), in 2011 clean
energy accounts approximately for only %13 of the generated electricity (renewable
energy sources 5.6 percent and Nuclear Electricity 7.3 percent) [20]. According to
the Global e-Sustainability Initiative, nearly 2 percent of Global GHG emissions
alone is a direct consequence of the Technology Sector, and of that, Data Center
around the world cause 17 percent of that [23]. Also since in this study the focus is
not only on the power consumption, but all the activities related to manufacturing,
transportation and installation and (when the hardware reached its end of life stage)
decommissioning and recycling, a method needs to be chosen for measuring or at
least estimation- of the carbon footprint related to this part. As it was stated before,
measuring the carbon footprint of a certain computing device needs to take into
account all of the processes involved throughout the whole lifecycle of that specific
computing device (and this can be very hard or next to impossible, at least for the
author), the study will be based on the informations from the manufacturers
themselves. A study by Christopher Weber of Carnegie Mellon University [24] tries
to depict the doubtfulness in evaluation of carbon-footprint by analyzing a server
from IBM confirms that assessing carbon footprint cannot be done precisely. The
study shows that doubtfulness starts from approximately more than fifteen percent
for the manufacturing and transportation stage to more than thirty five percent for the
whole life-stage carbon foot-print [24]. Having said that, not all server manufacturers
conduct such analysis; in fact, as of this writing only two analysis were found in
which the carbon footprint of a piece of hardware is measured, and only for a
certain model. Hence there is no way other than to rely solely on the information
extracted from these two rare cases. Of one of these rare cases, Dells analysis can be
given as an example. In this study [25], the carbon footprint of a Dell PowerEdge
R710 Rack Server has been measured taking into account all aspects, from
development and design to production, customer use and operation to
decommissioning and recycling using ISO 14044/14040 (international standards for
assessment and investigation of the ecological effects a certain product has
throughout its lifespan). Aside from how precise this study can be, its results showed
that 10 percent of the total GHGs produced in the cradle-to-grave GHG emissions are
consequences of the manufacturing, transportation, installation and recycling of the
server (and not its operation during its lifetime in which it consumes electricity over
the course of its lifetime estimated at four years of non-stop operation [25].
Fig. 2.2: Total carbon footprint [kg CO2eq] of the Dell PowerEdge R710Error!
Reference source not found. [25]
10
Fig. 2.3: Personal computing related electricity vs. global electricity use [26]
As shown in the Fig. 2.3 and 2.4, in 2010 the combined electricity the whole general
computation domain consumed was 1078 million megawatts per hour. Therefore,
computational devices (including other ICT sector devices such as mobile devices)
consumed 6% of the global electricity consumption (Fig. 2.5).
11
Fig. 2.5: Global electricity consumption vs. total ICT sector consumption [26]
And the abovementioned study has only taken into account the electricity
consumption itself. It can be estimated the processes involved in production of
computer hardware devices ranging from material extraction, manufacturing,
transportation to operation, decommissioning and recycling can be attributed to
around 10 percent of the total Green House Gas emissions. This clearly shows the
need for improving the efficiency and reducing the environmental adverse effects. In
this study, it will be shown that by using virtualization and its related technologies
how much can be done towards reaching this goal.
12
Chapter 3
As mentioned earlier in the first chapter, many attempts have been made to lower
the energy consumption and hence carbon footprint of computing devices. One of the
earliest and most significant is ENERGY STAR program [8] created by Department of
Energy of USA and EPA in the early 1990s, which has also been accepted and used
by EU, Taiwan, Japan, Canada, New Zealand and Australia since then. Computer
products compliant with the ENERGY STAR guidelines commonly consume less
electricity up to thirty percent [27]. Many standards and protocols have been
developed around the idea of ENERGY STAR, e.g. VESA DPMS which defined
mechanism for turning on and off the monitor and thus enabling the PC to take
control over the power management of the monitor and be able to switch off the
display after a certain period of being idle. This approach led to introduction of the
next generation of these sorts of technologies, namely APM (Advanced Power
Management) and later, ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface). APM
was first introduced in 1992 by Intel and Microsoft [28], and later has been upgraded
to ACPI in 1996[29]. ACPI which was later introduced by a cooperation between
Microsoft, Phoenix, Intel, Toshiba and HP, and gained wider adoption with many
operating systems and processor architectures.
13
power [30]. CPU throttling (or Dynamic frequency scaling) is a mechanism in which
the microprocessor frequency is adjusted automatically, to save electricity as well as
to decrease the chips temperature [9]. Less heat generated enables the system fans to
operate with lower speeds or even be switched off, in which it allows more reduction
in electricity consumption. In servers which should be operational continuously and
hence ACPI cannot be applied, when the server is underutilized, Dynamic CPU
frequency helps to decrease the total consumption
electricity consumption reduction and also by reducing the heat generated (which
needs more cooling).
Another technology which was around for decades but recently has made its way
first to handheld devices and then surprisingly- to server domain, is the RISC
architecture. Historically, CPU architecture is divided into either CISC or RIS. They
both were used in CPU design quite extensively (each has their own characteristics),
until a British company named ARM [31] started to develop processors by RISC
architecture which uses very-low power and therefore generates very low heat
(which eliminates the need for conventional cooling methods, e.g. heat-sinks, fans
and ventilation). These features made them the best option primarily for mobile and
handheld devices. Unlike Intel processors which can consume up to 165 Watts (e.g.
Intel Xeon 7000 Series)[32] and therefore require extensive cooling, ARM
processors usually consume 4 Watts or less and need not much of cooling. As
recently their computational powers increased recently to more than 2 GHz sporting
4 cores [33] and more, some server manufactures have started to create very-low
power-consuming servers by using ARM processors. For instance, HP ProLiant
Moonshot enterprise server series consume 89 percent less energy than a regular
14
server with almost the same capability (A simple Intel Atom-based server the with
same capability consumes usually 40 Watts in contrast to nearly 20 Watts for a
typical HP ProLiant Moonshot server [34]).Although these servers cannot be used
for very CPU intensive workloads such as 3D modelling and database processing,
but for light loads like static webpage hosting can be very beneficial. But still the
issue of underutilization is left somehow unaddressed. None of the abovementioned
technologies can fully address the fact that most servers are not operating at their full
power, and although at peak times their utilization and load may peak up to 90
percent, for most of the times theyre staying either idle or heavily underutilized,
operating at less than 5-7 percent of their actual capability [35] .The underutilization
not only happens at the processing (CPU) part, but also at their memory and hard
disk space. HDDs come in certain sizes and their physical size cannot be shrunk or
extended on demand. So, based on the size of the used HDD and the installed OS
requirements, the HDD is never fully utilized, and the extra space is actually wasted
and will never be used; also this extra space cannot be temporarily allocated to any
other system for temporal uses of other systems when they are in need of it. The
Virtualization technology has been developed to answer to all these
underutilization issues.
3.1. Virtualization
By definition, virtualization is a way of creating a virtual entity in a way in which
it resembles the actual hardware resource. By using virtualization, the actual
hardware resource can be divided into one or many virtual instances of that certain
piece of hardware [36]. Traditionally, Hardware and Software are braided together
and cannot be segregated. For instance, a piece of software is usually being executed
15
16
hardware. Server virtualization also conserves data center rack space through
consolidation several servers into reduced number of physical boxes. Less physical
boxes equals to less required hardware maintenance and lower costs.
Storage
17
This way, all those desktop user environments can be managed from one central
management console. Installing new software/upgrades and security hotfixes will be
done with way less administrative overhead. And the risk of user behaviors and
mistakes in which it can breach security and/or cause unplanned downtimes drops
dramatically.
Similar to server virtualization, desktop virtualization is built on top of a
hypervisor, which serves on hardware and builds a platform on which IT staff can
deploy and centrally administer users virtual desktops. Desktop virtualization
essentially provides each user a virtual machine which contains a separated and
isolated copy of the users operating system and his/her required applications
installed.
18
19
80-110 Watts for a normal PC[47]) and therefore create much less carbon footprint.
These devices have significantly prolonged lifespan than PCs, because when there is
a need to upgrade systems and provide more resources (Disk/CPU/RAM) to each
user, there will be no need to replace the thin clients; instead the resources for each
user will be increased at server side. This approach again eliminates the need for
frequent hardware refreshment and therefore the carbon-footprint related to it [48].
20
Chapter 4
CASE STUDY
The objective for this study was to emphasize considering the Carbon Footprint
of computing in general as opposed to only considering the monetary value of the
consumed energy by computing hardware, and showing that virtualization can
contribute to this aim. As of this writing, no similar researches have been found to
look at virtualization from a Carbon Footprint perspective, and measure the
effectiveness of Virtualization in reduction of the Carbon Footprint. In previous
chapters, first a certain definition for carbon footprint was elected, and then
currently-available information concerning measurement of carbon footprint for the
whole life stage of a certain computing device was provided. Due to utter scarcity
of information regarding whats known as cradle-to-grave carbon footprint of
computing devices, as for this Term Project, the predictions will be based solely on
the Dells study. As mentioned earlier in Chapter 2, a study [25] done by Dell in
which all aspects from development and design to production, customer use and
operation to decommissioning and recycling using ISO 14044/14040 is taken into
account, showed that in 4 years of being constantly operational, around 10 percent of
the total carbon footprint produced by a typical server in US is exclusively produced
by
the
manufacturing,
transportation,
installation
and
then
the
decommissioning/recycling phase and not by the operation of the server itself. This
information will be the base of the calculations in this chapter for taking into account
the non-operational carbon footprint of a typical servers cradle-to-grave total
carbon footprint.
21
Methodology:
In this chapter, for measuring the effectiveness of virtualization in reducing the
carbon footprint of the computing, firstly the computing needs of the 4 typical
companies from different sizes ranging from small to enterprise- will be assumed,
their IT infrastructure schema will be first depicted based on traditional nonvirtualized systems, the carbon footprint will be measured for 4 years of operation
(the extra 10% non-operational phase carbon-footprint will be calculated and kept
for further calculations as well), and then all of the servers will be virtualized based
on different consolidation ratio appropriate for each server class, and again the
carbon footprint will be measured (and non-operational phase carbon-footprint will
be added). The results of the both phases will be then compared to each other to give
an idea of the approximate carbon footprint reduction by using virtualization
techniques.
The definition of different company sizes is different in each country or region;
they also are being referred by different terms across different countries [49].Also,
different companies in different sectors sometimes are measured differently [50]. In
the following chart, companies are divided into five different categories based on
size [51,52,53]:
Table 4.1: Definition of different business sizes based on the number of employees
US
EU
Australia
Small Business
<250
<50
<15
Medium Business
<500
<250
<200
Large Business
<1000 <1000
<500
Enterprise
>1000 >1000
>500
22
Four different companies are assumed each falling into one of the abovementioned
categories:
1. A small business (25 employees)
2. A medium (mid-size) business (175 employees)
3. A large business (750 employees)
4. An enterprise business (3000+ employees)
The required HP Servers will be selected based on available best practices and
suggestions about each businesses requirement computing needs (e.g. information
provided in HP Product Bulletin software and HP Power Advisor utility).
MS Excel spreadsheet software has been used for calculation and drawing the
charts.
23
An entry level server (e.g. HP ProLiant ML1xx Series) can serve at least 10
concurrent users. For the small business case study in our research which has 25
users, three servers are chosen to cover its needs.
System 1 The server which has been selected is an HP ProLiant ML110 G5,
equipped with one dual-core 2.66 GHz Intel Xeon Processor 3075 CPU with 4 MB
L2 Cache and 1333 MHz system bus. As can be seen in the test results done by
SPEC, it consumes 97 Watts per hours when 10% utilized and 101 Watts per hour
when being used with 20% CPU utilization. Full results and system details can be
obtained from the link below:
http://www.spec.org/power_ssj2008/results/res2011q1/power_ssj2008-2011012400339.html
24
http://www.spec.org/power_ssj2008/results/res2011q1/power_ssj2008-2011020900353.html
25
http://www.spec.org/power_ssj2008/results/res2007q4/power_ssj2008-2007120700024.html
26
System 4 The server which has been selected is an HP ProLiant BL280c G6 Blade
Server equipped with 16 nodes each containing two quad-core 2.27 GHz Intel Xeon
L5520 CPU with 8 MB L2 Cache and 1333 MHz system bus, installed on an HP
BladeSystem c7000 enclosure. As can be seen in the test results done by SPEC, it
consumes 1330 Watts per hours when 10% utilized and 1938 Watts per hour when
being used with 50% CPU utilization. Full results and system details can be obtained
from the link below:
http://www.spec.org/power_ssj2008/results/res2009q3/power_ssj2008-2009063000173.html
27
28
NonOperational
stage
Carbon
Footprint of
each Server
(CO2eq)
Life Stage
Carbon
Footprint
(CO2eq)
Business
Type
Server
Count
Server
Type
Avg.
W
@
10%
Electricity
Consumed
in 4 years
(kWh)
Small
ML110
97
10,197
8,025
267.5
8,827
Medium
DL380
93.6
29,518
23,230
258
25,553
Large
20
DL580
280
196,224
154,428
772
169,871
Ent.
75
BL280c
1330
3,495,240
2,750,754
3,668
3,025,829
Business Type
Consolidation
Ratio
Server Count
Before
Virtualization
Server Count
After
Virtualization
Small
1+1
Medium
Large
20
Enterprise
75
15
29
Note that for the small business, only two servers are virtualized into one server and
one is left untouched (e.g. consolidating less utilized server like DHCP, DNS and
Active Directory Server into one physical server, but leaving the Finance Application
Server which also contains Database Server untouched)
Power
Usage at
the new
Utilization
Rate
kWh
Used in
Four
Years of
Operation
Life
Stage
Carbon
Footprint
(CO2eq)
Carbon
Footprint
Reduction
(CO2eq) due
to
virtualization
Business
Type
Server
Count
Server
Type
Server
Utilization
due to
Increase
of Load
Small
1+1
ML110
G5
10% +
20%
97 + 101
6,938
5,995
2,832
32
Medium
DL380
G7
30%
116
12,194
10,371
13,210
48.3
Large
DL580
G5
40%
322
56,414
48,258
121,613
71.6
Enterprise
15
BL280c
G6
50%
1938
1,018,613
856,668
2,169,161
71.7
Finally, after servers are virtualized and consolidated into less physical servers, based
on how many servers are consolidated into one physical server, assuming 10%
utilization for each server, the new utilization is calculated based on multiplying the
virtual server count on each physical host into 10% utilization, and then based on the
power consumption ratios provided by SPEC, the new whole life-stage carbon
footprint is again calculated, and then compared to pre-virtualization results. As it
can be seen in the charts, drastic reduction in carbon footprint is shown, ranging
between 32 to 71 percent.
30
180,000.0
160,000.0
140,000.0
120,000.0
100,000.0
80,000.0
60,000.0
40,000.0
20,000.0
0.0
Small
Medium
Large
3,500,000.0
3,000,000.0
3,025,829.0
2,500,000.0
2,169,161.0
2,000,000.0
1,500,000.0
856,668.2
1,000,000.0
500,000.0
0.0
Pre Virtualization Life
Stage Carbon Footprint
(CO2eq)
Post-Virtualization Life
Carbon Footprint
Stage Carbon Footprint Reduction (CO2eq) due to
(CO2eq)
Virtualization
31
Large
Medium
Small
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
32
Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
By conducting a sample case study on four types of typical business types ranging
from small to enterprise- it was tried to give an approximation of the minimum of
carbon footprint reduction the virtualization technology can bring. As seen in the
case studies, a minimum of 32 percent of total carbon footprint reduction would be
resulted by [partially] implementing and leveraging virtualization into a small
business, and the numbers will drastically improve as the businesses grow and
consolidation ratio increases; in a way that a typical enterprise can reduce its carbon
footprint more than 70 percent. As Virtualization can be implemented in many
different ways, this project certainly cannot study all of implementation methods. But
from this study which can illustrate some typical implementations, it can clearly be
observed how virtualization technology is able to contribute to reducing the carbon
footprint. This study also tried to emphasize on the fact that the power (electricity)
consumption is not the only consequence of computing, and even if all the power is
generated by sustainable/clean energy sources like solar-panel power, wind turbines,
and hydro-electricity, the manufacturing/transportation and then decommissioning
and recycling the computing devices leaves its footprint on the environment. So, as
virtualization will enable businesses to prolong their use of their hardware
investments, not only they will have increased ROI on their IT investments, they will
also help environment by producing less electronics-waste in a certain period of time.
As environmental situation is getting worse on this planet, and the magnitude of the
harm we cause to the nature one of them be the computing- is growing every day,
33
reduction of carbon/environmental footprint to the fullest is the only way to slow the
pace of global warming; and virtualization is undoubtedly one of the best and most
effective answers and solutions to this issues. Further studies need to be done by the
help of hardware manufacturers to better measure and quantify the effectiveness of
virtualization technology in reducing the environmental footprint of computing,
which in turn, push businesses to increase their pace of adopting Virtualization and
Cloud Computing, and motivate governments to enforce more strict rules and
regulations, and through incentives/tax-reduction/etc. motivate more businesses to
shift towards greener computing.
34
REFERENCES
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from:
http://www.worldometers.info/computers/
[2] How many servers exist in the world, retrieved on Feb 1st, 2014 from:
http://www.quora.com/Servers/How-many-servers-exist-in-the-world
[3] Rackspace will build its own servers just like Facebook and Google do, retrieved on Feb 1st,
2014 from:
http://gigaom.com/2013/01/16/rackspace-will-build-its-own-servers-just-like-facebook-and-googledo/
[4] Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems, Rosenzweig et
al. (2007), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. pp. 79131
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