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tan 1 =
b
a
tan 2 =
d
c
We know that:
a = |z1 | cos 1
b = |z1 | sin 1
c = |z1 | cos 2
d = |z1 | sin 2
ad + bc
cos 1 sin 2 + sin 1 cos 2
sin(1 + 2 )
=
=
= tan(1 + 2 )
ac bd
cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
cos(1 + 2 )
|z| =
Alternatively we can do it out:
z1
a + ib
(a + ib)(c id)
(ac + bd) + i(bc
=
=
=
2
2
z
c + id
c +d
c2 + d 2
s2
(ac + bd)2 + (bc ad)2
|z| =
(c2 + d2 )2
p
a2 c2 + 2acbd + b2 d2 + b2 c2 2abcd + a2 d2
=
c2 + d 2
p
a2 + b2 (c2 + d2 )
=
c2 +pd2
p
a2 + b 2 c 2 + d 2
=
2
2
p c +d
a2 + b 2
=p
c2 + d 2
|z1 |
=
|z2 |
z=
We know that:
a = |z1 | cos 1
b = |z1 | sin 1
c = |z1 | cos 2
d = |z1 | sin 2
Im
bc-ad
c2 + d 2
ac+bd Re
c2 + d 2
ad)
bc ad
c + d2
bc ad
sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2
tan ' =
=
=
2
2
c +d
ac + bd
ac + bd
cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2
sin(1 2 )
=
= tan(1 2 )
cos(1 2 )
) ' = 1 2
3. Show that the multiplication of any complex number z by ei is describable, in geometric terms, as a positive rotation through the angle of the
vector by which z is represented, without any alteration of its length. [5]
Consider the complex number z, that makes an angle with the x axis such that
z = a + ib = |z|ei . We multiply z by ei , that is, zei = |z|ei ei = |z|ei( +) . We
see that there is no alteration of its length as before and after multiplication its
length is |z|. It has however undergone a positive rotation of as we can see from
the diagrams below.
Im
Im
|z|
|z|
+
Re
Re
* 4. Would you be willing to pay 20 cents for any object valued by a mathematician at ii cents?
Evaluate Eulers relation ei = cos + i sin , at = /2. This gives ei/2 =
cos /2 + i sin /2 = i.
However since cos() = cos( + 2n) and sin() = sin( + 2n), for n = 0, 1, 2, ...,
we know that ei = ei(+2n) .
So we can write i = ei(/2+2n)
We want to find the value of ii , hence
ii = (ei(/2+2n) )i = ei
2 (/2+2n)
=e
(/2+2n)
(/2+2n)
=e
/2
(/2+2n)
=e
(/2+2)
n = 2: e
(/2+2n)
=e
(/2+4)
n = 1: e
21c
0.04c
0.00007c
(a)
z = Aei
dz
= iAei
d
dz = iAei d = izd
dz
+ /2
Re
Re
q
p
|z2 | = 12 + ( 4 3)2 = 7
Re
z2
p
For z1 , we have 1 = tan 1 (y/x) = tan 1 ( 3/2) = 40.89 .p
For z2 , we have 2 = 360
tan 1 (y/x) = 360
tan 1 (4 3/1) = 278.21 .
6. Given Eulers relation ei = cos + i sin , find
(a) An expression for e
. [5]
= cos( ) + i sin( )
= cos() i sin()
= cos
= 2 cos
1
) cos = (ei + e
2
= cos
= 2i sin
1
) sin = (ei e
2i
i sin , then:
n=0
we get:
ei = 1 +
e
1
X
xn
=1
2 i3 4
+
+ ...
2!
3!
4!
2 i3 4
+
+
+ ...
2!
3!
4!
i
1!
i
1!
ei + e
2
=1
2 4
+
+ ...
2!
4!
xf 0 (0) x2 f 00 (0)
xn f n (0)
+
+ ... +
1!
2!
n!
ei
e
2i
3 5
+
+ ...
3!
5!
3 5
+
+ ...
3
5
sin + i cos
sin
Clearly on the LHS we have the same expression as on the RHS, hence
d
f () = if ().
d
9. Using the exponential representations for sin and cos , verify the following trigonometric identities:
(a) sin2 + cos2 = 1 [6]
sin2 = cos 2 [6]
(b) cos2
(a)
e2i
sin2 + cos2 =
2+e
4
2i
2i
e2i
e2i + 2 + e
4
2i
1 1
+ =1
2 2
(b)
cos2
sin2 =
e2i + 2 + e
4
2i
2+e
4
e2i + e
2
2i
= cos 2
(c)
2 sin cos = 2
ei
e
2i
ei + e
2
e2i
e
2i
2i
= sin 2
y = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx),
where A and B are arbitrary constants. Show also that this solution can
be written in the form
y = C cos(kx + ) = CRe[ei(kx+) ] = Re[(Ce(i) )eikx ]
and express C and as functions of A and B.
x(t) = 5 cos 2t +
2
and
x(t) = 5 cos 2t
2
(Wed need an initial velocity to work out a specific case)
(b) Looking at x(t) = 5 cos 2t + 2 :
p
8
11
3
x(8/3) = 5 cos 2 +
= 5 cos
= 5 cos
=5
cm
3 2
6
6
2
dx/dt = !A sin(!t + )
dx
8
11
(8/3) = 2(5) sin 2 +
= 10 sin
= 5 cms 1
dt
3 2
6
d2 x/dt2 = ! 2 A cos(!t + )
p
d2 x
8
2
2
(8/3)
=
(2)
(5)
cos
2
+
=
20
cos
= 10 2 3 cms
2
dt
3 2
6
velocity =
)A=
150
cm
(b)
x = A cos(!t + ) = (150/) cos(t/3 + /6)
p
150
5
150
75 3
x(2) =
cos
=
cos
=
cm
dx/dt = !A sin(!t + )
dx
150
5
150
(2) =
.
sin
=
.
sin
= 25 cms
dt
3
6
3
6
d2 x/dt2 = ! 2 A cos(!t + )
25
d2 x
2 150
5
2 150
(2) =
.
cos
= .
cos
= p cms
dt2
9
6
9
6
3
/3)
cos !t.
2 cos(!t
A sin(!t) sin()
or
Re[Aei(!t+) ] = A cos(!t + )
For these solutions Ill do the first format.
(a) z = sin !t + cos !t
sin(!t) + cos(!t) = A cos(!t) cos()
1=
A sin()
1
A=
sin()
A is positive so we know
sin() < 0
A sin(!t) sin()
1 = A cos()
1
A=
cos()
cos() > 0
1
1
=
sin()
cos()
sin()
= 1
cos()
7
4
p
1
1
=
=
2
cos()
cos 7
4
p
7
) z = Re[ 2ei(!t+ 4 ) ]
A=
(b) z = cos(!t
/3)
cos !t = cos(!t
/3) + cos(!t + ).
z = cos(!t
3) cos(!t)
cos(!t 3) = cos(!t) cos
+ sin(!t) sin
3
3
p
1
3
= cos(!t) +
sin(!t)
2
2
p
1
3
) z = cos(!t) +
sin(!t) cos(!t)
2
2p
1
3
=
cos(!t) +
sin(!t)
2
2
p
3
=
2
2A =
1
= A cos()
2
1
2A =
cos()
A sin()
p
3
sin()
A is positive so we know
sin() < 0
cos() < 0
p
3
1
=
sin()
cos()
p
sin()
= 3
cos()
4
3
2A =
1
1
=
=2
cos()
cos 4
3
)A=1
) z = Re[ei(!t+ 3 ) ]
/2) + 3 cos(!t).
z = 2 sin(!t) + 3 cos(!t)
2=
A sin()
2
A=
sin()
A is positive so we know
sin() < 0
3 = A cos()
3
A=
cos()
cos() > 0
2
3
=
sin()
cos()
sin()
2
=
cos()
3
= 5.7rad
3
A=
=
cos()
cos 2
p i(!t+5.7)
) z = Re[ 13e
]
(d) z = sin !t
2 cos(!t
3
tan
2
3
13
/4) + cos !t
z = sin(!t) 2 cos !t
+ cos(!t)
4
cos !t
= cos(!t) cos
+ sin(!t) sin
4
4
4
1
1
= p cos(!t) + p sin(!t)
2
2
p
p
) z = sin(!t)
2 cos(!t)
2 sin(!t) + cos(!t)
p
p
= (1
2) cos(!t) + (1
2) sin(!t)
(1
2) =
A sin()
(1
(1
2)
sin()
A is positive so we know
sin() > 0
A=
2) = A cos()
p
(1
2)
A=
cos()
cos() < 0
p
p
(1
2)
(1
2)
=
sin()
cos()
sin()
= 1
cos()
3
4 p
p
(1
2)
(1
2)
A=
=
=2
3
cos()
cos 4
p i !t+ 3
4 )]
) z = Re[(2
2)e (
=
A sin(!t) sin()
x2 = 0.20 cos !t +
4
h
i
1
1
= 0.20 p cos(!t) p sin(!t)
2
2
0.14 cos(!t) 0.14 sin(!t)
5
x3 = 0.15 cos !t + +
= 0.15 cos !t +
4
6
12
5
5
= 0.15 cos(!t) cos
sin(!t) sin
12
12
0.15 [0.26 cos(!t) 0.97 sin(!t)]
= 0.039 cos(!t) 0.136 sin(!t)
Our particle is simultaneously to these three simple harmonic motions:
x = x1 + x2 + x3
= 0.25 cos(!t) + 0.14 cos(!t)
= 0.43 cos(!t) 0.28 sin(!t)
0.136 sin(!t)
0.28 = A sin()
0.28
A=
sin()
A is positive so we know
sin() > 0
0.43 = A cos()
0.43
A=
cos()
cos() > 0
0.28
0.43
=
sin()
cos()
sin()
0.28
=
= 0.65
cos()
0.43
= 0.58rad
0.43
0.43
A=
=
= 51mm
cos()
cos(0.58)
) z = Re[51ei(!t+0.58) ]
3. Two vibrations along the same line are described by the equations
y1 = A cos(10t)
y2 = A cos(12t)
Find the beat period, and draw a careful sketch of the resultant disturbance over one beat period.
beat period T =
2
|!1
!2 |
2
|10
12|
= 1s
/4).
cos(t).
Here we use the fact that when two SHMs are quite close in frequency, they have a
frequency equal to the average of the combining frequencies (but with an amplitude
that varies periodically with time).
Also recall the following formulae:
1
T
2
T =
!
1
!
)f = =
T
2
f=
(a) sin(2t
2) + cos(2t).
x = x1 + x2 = sin(2t
x1 = sin(2t
= cos 2t
p
p
2) + cos(2t)
2)
p
2
) !1 = 2
!1
2
) f1 =
=
=1
2
2
x2 = cos(2t)
) !2 = 2
!2
2
) f2 =
=
=1
2
2
The average of these frequencies is given by:
f=
(b) sin(12t) + cos(13t
f1 + f2
1+1
=
=1
2
2
/4).
x = x1 + x2 = sin(12t) + cos(13t
x1 = sin(12t)
= cos 12t
2
) !1 = 12
!1
12
) f1 =
=
=6
2
2
x2 = cos(13t /4)
) !2 = 13
!2
13
) f2 =
=
= 6.5
2
2
The average of these frequencies is given by:
f=
f1 + f2
6 + 6.5
=
= 6.25
2
2
/4)
(c) sin(3t)
cos(t).
x = x1 + x2 = sin(3t)
x1 = sin(3t)
= cos 3t
2
) !1 = 3
3
) f1 =
2
x2 = cos(t)
= cos(t + )
) !2 =
!2
1
) f2 =
=
=
2
2
2
cos(t)
f1 + f2
=
2
3
2
+
2
1
2
4.9
* 5. Two vibrations at right angles to one another are described by the equations
x = 10 cos(5t)
y = 10 cos(10t + /3)
Construct the Lissajous figure of the combined motion.
We have x = 10 cos(5t), y = 10 cos(10t + /3).
/4).
/4).
/2).
k
k
k
(1)
(a) F =
kx, T =
2
!
and ! =
(2)
k
.
m
Then
T = 2
m
k
(b)(1) To move mass an equivalent displacement x as in part (a) we need twice the
force, since the restoring force is now twice as big i.e. k 0 = 2k.
This means that
r
r
0
k
2k
!0 =
=
m
rm
2
m
T
T 0 = 0 = 2
=p
!
2k
2
1
l
k=
a
l
or equivalently
for some constant a
The length of our spring here is 2l
k 00 =
This means that
r
k 00
a
k
=
2l
2
k
2
k
m
m
2m
r
p
2
2m
T 00 = 00 = 2
=T 2
!
k
! 00 =
2
T =
=
10
!
! = 20
If we look at the forces on the block:
Relative to the block, the net force is 0 for as long as the block is on the
platform.
Analysing the above diagram, kx is the force exerted by the platform on the
block (due to the simple harmonic motion), W is the weight of the block, and N
is the force exerted by the block on the platform (the normal force-as kx > W .
If kx < W then the system would stop oscillating when the block is place on
the platform).
This force N is the force keeping the block on the platform, it is NOT constant,
and changes with respect to x.
We want to find the point when N = 0 - this is the point the block leaves the
platform.
kx = W N
kx = W
looking at the point whereN = 0
kx = mg
m
x= g
k
m
=
g
m! 2
g
= 2
!
9.8
=
400
= 0.0245m = 2.5cm
(b) We need to find the velocity of the block as it leaves:
x = A cos(!t) = 5 cos(20t)
2.5 = 5 cos(20t)
0.5 = cos(20t)
) 20t =
3
dx
v=
= 5(20) sin(20t) =
dt
Looking at v when x leaves the platform:
v = 100 sin
3
= 86.6cms 1
100 sin(20t)
5 = 1.3cm
If we look at the period in terms of the center of mass, where the center of mass C
is a distance h from the point of suspension, and k is the radius of gyration of the
body.
In this case, the period T is given by:
2
1
h + k2 2
T = 2
gh
Looking at our system:
Our center of mass C will be at the center of the rod, so our h is given by
h=
2L
3
L
L
=
2
6
To get k, we recall that I = mk 2 , and that the moment of inertia of a rod (through
1
its center of mass) is given by I = 12
mL2 .
I = mk 2
I
) k2 =
m
L2
=
12
This gives us the period:
L2
36
T = 2
L2
12
gL
6
1
6
= 2
= 2
+
g
! 12
! 12
1
2
2L
3g
2L
.
3
The period of a
2L
3s
) T = 2
2L
3g
h2 + k 2
gh
12
Our center of mass will be at the center of the circle, so our h is just the radius of
the circle, and as we have a circle our k is also just the radius.
This gives us the period:
r2 + r2
T = 2
gr
12
2r
= 2
g
r
2r
= 2
g
12
But 2r = d
) T = 2
d
g
d
g
* 6. (a) An object of mass 0.5 kg is hung from the end of a steel wire of length
2 m and of diameter 0.5 mm. (Youngs modulus = 2 1011 N/m2 ).
What is the extension of the wire?
(b) The object is lifted through a distance h (thus allowing the wire to
become slack) and is then dropped so that the wire receives a sudden
jerk. The ultimate strength of steel is 1.1109 N/m2 . What is the
largest possible value of h if the wire is not to break?
(a)
Y =
stress
=
strain
P
A
l
l0
P = mg
(0.5)(9.8) = 4.9N
2
0.5 10 3
2
A = r =
= 1.96 10 7 m2
2
l0 = 2m
Y = 2 1011 Nm
) 2 1011 =
4.9
1.9610
l
2
5 107
l
5 107
l=
= 2.5 10 4 m = 0.25mm
2 1011
2 1011 =
)
stress
strain
So the maximum change in length before the wire will break is 0.011m.
To find the maximum height we can lift the object, we look at the energy of the
system when lifted to a height h, and the energy of the system at the lowest
point l0 .
At the highest point (h) the total energy is just the potential energy: mgh.
At the lowest point ( l) the total energy is just kinetic energy: 12 kx2 =
1 2
kl
2 0
Using conservation of energy: mgh = 12 k l2
k is just given by k =
AY
l0
(1.9610
7 )(21011 )
= 19600.
k l2
2mg
(19600)(0.011)2
=
2(0.5)(9.8)
= 0.24m
h=
AY h
mg`0
(60)(9.8)(0.5)
)Y =
=
= 5.88 1011 Nm
`0
Ah
(2 10 6 )(0.25 10 3 )
F = Adp
dV p
= A
V
A2 y p
=
Al
A p
=
y
l
A p
ma =
y
l
A p
a=
y
ml
We know a =
!2y
A p
ml
r
A p
!=
ml
) !2 =
(b)
4
4
mass of ball;m = V = r3 =
3
3
2
2
volume of tube;V = lA = lr
2
0.02
0.012 = l
2
) l 38.2m
0.02
2
(7600) 0.032kg
Using this:
!=
A p
s ml
0.02 2
2
(1.4)(101325) p
= 36.5 = 6.04sec
(38.2)(0.032)
2
2
)T =
=
= 1.04 1sec
!
6.04
=
= A2 cos2 (!t + )
= cos2 (!t + )
= ! 2 A2 sin2 (!t + )
= sin2 (!t + )
Using:
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
We can write:
as required.
x2
y2
+
=1
A2 ! 2 A2
x 2 y 2
+
=1
A
!A
) the curve is an ellipse
If we release the pendulum from the point 1, its velocity is 0 and it has
maximum (positive) displacement
When the pendulum goes through 2 it has maximum (negative, as it is
going in the negative direction) velocity and its displacement is 0
When the pendulum reaches 3 it has maximum (negative) displacement,
and 0 velocity
Finally, when the pendulum returns through 4 it will have maximum (positive) velocity, and again 0 displacement
We can see this corresponds to the points on the ellipse to the right
If we release the pendulum from the point 1, its velocity is 0 and it has
maximum (positive) displacement, as before.
When the pendulum goes through 2 it has its maximum (negative, as it is
going in the negative direction) velocity for that swing (although this is less
than the maximum velocity before due to damping) and its displacement
is 0
When the pendulum reaches 3 it has its maximum (negative) displacement
for this swing, but due to damping this displacement is not as great as the
original maximum displacement, and 0 velocity
When the pendulum returns through 4 it will have its maximum (positive)
velocity for this swing, which is less than the velocity when it went through
it on 2 , and again 0 displacement
Continuing in this vein we can see the graph that corresponds to this is a
curve spiralling into the origin.
3. Verify that x = Ae
and !0 .
Given x = Ae t cos !t we dierentiate it using the product rule to find its first and
second derivatives
dx
= !Ae t sin(!t) Ae t cos(!t)
dt
d2 x
= ! 2 Ae t cos(!t) + !Ae t sin(!t) + !Ae
2
dt
= (2 ! 2 )Ae t cos(!t) + 2!Ae t sin(!t)
sin(!t) + 2 Ae
cos(!t)
To show its a solution we sub these derivatives back into the original equation to
obtain
(2 ! 2 )Ae t cos(!t) + 2!Ae
+ !02 Ae t cos(!t) = 0
(2
!2
+ !02 )Ae
sin(!t)
!Ae
cos(!t) + (2!
sin(!t)
!)Ae
Ae
sin(!t) = 0
cos(!t)
For this to be true for all values of t the coefficients of the cosine and sine functions
must be 0. This means we must have that:
2
! 2 + !02
2!
=0
! = 0
(1)
(2)
! = 0
=
! 2 + !02
=0
! 2 + !02
=0
! 2 + !02
=0
) ! 2 = !02
r
!=
So x = Ae
!02
4
2
4
q
and ! = !02
p
where = b/m and !0 = k/m.
Using our values for m and k from the question we can write:
b
b
=
m
0.2r
r
p
k
80
!0 =
=
= 400 = 20
m
0.2
=
/4. Therefore
/4
b
m
) b = !0 m = 20(0.2) = 4
!0 =
Q=
!0
20
=1
20
.
E = E0 e
(1)
1
ln
=
2
ln 2 1 =
ln (2) =
= ln(2) = 0.69
2
= 2f = 2(256) = 512
T
!0
512
= 2331.15
0.69
= 0.69
!00
=2
!0
= 2Q = 2(1331.15) = 4662.3
= E0 e
(4)
e
)1=4
1
=
4
Using
= b/m:
1
b
=
4
m
m
0.1
)b=
=
= 0.025
4
4
To find Q:
Q=
!0
k 1
=
m
p
0.9 1
=
94 = 3(4) = 12
0.1 1/4
*(a) Show that the potential energy of the liquid is given by U = 58 gr2 y 2 .
*(b) Show that the kinetic energy of a small slice of liquid in the horizontal
arm (see the diagram) is given by
2
1
r2 dx
dy
dK =
.
2 (1 + x/`)2 dt
(Note that, if liquid is not to pile up anywhere, the product velocity
cross section must have the same value everywhere along the tube.)
(c) Using the result of part (b), show that the total kinetic energy of all
the moving liquid is given by
2
1
5
dy
2
K = r (` + h)
.
4
2
dt
(Ignore any nastiness at the corners.)
(d) From (a) and (c) calculate the period of oscillations of ` = 5h/2.
(a) Potential energy is U = mgh.
Narrow column (I) gains P.E while wider column (II) loses P.E. Since radii are
dierent to find height h that liquid is lifted we must find h on column (I) and h
on column (II), then their average. Since no liquid is displaced the volumes must
equal. Let x be the height the liquid goes down in column (II). The volumes are
VI = r2 y and VII = 4r2 x.
Equating the volumes we find that x = (1/4)y and therefore the average height is:
1 1
5
average =
y+y = y
2 4
8
Subbing this into the expression for the P.E gives U = mg(5/8)y.
We now find the mass of this piece of liquid. mass=density cross sectional area,
so m = r2 y and the potential energy is given by
5
U = gr2 y 2
8
(b) Told velocity cross section = constant everywhere. To find the cross section
we need the radius at each point.
r(x = 0) = r0 = r
r(x > 0) = rx = r(1 + x/`)
A(x = 0) = A0 = r2
A(x > 0) = Ax = r2 (1 + x/`)
)
)
dy
dx
= Ax
dt
dt
dx
A0 dy
=
dt
Ax dt
Kinetic energy is (1/2)mv 2 and the mass of dx = density volume = Ax dx, hence
the kinetic energy of dx is:
2
2 2
2
1
dx
1
A0
dy
1
A20 dy
dK = Ax dx
= Ax dx
= dx
2
dt
2
Ax
dt
2
Ax dt
2
2
1
(r2 )2
dy
1 dxr2
dy
= dx 2
=
2
2
2
r (1 + x/`)
dt
2 (1 + x/`)
dt
(c) Use kinetic energy is (1/2)mv 2 for columns (I) and (II) and integrate answer
of part (b) for x = 0 to x = ` to find kinetic energy of liquid in horizontal arm.
For column (I), x = 0 so velocity all in y direction.
2
1 2 1
dy
2
KEI = mv = r h
2
2
dt
Similarly for column (II)
KEII
1
1
= mv 2 = 4r2 h
2
2
dx
dt
1
1
= mv 2 = 4r2 h
2
2
2 2
1
dy
.
4
dt
2
1
5h
dy
= r2 ` +
4
2
dt
(d) Use answers to parts (a) and (c) to find the total energy, the sum of potential
and kinetic.
1
E = KE + P E = m
2
dx
dt
1
+ kx2
2
2
1
5h
dy
5
2
E = KE + P E = r ` +
+ gr2 y 2
4
2
dt
8
"
2 #
1 1
5h
dy
1 5
2
=
r ` +
+
gr2 y 2
2 2
2
dt
2 4
So clearly m = (1/2)r2 (` + 5h/2) and k = (5/4)gr2 , so
s
r
r
k
5g/4
g
!=
=
=
m
(1/2)(` + 5h/2)
2h
when ` = 5h/2. This also means that the period T is
s
2
2h
T =
= 2
.
!
g
d2 x
+ kx = F0 sin(!t)
dt2
To solve we assume the solution is of the form x = C sin(!t) and solve for the
constant C.
This means dx/dt = !C cos(!t) and d2 x/dt2 = ! 2 C sin(!t).
Filling these into the equation of motion (EOM) we find that
m! 2 C sin(!t) + kC sin(!t) = F0 sin(!t).
Equating coefficients gives
F0
F0
F0
m
C=
= k
= 2m 2
2
m! 2 + k
!0 !
!
m
q
k
since !0 = m
.
We want to express x in terms of a sinusoidal vibration having an amplitude A, by
defining a positive quantity , and a phase at t = 0:
x = A cos(!t + )
We have:
x = C sin(!t) = C cos !t +
2
= |C| cos !t +
2
= |C|( 1) cos !t +
2
We set A = |C| to be our (positive) amplitude, and use the fact that cos(x) =
cos(x + ):
x = A cos !t +
for !0 > !
2
3
= A cos !t + + = A cos !t +
for ! > !0
2
2
This gives us:
x = A cos (!t + )
Where:
A = |C|
C=
!02
=
2
3
=
2
F0
m
!2
for !0 > !
for ! > !0
!0 = 20
T =
= p = p 0.36s
!
10 3
5 3
100 = 3
F0
m
! 2 )2
+ ( !)2
From (a) we know that: !0 = 20, m = 0.2 and = 20. Were told here that
! = 30 and F0 = 2, using this in our equation for the amplitude gives:
A(!) = p
((20)2
=p
((400
2
0.2
(30)2 )2
+ ((20)(30))2
10
900)2 + (600)2
10
=p
(( 500)2 + 360, 000
10
=p
250, 000 + 360, 000
10
=p
610, 000
= 0.0128m
(c) The mean power is given by:
F 2 !0
P = 0
2kQ !0
1
!
!0
4(20)
160
!0
1
Q2
20
20
= 1 and k = !02 m =
1
20
30
30 2
20
1
1
1
5 2
6
+1
80
1
25
160 36 + 1
1 1
= 61
2 36
1 36
=
2 61
18
=
61
0.3W
=
(2) The viscous resistive force is equal to mg if the block moves with a
certain known speed u.
(a) For this complete system (including both spring and damper) write
the dierential equation governing horizontal oscillations of the mass
in terms of m,g, h and u.
(a) (1) tells us:
kx
x=h
= mg
kh = mg
mg
k=
h
(2) tells us:
bv
v=u
= mg
bu = mg
mg
b=
u
Using this in:
ma + bv + kx = 0
dx
dx
m 2 + b + kx = 0
dt
dt
2
gives:
d2 x mg dx mg
+
+
x=0
dt2
u dt
h
d2 x g dx g
+
+ x=0
dt2
u dt
h
Comparing this with
d2 x
dx
+
+ !02 x = 0
2
dt
dt
gives us values for and !0 :
g
=
u
g
!02 =
h
m
) !0 =
p
Answer the following for the case that u = 3 gh
g
h
g
h
! 2 = !02
4
g 1 g
=
h 9 4h
g
g
=
h 36h
35g
=
36h
r
35g
!=
36h
E(t) = E0 e
we need to find a st:
1
E( ) = E0 e
= E0 e
this tells us
1=
1
=
s
=3
h
g
1
e
is t = 3
h
s.
g
!0
pg
= 1 phg
3
1
1
3
=3
4. A mass m is subject to a resistive force
force.
(a)
F =
ma =
bv
bv
b
v=
m
a=
t+D
v(t) = eD e t
Let v0 be the inital velocity at the time 0:
v(0) = eD e0 = v0
) e D = v0
This gives us a final expression for v
v(t) = v0 e t
To get an expression for x we use the fact that v =
dx
=v
dt
dx
= v0 e t
dt
dx = v0 e t dt
Integrating both sides gives
Z
Z
Z
t
dx = v0 e dt = v0 e
x=
)x=C
v0
v0
+C
dx
dt
dt
where C is a constant
(b)
ma + bv = F0 cos !t
dx
dx
m 2 +b
= F0 cos !t
dt
dt
d2 x
b dx
F0
+
=
cos !t
2
dt
m dt
m
2
), we want to obtain
, with x = Re(x).
delta)
dz
= i!Aei(!t )
dt
d2 z
= ! 2 Aei(!t
dt2
F0 i!t
e
m
F0 i!t
e
m
F0
m
F0 i
e
m
F0
(cos( ) + i sin( ))
m
F0
F0
cos( ) + i sin( )
m
m
F0
cos( )
m
m 2
! A
F0
F0
sin( )
m
b
!A
F0
b
!A
sin( )
F0
= m 2
cos( )
! A
F0
b
b 1
=
=
m!
m!
!
cos( ) =
sin( ) = p
!
2
+ !2
+ !2
Note: weve chosen the signs here to ensure we have a positive value for A.
Using this to get an expression for A:
F0
cos( )
m
F0
A=
cos( )
m! 2
F0
!
p
=
2
2 + !2
m!
F
p 0
=
2 + !2
m!
!2A =
v0
e t + A cos(!t
dx
(0) = 0
dt
v0
x(t) = C
e t + A cos(!t
x(0) = C
C
v0
v0
e0 + A cos(0
)
)=0
+ A cos( ) = 0
dx
(t) = v0 e t !A sin(!t
)
dt
dx
(0) = v0 e0 !A sin(0
)=0
dt
v0 + !A sin( ) = 0
v0 = !A sin( )
!
=
!A
Ap
=
=
+ !2
+ !2
F
!A
p 0
p
2
2
2
m!
+!
+ !2
F0
m( 2 + ! 2 )
And to find C:
C
v0
+ A cos( ) = 0
C=
v0
A cos( )
m(
F0
2 +! 2 )
F
p 0
+ !2
F0
F0
+
2
2
2
m( + ! ) m( + ! 2 )
m!
!
2
+ !2
=0
* 5. The graph shows the power resonance curve of a certain mechanical system when driven by a force F0 sin(!t), where F0 = constant and ! is variable.
2
!0
40
=
= 20
2
2
E(t) = E0 e
we need to find a st:
E( ) = E0 e
= E0 e
this tells us
5=
5
5
= = = 2.5
2
2
,
omega0
= 2.5 = n
)n
2
omega0
2
= 2.5
omega0
2
n
= 2.5
40
n(0.16) = 2.5
2.5
n=
= 15.6 16
0.16
6. The figure shows the mean power input P as a function of driving frequency for a mass on a spring with damping. (Driving force = F0 sin(!t),
where F0 is held constant and ! is varied.) The Q is high enough so that
the mean power input, which is maximum at !0 , falls to half-maximum
at the frequencies 0.98!0 and 1.02!0 .
, so the fraction
E
E0 e t
=
E0
E0
=e t
= e 0.04!0 t
The time taken for one cycle is the perios T =
lost per cycle is
2
E
0.04!0 !
0
=e
E0
= e 0.08 s
2
,
!0
A new system is made in which the spring constant is doubled, but the
mass and the viscous medium are unchanged, and the same driving force
F0 sin(!t) is applied. In terms of the corresponding quantities for the
original system, find the values of the following:
(d)
(e)
(f )
(g)
The
The
The
The
(d)
For the original system:
!0 =
For the new system:
!00 =
k
m
k0
=
m
2k p
= 2
m
p
k
= 2!0
m
(e)
For the original system:
Q=
!0
!00
p !0 p
2 = 2Q
(f)
For the original system:
QF02
Pmax =
2m!0
For the new system:
p
0 2
Q
F
2QF02
QF02
0
0
p
Pmax =
=
=
= Pmax
2m!00
2m!0
2m 2!0
(g) Originally we had E = E0 e t , therefore E0 = Ee t . As there is no k dependence here we see that E00 = Ee t = E0 .
We can write a general equation for A, by looking at the case where we move
A a distance xA , and B a distance xB and seeing what forces aect A as a
result.
!02 x
m!02 x
m!02 x
kx
xB
setting !c =
FA =
d 2 xA
m 2 =
dt
d 2 xA
=
dt2
k
m
m!02 xA
k(xA
xB )
m!02 xA
k(xA
xB )
!02 xA
k
(xA
m
xB )
we get:
d 2 xA
+ !02 xA + !c2 (xA
dt2
Similarly, the equation of motion for B is:
d 2 xB
+ !02 xB + !c2 (xB
dt2
xB ) = 0
xA ) = 0
Were told that when B is clamped (xB = 0), that the period of A is TA = 1.25s.
2
!A
2
2
!A =
=
= 5.03
TA
1.25
!A2 = (5.03)2 = 25.27
TA =
d 2 xA
+ !02 xA + !c2 (xA xB ) = 0
dt2
d 2 xA
+ !02 xA + !c2 (xA 0) = 0
dt2
d 2 xA
+ !02 xA + !c2 xA = 0
2
dt
d 2 xA
+ (!02 + !c2 )xA = 0
dt2
q
) !A =
!02 + !c2
d 2 xA
= ! 2 C cos(!t)
2
dt
d 2 xB
= ! 2 D cos(!t)
dt2
(ii) The case where A and B are pulled in the same direction the same distance:
xA = xB .
!02 + 2!c2
xB ) = 0
xA ) = 0
q1 = x A + x B
q2 = x A + x B
q1
q2 = 2xB
1
xB = (q1 q2 )
2
(4.95 + 5.1)
5.1 4.95
= A0 sin
t sin
t
2
2
= A0 sin (5t) sin (0.08t)
1
xB (t) = (A0 cos(4.95t) + A0 cos(5.1t))
2
A0
=
(cos(4.95t) + cos(5.1t))
2
xA (t) =
A B
2
(4.95 + 5.1)
5.1 4.95
= A0 cos
t cos
t
2
2
= A0 cos (5t) cos (0.08t)
) xA (t) = A0 sin (5t) sin (0.08t)
) xB (t) = A0 cos (5t) cos (0.08t)
A B
2
Were asked to find the time interval between maximum possible amplitudes
of one pendulum in this system. Looking at xB we can note that this is simply
a beat equation.
If we plot xB against time we can see its motion:
Where the distance between peaks is the time interval between successive maximum possible amplitudes.
0
If we compare this to the motion of cos !0 +!
t = cos(5t)
2
!0 ! 0
t
2
= cos(0.08t)
We can see that the time interval between successive peaks is half the period
of the slow oscillating motion, which is given by:
T =
2
|!0 ! 0 |
2
4
|!0
!0|
kC
(xA
m
kC
(xB
m
xB ) = 0
xA ) = 0
Combining these:
m! 2 + kA + kC
kC
=
2
kC
m! + kB + kC
2
( m! + kA + kC )( m! 2 + kB + kC ) = kC2
(m! 2 )2 + kA kB + kA kC + kB kC + kC2
m! 2 kA m! 2 kB 2m! 2 kC = kC2
(m! 2 )2 m! 2 (kA + kB + 2kC ) + (kA kB + kA kC + kB kC ) = 0
This is just a quadratic equation for m! 2 , so we can solve it using the quadratic
formula:
p
(
(k
+
k
+
2k
))
*(a) If both masses are free, what are the periods of the two normal
modes of the system?
Setting !0 =
d 2 xA
k
k
+ xA + (xA
2
dt
m
m
d 2 xA
k
+ (2xA
dt2
m
d 2 xB
k
k
+ xB + (xB
2
dt
m
m
d 2 xB
k
+ (2xB
dt2
m
xB ) = 0
xB ) = 0
xA ) = 0
xA ) = 0
k
:
m
d 2 xA
+ !02 (2xA
dt2
d 2 xB
+ !02 (2xB
dt2
xB ) = 0
xA ) = 0
4kB kC
Were told that when one mass is clamped, the period of the other is T = 3s.
Lets clamp B, so xB = 0. Using this in the equation of motion for A we obtain:
d 2 xA
+ !02 (2xA xB ) = 0
dt2
d 2 xA
+ 2!02 xA = 0
dt2
p
) ! = 2!0
2!02 ! 2
2!02 ! 2
!02
(!02 )2 = (2!02 ! 2 )2
!02 2!02 ! 2
! 2 = 2!02 !02
p
2
! 0 = !0 =
3
p
2
2
T 0 = 0 = p = 3 2s
2
!
3
p ! p
p
p
2
2
! 00 = 3!0 = 3
= p
3
3
p
2
2
T 00 = 00 = p = 6s
!
p2
=
Note: It is easy to check that these normal modes coincide with the two following cases:
! 0 = !0
Both masses pulled a distance x in the same direction.
p
! 0 = 3!0
Both masses pulled a distance x in opposite directions.
p
1
xA (t) =
C cos(!0 t) + D cos( 3!0 t)
2
p
1
xB (t) =
C cos(!0 t) D cos( 3!0 t)
2
Were told that t = 0, mass A is at its normal resting position and mass B is
pulled aside a distance of 5 cm.
) xA (0) = 0, xB (0) = 0.05
1
(C + D) = 0
2
C= D
1
xB (0) = (C D) = 0.05
2
C D = 0.05
2C = 0.05
) C = 0.025
) D = 0.025
xA (0) =
p
0.025
cos(!0 t) cos( 3!0 t)
2
!
p
!0 + 3!0
!0
= 0.025 sin
sin
2
!
p
(1 + 3)!0
(1
= 0.025 sin
sin
2
p
0.025
xB (t) =
cos(!0 t) + cos( 3!0 t)
2
!
p
!0 + 3!0
!0
= 0.025 cos
cos
2
!
p
(1 + 3)!0
(1
= 0.025 cos
cos
2
xA (t) =
where: !0 =
3!0
2
p
3)!0
2
p
3!0
2
p
2
3)!0
2
3
|(1
2
p
3)!0 |
|(1
p
2
3 2
= 5.8s
p p2 = p
( 3 1)
3) 3 |
(a) Briefly explain why the equations of motion of A and B are given by:
d 2 xA
=
dt2
d 2 xB
m 2 =
dt
m
k0 x A
kc (xA
xB )
k0 x B
kc (xB
xA )
p
(b) Putting !0 = k0 /m, show that the angular frequencies !1 and !2 of
the normal modes are given by
!1 = !0
k0 x A
kC (xA
xB )
k0 x A
kC (xA
xB )
maA =
k0 x A
kC (xA
xB )
d 2 xA
=
dt2
k0 x A
kC (xA
xB )
using F = ma
and a =
d2 x
dt2
d 2 xB
=
dt2
k0 x B
kC (xB
xA )
(b) Setting !0 =
k0
m
d 2 xA
kC
= !02 xA
(xA xB )
2
dt
m
d 2 xB
kC
= !02 xB
(xB xA )
2
dt
m
To obtain the normal modes we set xA = C cos(!t) and xB = D cos(!t) and
obtain an expression for ! that satisfies both equations of motion.
kC
! 2 C cos(!t) = !02 C cos(!t)
(C cos(!t) D cos(!t))
m
kC
! 2 C = !02 C
(C D)
m
kC
C
= 2 kmC
D
!0 + m ! 2
kC
! 2 D cos(!t) = !02 D cos(!t)
(D cos(!t) C cos(!t))
m
kC
! 2 D = !02 D
(D C)
m
!02 + kmC ! 2
C
=
kC
D
m
Combining these:
!02 +
kC
m
kC
m
!2
!2 +
kC
m
kC
m
!02
kC 2
kC
) = (!02 +
! 2 )2
m
m
kC
kC
= !02 +
!2
m
m
kC
kC
! 2 = !02 +
m
m
) !1 = !0
r
2kC
) !2 = !02 +
m
Note: It is easy to check that these normal modes coincide with the two following cases:
! 0 = !0
Both masses pulled a distance x in the same direction.
(
q
! = !02 + 2kmC
Both masses pulled a distance x in opposite directions.
0
xB )
and 1 = 1.14s 1 :
1
!
=
T
2
= 2
= 21 = 2(1.14) = 7.16
= !0 = 7.16
= 2A = 2(1.81) = 11.37
r
kC
= !02 +
= 11.37
m
=
)!
!1
!1
!A
!A
kC
= 129.34
m
kC
(7.16)2 +
= 129.34
m
k
= 129.34
m
!02 +
51.27 = 78.07
kC
:
k0
kC
=
k0
=
kC
m
k0
m
kC
m
!02
78.07
= 1.52
51.27
12
T
= n1
1
1 =
2L
12
T
where:
where:
L is the length of the string
m
L
1 is given by:
1
1 T 2
1 =
2L
= 5Hz
(as given in the question)
So our frequencies are given by:
n = 5Hz, 10Hz, 15Hz, 20Hz, 25Hz, 30Hz, ...
After the string is plucked and touched at a point in the centre, we eectively half
the length of the string: L0 = L2 .
Our new permitted frequencies are:
n0
12
T
12
n
T
=
L
2 2
12
n T
=
L
= 2n
= 10Hz, 20Hz, 30Hz, 40Hz, 50Hz, 60Hz, ...
n
=
2L0
The only frequencies that persist (p ) are the frequencies both systems have in
common:
p = 10Hz, 20Hz, 30Hz, 40Hz, 50Hz, 60Hz, ...
2. A uniform string of length 2.5 m and mass 0.01 kg is placed under a
tension 10 N.
12
T
= n1
1
1 =
2L
12
T
where:
where:
L is the length of the string
T is the tension in the string
is the mass per unit length =
m
L
! 12
1
T
=
m
2L
L
1
1 TL 2
=
2L m
1
1 TL 2
=
2 mL2
1
1
T 2
=
2 mL
12
1
10
=
2 (0.01)(2.5)
1
1
= (400) 2
2
1
= (20)
2
= 10Hz
1
1 =
2L
(b) The frequency of the fundamental mode for a string of length L = 2.5m is
10Hz So our frequencies are given by:
n = 10Hz, 20Hz, 30Hz, 40Hz, 50Hz, 60Hz, ...
After the string is plucked and touched at a point 0.5 m from one end, our new
length is L0 = 2m = 4L
.
5
12
n
T
=
4L
2 5
12
5n T
=
8L
5
= n
4
= 12.5Hz, 25Hz, 37.5Hz, 50Hz, 62.5Hz, 75Hz, 87.5Hz, 100Hz, ...
n
n0 =
2L0
The only frequencies that persist (p ) are the frequencies both systems have in
common:
p = 50Hz, 100Hz, 150Hz, 200Hz, 250Hz, 300Hz, ...
* 3. A string of length L and total mass M is stretched to a tension T . What
are the frequencies of the three lowest normal modes of oscillation of the
string for transverse oscillations? Compare these frequencies with the
three normal mode frequencies of three masses each of mass M/3 spaced
at equal intervals on a massless string of tension T and total length L.
(a) As in the previous question we use that the normal mode frequencies are given
by:
n
n =
2L
with
m
=
L
so
1
1 =
2
T
mL
Therefore
n
T
!n = 2!0 sin
with
!0 =
2(N + 1)
m`
r
!n
n
1
T
n =
= 20 sin
with
0 =
2
2N + 2
2 m`
=
1 = 1.10261
2 M L
2 ML
This means that all of the normal mode frequencies are given by:
n
0
n = 2(1.10261 ) sin
2N + 2
The three lowest normal mode frequencies are when n = 1, 2, 3:
0
1 = 2(1.10261 ) sin
= 0.841
8
2
20 = 2(1.10261 ) sin
= 1.551
8
3
0
3 = 2(1.10261 ) sin
= 2.031
8
4. A uniform rod is clamped at the center, leaving both ends free.
(a) What are the natural frequencies of the rod in longitudinal vibration?
(b) What is the wavelength of the nth mode?
(a) We solve the wave equation for a rod fixed at the middle, that is fixed at x = 0
and free at both ends x = L/2. The wave equation is given by:
@ 2
1 @ 2
=
@x2
v 2 @t2
with solutions of the form (x, t) = f (x) cos(!t) where f (x) = A sin(!x/v).
We use boundary conditions to find a solution. Fixed at x = 0 means zero displacement at x = 0 and so f (x = 0) = 0. Filling in gives A sin(0) = 0 ) 0 = 0, so
satisfied.
Free at x = L/2 means zero stress here and so Y @/@x = 0.
@
=0
@x
!x
df
!
= cos
dx
v
v
for
must have
need
!x
!
cos
v
v
=0
L/2
df
=0
dx
!L
cos
=0
2v
!L
!L
1
2(n 1/2)v
cos
=0 )
= n
) !n =
2v
2v
2
L
s
s
(2n 1) Y
(2n 1) Y
!n =
) n =
L
2L
n.
v
2L
L
=
=
n
2(n 1/2)
(n 1/2)
5. Derive the wave equation for vibrations of an air column. Your final
result should be
@ 2
@ 2
=
@x2
K @t2
where is the displacement from the equilibrium position, is the mass
density, and K is the elastic modulus.
This derivation is almost identical to the derivation of the wave equation for longitudinal vibrations of a rod, but using K the elastic modulus instead of Y Youngs
modulus.
We consider the equation of motion of a thin slice of air, which in the undisturbed
state is contained between x and x + x.
Then, this slice is shifted and stretched, it is pulled in opposite directions by the
forces F1 and F2 .
The length of the slice (originally x) has increased by .
So our average stress in this case is given by K x
@
The stress at x is therefore K @x
@
@2
Similarly, the stress at x + x is K @x
+ @x
x.
2
Taking to be the cross sectional area:
@
@x
@
@ 2
+ K 2 x
F2 = K
@x
@x
@ 2
F1 = K 2 x
@x
F1 = K
F2
@2
@x2
F
@
x 2
@x
@ 2
2
@x
@ 2
@x2
2
= ma = F2 F1
@ 2
= K 2 x
@x
2
@
=K 2
@x
K @ 2
=
@x2
as required.
* 6. A laser can be made by placing a plasma tube in an optical resonant
cavity formed by two highly reflecting flat mirrors, which act like rigid
walls, see figure. The purpose of the plasma tube is to produce light by
exciting normal modes of the cavity.
(a) What are the normal mode frequencies of the resonant cavity? (Express your answer in terms of the distance L between the mirrors
and the speed of light c.)
(b) Suppose that the plasma tube emits light centered at frequency
0 = 5 1014 Hz with a spectral width , as shown in the sketch.
The value of is such that all normal modes of the cavity whose
frequency is within 1.0 109 Hz of 0 will be excited by the plasma
tube.
i. How many modes will be excited if L = 1.5 m?
ii. What is the largest value of L such that only one normal mode
will be excited (so that the laser will have only one output frequency)?
(a) We solve the wave equation for light (massless like string) fixed at both ends,
that is fixed at x = 0 and at x = L. The normal mode frequencies are given
by:
n =
nv
nc
=
2L
2L
(b)(i) We find the position of the modes in terms of the mode frequency. With
L = 1.5 m n = nc/3 and so n = 3n /c.
when
n = 0 :
when
n = 0 +
when
n = 0
3(5 1014 )
= 5, 000, 000
3 108
3(5 1014 + 1 109 )
: n=
= 5, 000, 010
3 108
3(5 1014 1 109 )
: n=
= 4, 999, 990
3 108
n=
when
n = 0 :
when
n = 0 +
2(5 1014 )L
= 3, 333, 333L
3 108
2(5 1014 + 1 109 )L
: n=
= 3, 333, 340L
3 108
n=
We want the value of L for there to be only one excited mode, at n = 0 . So want
dierence between n at 0 and n at 0 + =1.
So we want:
(3, 333, 340 3, 333, 333)L = 6.666L = 1 ) L = 0.15 m.
x)
y(x) =
(a) y(x) = Ax(L
A sin(2x/L), 0 x L/2
0,
L/2 x L
x)
y(x) =
1
X
Bn sin
nx
L
nx
2 L
Bn =
y(x) sin
dx
L 0
L
Z
nx
2 L
=
(Ax(L x)) sin
dx
L 0
L
Z
nx i
2A L h
=
Lx x2 sin
dx
L 0
L
n=0
udv = uv
vdu
We set:
u = Lx
x2
du = (L
dv = sin
2x) dx
v=
v=
nx
L
cos
dx
nx
L
n
L
L cos nx
L
L
0
Lx
x2 sin
nx i
L
"
dx = (Lx
Z
L
0
= (L2
x2 )
L cos nx
L
n
!
nx
L
L cos
n
L2 )
Z L
L
+
(L
n 0
Z L
L
=
(L
n 0
(L
!#L
0
2x) dx
!
L cos nL
L
0
n
nx
2x) cos
dx
L
nx
2x) cos
dx
L
2x
du =
dv = cos
2dx
nx
v=
v=
L
sin
dx
nx
L
n
L
nx
L
L sin
n
(L
2x) cos
nx
L
"
dx = (L
Z
L
0
2x)
L sin nx
L
n
!
nx
L
L sin
n
!#L
0
( 2) dx
L sin nL
L sin (0)
L
= (L 2L)
(L 0)
n
n
Z L
nx
2L
+
sin
dx
n 0
L
"
#L
cos nx
L sin (n)
2L
L
= (L 2L)
0+
n
n
n
L
0
i
2 h
L
2L
nx
=0
cos
(n)2
L
0
2
2L
nL
cos
cos (0)
2
(n)
L
2L2
=
[cos (n) 1]
(n)2
2L2
=
[( 1)n 1]
2
(n)
Going back to our Bn :
Bn =
=
=
=
Z
nx i
2A L h
2
Lx x sin
dx
L 0
L
Z L
nx
2A L
(L 2x) cos
dx
L n
L
0
Z
nx
2A L
(L 2x) cos
dx
n 0
L
4AL2
[( 1)n 1]
3
(n)
for n even:
=
4AL2
[1
(n)3
4AL2
[ 1
(n)3
1] = 0
for n odd:
1] =
8AL2
(n)3
1
X
Bn sin
n=0
where:
Bn =
nx
L
8AL2
(n)3
n is odd
n is even
1
X
Bn sin
nx
L
nx
2 L
Bn =
y(x) sin
dx
L 0
L
Z
x
nx
2 L
=
A sin
sin
dx
L 0
L
L
Z
nx i
2A L h x
=
sin
sin
dx
L 0
L
L
n=0
B)
cos(A + B)
This gives:
Z
nx i
2A L h x
Bn =
sin
sin
dx
L 0
L
L
Z
A L
(1 n)x
(1 + n)x
=
cos
cos
dx
L 0
L
L
3L
2 (1 n)x
(1+n)x
sin
sin
L
L
A
5
= 4
(1 n)
(1+n)
L
L
L
0
3L
2 (1 n)x
sin
sin (1+n)x
L
L
5
= A4
(1 n)
(1 + n)
0
2 (1 n)L
3
(1+n)L
sin
sin
L
L
sin (0)
sin (0) 5
= A4
+
(1 n)
(1 + n)
(1 n) (1 + n)
1 n
1+n
1 n
=0
For n = 1,
Z
A L
(1 1)x
(1 + 1)x
B1 =
cos
cos
dx
L 0
L
L
Z
A L
2x
=
cos (0) cos
dx
L 0
L
Z
A L
2x
=
1 cos
dx
L 0
L
"
#L
sin 2x
A
L
=
x
2
L
L
0
"
#L
2x
L sin L
A
=
x
L
2
0
"
#
2L
L sin L
A
L sin (0)
=
L 0
+
L
2
2
A
L sin (2)
=
L
+0
L
2
A
= [L]
L
=A
So our Fourier series is:
y(x) =
1
X
Bn sin
n=0
where:
Bn =
0
A
nx
L
n 6= 1
n=1
(c)
y(x) =
A sin(2x/L), 0 x L/2
0,
L/2 x L
y(x) =
1
X
Bn sin
nx
L
nx
2 L
Bn =
y(x) sin
dx
L 0
L
Z L
Z
nx
nx
2
2
2x
2 L
=
A sin
sin
dx +
(0) sin
dx
L 0
L
L
L L2
L
Z L
nx
2A 2
2x
=
sin
sin
dx
L 0
L
L
n=0
B)
cos(A + B)
This gives:
Z L
nx
2A 2
2x
Bn =
sin
sin
dx
L 0
L
L
Z L
A 2
(2 n)x
(2 + n)x
=
cos
cos
dx
L 0
L
L
3 L2
2 (2 n)x
(2+n)x
sin
L
L
A sin
5
= 4
(2
n)
(2+n)
L
L
= A4
sin
(2 n)x
L
sin
(2+n)x
L
3 L2
5
(2 n)
(2 + n)
0
2 (2 n) L
3
L
(2+n)
2
2
sin
sin
L
L
sin (0)
sin (0) 5
= A4
+
(2 n)
(2 + n)
(2 n) (2 + n)
2 (2 n)
3
(2+n)
sin
sin
2
2
0 + 05
= A4
(2 n)
(2 + n)
3
2 (2 n)
(2+n)
sin
sin
2
2
5
= A4
(2 n)
(2 + n)
We can see that n = 2 will require us to divide by 0, so well deal with the case
n = 2 seperately. Our current Bn is therefore for all n 6= 2.
3
2 (2 n)
(2+n)
sin
sin
2
2
A
5
= 4
2 n
2+n
(2 n)
) sin
=0
2
(2 + n)
n 2 Z, and n even: )
2Z
2
(2 + n)
) sin
=0
2
So, for n even:
Bn = 0
For n odd:
sin
We use sin(x) = cos x
(2 n)
2
n
= sin
2
n
= cos
2 2
n
= cos
2
2
(1 n)
= cos
(1n)
(2 n)
sin
= ( 1) 2
for n odd
2
(This is a useful identity to know)
This gives us:
3
2 (2 n)
(2+n)
sin
sin
2
2
A
5
Bn = 4
2 n
2+n
"
#
(1 n)
(1+n)
A ( 1) 2
( 1) 2
=
2 n
2+n
3
2
(1 n)
(1+n)
(1 n)
(1+n)
2
2
2
2
2
(
1)
(
1)
+
n
(
1)
+
(
1)
A
5
= 4
4 n2
using ( 1)n = ( 1)
( 1)
(1+n)
2
= ( 1)
( 1 n)
2
(1 n)
= ( 1) 2 1
using ( 1)n 1 = ( 1)n :
=
( 1)
(1 n)
2
2
(1 n)
(1 n)
(1 n)
2
2
+ ( 1)
+ n ( 1) 2
A 4 2 ( 1)
Bn =
4 n2
( 1)
(1 n)
2
(1 n)
4A( 1) 2
=
(4 n2 )
3
5
For n = 2,
A
B2 =
L
A
=
L
A
=
L
Z
Z
Z
L
2
0
L
2
0
L
2
"
A
x
L
"
A
=
x
L
2
=
cos
(2
2)x
L
cos
4x
cos (0) cos
dx
L
4x
1 cos
dx
L
# L2
sin 4x
L
4
L
L sin
0
A L
=
L 2
A L
=
L 2
A
=
2
(2 + 2)x
L
dx
L sin 4x
L
4
A 6L
= 6
L 42
# L2
4 ( L
2)
L
L sin (2)
+0
4
L sin (0) 7
7
4 5
1
X
Bn sin
n=0
where:
Bn =
8
>
<
>
:
nx
A
2
(1 n)
4A( 1) 2
(4 n2 )
n=2
n even,
n 6= 2
n odd
2. Satisfy yourself that the following equations can all be used to describe
the same progressive wave:
(a) y = A sin
(x
vt)
t))
(t/T )])
(d) y =
A sin (!(t
x/v))
(e) y = AIm{exp[i2(kx
t)]}
t)
y = A sin (2(kx
t))
1
v
2
= A sin
(x vt)
= (a)
(c) y = A sin 2[ x
(t/T )]
y = A sin 2[
(t/T )]
= A sin 2[
t]
2
= A sin
(x vt)
= (a)
(d) y =
A sin !(t
x/v)
y=
A sin !(t
x/v)
v
A sin 2 (t x/v)
v
= A sin 2 (x/v t)
2
= A sin
(x vt)
y=
= (a)
(e) y = AIm{exp[i2(kx
t)]}
y = AIm{exp[i2(kx
t)]}
t)
2
= 0.3 sin
(x 200t)
16
something of this form:
2
y = A sin
(x vt)
12.5
v = 200cms 1
(b)
y = 0.3 sin ((0.125x 25t))
dy
= 0.3( 25) cos ((0.125x 25t))
dt
= 7.5 cos ((0.125x 25t))
This takes its maximum value when cos ((0.125x 25t)) = 1:
vmax = 7.5
max speed = |vmax | = 7.5ms 1
= 23.56ms 1
* 4. What is the equation for a transverse wave travelling in the negative x direction with amplitude 0.003m, frequency 5 sec 1 , and speed 3000m/sec?
The equation for a transverse wave travelling in the negative x direction is:
2
y = A sin
(x + vt)
So we need values for A, , and v. From the information given we have A = 0.003m
and v = 3000ms 1 , so we just need to get a value for .
=
)
3000
=
5
= 600m
=
2
(x + 3000t)
600
2
y = A sin
(x vt)
So we need values for A, , and v. From the information given we have A = 0.02m
and v = 560ms 1 , so we just need to get a value for .
T =
=
)T =
)
= Tv
= (1.25)(560)
= 700m
2
(x
700
560t)
(a) How far apart are two points whose displacements are 30 apart in
phase?
(b) At a given point, what is the phase dierence between two displacements occurring at times separated by 0.01 sec?
(a) Two points one wavelength apart are 2 apart in phase.
30 = 6 rad
=
)
80
=
20
= 4m
=
4
, = 0.67m
3
6
So two points whose displacements are
(b) The phase dierence between two displacements occurring at times separated
by T s are 2 apart in phase. (where T is the period.)
1
1
=
20
= 0.05m
T =
= vT = (20)(0.1) = 2m
2
y(x, t) = 0.02 sin
(x 20t)
2
y(0, 0) = 0.02 sin(0) = 0 6= 0.01
So we can see we need to include a phase to satisfy our initial conditions.
2
y(x, t) = 0.02 sin
(x 20t) +
2
y(0, 0) = 0.02 sin ( ) = 0.01
1
sin( ) =
2
5
=
or
6
6
1
(both satisfy sin( ) = 2 )
To work out which one we should use, we use the face that dy/dt is positive at
this point:
dy
2
= 0.02(2)( 20) cos
(x 20t) +
dt
2
2
= 0.8 cos
(x 20t) +
2
dy
= 0.8 cos ( )
dt x=0,t=0
5
)<0
6
2
(x
2
5
20t) +
6
(x + vt)
2x
2x
2vt
+ 2t
but x2 = 1
2
8
1
1
=
16
= 16m
=
(c)
v=
= (1.5)(16)
= 24ms 1
2. A symmetrical triangular pulse of maximum height 0.4m and total length
1.0m is moving in the positive x direction in a string on which the wave
speed is 24ms 1 . At t = 0 the pulse is entirely located between x = 0 and
x = 1m.
x=1
b3
b2 + (x vt)2
(0.4)3
(0.4)2 + (x 24t)2
0.064
0.16 + (x 24t)2
@y
@t
3.072(x 24t)
[0.16 + (x 24t)2 ]2
3.072(1 24t)
[0.16 + (1 24t)2 ]2
(b) When t = 0 were told that the pulse is entirely located between x = 0 and
x = 1m:
The speed of the wave is 4ms 1 , so after 0.4sec the wave will have travelled
4 0.2 = 0.8m.
(b)
b3
b2 + (x vt)2
(0.05)3
=
(0.05)2 + (x 4t)2
@y
5 10 4 (x 4t)
vy =
=
@t
[(0.05)2 + (x 4t)2 ]2
5 10 4 x 8 10 4
vy
=
[x2 3.2x + 2.562]2
t=0.4
y(x, t) =
x=0
) 5 10 4 x
vy = 0
x!1
x!
8 10 4
=
(2.562)2
8 10
1.22 10
4
1
!0
x2
1
) vy 2 ! 0
x
=0)x=
8
= 1.6
5
) vy
b3
b2 + (2x
ut)2
1
!0
x2
1
)y 2 !0
x
)y
b3
b2 + (x vt)2
ut)2
u 2
t)
2
b3
4
b2
4
+ (x
u
ms
2
u 2
t)
2
(c)
@y
4b3 u(2x ut)
= 2
@t
[b + (2x ut)2 ]2
8b3 ux
vy
= 2
[b + 4x2 ]2
t=0
vy =
However, as both waves have the same amplitude they cancel each other out and
we get:
10t)
9t)
1
1
9
y = 2A cos x
t
sin 2
x
2
2
4
x t
9x 19t
= 2A cos
sin
2 2
2
2
(b)
vg =
=
k
1
2
1
2
=1
19
9
(c)
vp = =
k
19
4
9
4
19
4
x
x
y1 (x, t) = f1 t
+ g1 t +
v1
v1
x
y2 (x, t) = f2 t
v2
derive the expressions for the ratio of the reflected amplitude to the
incident amplitude, and the ratio of the transmitted amplitude to the
incident amplitude.
Assuming partial reflection and partial
ments of the two strings are given by:
y1 (x, t) = f1 t
y2 (x, t) = f2 t
x
x
+ g1 t +
v1
v1
x
v2
At the junction we impose the following conditions to insure that the strings join
with equal slopes and tension.
y1 (0, t) = y2 (0, t)
@y1
@y2
(0, t) =
(0, t)
@x
@x
Imposing these conditions implies that we must have:
f1 (t) + g1 (t) = f2 (t)
1 0
1 0
1
f1 (t)
g1 (t) = f20 (t)
v1
v1
v2
We rewrite equation 2 before integrating it.
1 0
1
[f1 (t) g10 (t)] = f20 (t)
v1
v2
1 d 0
1 d 0
[f1 (t) g10 (t)] =
f (t)
v1 dx
v2 dx 2
v2 [df10 (t) dg10 (t)] dx = v1 df20 (t)dx
Z
Z
Z
0
0
v2 df1 (t)dx v2 dg1 (t)dx = v1 df20 (t)dx
v2 f1 (t)
v2 g1 (t) = v1 f2 (t)
(1)
(2)
v2 f1 (t)
s
s
s
T
1
T
2
v
uT
r
v1 u
2
1
t
=
=
T
v2
1
2
2
:
1
v2 v1
g1 (t)
=
f1 (t)
v2 + v1
1 vv12
=
1 + vv12
q
2
1
1
q
=
1 + 21
For
2
1
= 0,
2
1
f2 (t)
2v2
=
f1 (t)
v1 + v2
2
= v1
+1
v2
2
=q
2
+1
1
= 0 so we obtain:
1
g1 (t)
1 0
q =
=
=1
f1 (t)
1+0
1 + 21
f2 (t)
2
2
=q
=
=2
2
f1 (t)
0+1
+1
1
For
2
1
= 0.25 = 14 ,
2
1
1
2
so we obtain:
q
1
1
g1 (t)
q =
=
f1 (t)
1+
1 + 21
f2 (t)
2
=q
=
2
f1 (t)
+1
1
2
For
2
1
= 1,
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
4
= 3 =
3
+1
2
= 1 so we obtain:
q
1
g1 (t)
1 1
q =
=
=0
f1 (t)
1+1
1 + 21
f2 (t)
2
2
=q
=
=1
2
f1 (t)
1+1
+1
1
For
2
1
= 4,
2
1
= 2 so we obtain:
q
1
g1 (t)
1 2
q =
=
=
f1 (t)
1+2
1 + 21
1
3
f2 (t)
2
2
2
=q
=
=
2
f1 (t)
2+1
3
+1
1
For
2
1
= 1,
2
1
= 1.
2
1
1
g1 (t)
1 t
q =
=
=
f1 (t)
1+t
1 + 21
1
= lim
+ 1 t!1
2
f2 (t)
2
2
=q
=
= t
2
f1 (t)
t+1
1+
+1
1
1
t
= lim
t!1
1
t
1
t
1
0 1
=
=
0+1
+1
2
t
1+
1
t
0
=0
1+0
where C is a constant
To show:
+ f2 = f1
(g1 )
(f2 )2
(f1 )2
C
+C
=C
v1
v2
v1
(g1 )2 (f2 )2
(f1 )2
+
=
v1
v2
v1
2
2
1 (g1 )
1 (f2 )
1
+
=
2
2
v1 (f1 )
v2 (f1 )
v1
2
2
1 g1
1 f2
1
+
=
v1 f 1
v2 f 1
v1
2
1 v2 v1
1
2v2
1
+
=
v1 v2 + v1
v2 v1 + v2
v1
2
2
2
v2 2v2 v1 + v1
4v2
v2
+ v1
= v2
2
2
2
v2 + 2v2 v1 + v1
v2 + 2v2 v1 + v12
v2 v22 2v2 v1 + v12 + v1 4v22 = v2 v22 + 2v2 v1 + v12
g1
v22
To work out the overall change in frequency we need at the point furthest from
the bystander on either side of him. (Were assuming the police car moves from left
to right)
As x increases, decreases, so if we imagine the point furthest from the bystander
on the left to be the point where x ! 1 we can take = 0.
As y increases, increases, so if we imagine the point furthest from the bystander
on the right to be the point where y ! 1 we can take = .
2000
1 0.08 cos
2000
2000
(0) =
=
= 2173.9Hz
1 0.08 cos(0)
1 0.08
2000
2000
() =
= 1851.86Hz
1 0.08 cos() 1 + 0.08
= 2173.9 1851.86 = 322.04Hz
() =
0
1
u cos
v
To work out the overall change in frequency we need at the point furthest from
the bystander on either side of him. (Were assuming the car moves from left to
right)
8
= 1.4
5.8
' = 0.9
= ' = 2.24
tan ' =
1800
1 0.084 cos
1800
1800
(0) =
=
= 1965.07Hz
1 0.084 cos(0)
1 0.084
1800
1800
() =
= 1714.29Hz
1 0.084 cos(2.24) 1 + 0.05
= 1965.07 1714.29 = 250.78Hz
() =