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CMA

Certified Management Accountant (CMA)

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Question: 1
A distinction between forecasting and planning
A. Is not valid because that are synonyms
B. Arises because forecasting covers the short term and planning does not
C. Is that forecasts are used in planning
D. Is that forecasting is a management activity, whereas planning is a technical activity
Answer: C
Explanation:
Planning is the determination of what is to be done, and of how, when, where. and by whom it is to
be done. Plans save to direct the activated that all organizational members must undertake to move
the organization from where it is to where it wants to be. Forecasting is the basis of planning
because it projects the future. A variety of quantitative methods are used in forecasting
Question: 2
Strategy is a broad term that usually means the selection of overall objectives. Strategic analysis
ordinarily excludes the
A. Trends that will affect the entitys markets
B. Target product mix and production schedule to be maintained
C. Forms of organizational structure that would best serve the entity
D. Best ways to invest in research, design, production, distribution, marketing, and administrative
activities
Answer: B
Explanation:
Strategic analysis is the process of long-range planning. It includes identifying organizational
objectives, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, such as market trends,
changes the technology, international competition, and social change. The final step is to derive the
best strategy for reaching the objectives. Setting the target product mix and production schedule for
the current year is not a concern of strategic analysis because it is short-term activity.
Question: 3
Strategic planning, as practiced by most modem organizations, includes all of the following expect
A. Top-level management predication
B. A long-term focus
C. Strategies that will help in achieving long-range goals
D. Analysis of the current months actual variances from budget
Answer: D
Explanation:

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Strategic planning is the process of setting overall organizational objectives and goals. It is a longterm process aimed at charting the future course of the organization. Strategic planning is based on
assessing risk levels, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and forecasting
the future direction an influences of factors relevant to the organization such as market trends,
changes in technology, international competition, and social change. Analysis of the current months
budget variances is not an aspect of strategic planning.
Question: 4
Which one of the following reasons is not a significant reason for planning in an organization?
A. Promoting coordination among operating units
B. Forcing managers to consider expected future trends and conditions
C. Developing basis for controlling operations
D. Monitoring profitable operations
Answer: D
Explanation:
Monitoring profitable operations is not a significant reason for planning. Monitoring is a control
function, whereas planning has a control purpose that precedes control in the planning-control
cycle. Planning establishes standards against which is the control function compares preliminary or
final results.
Question: 5
Certain phases of the planning process should be formalized for all of the following reasons expect
that
A. Informal plans and goals lack the necessary precision, understanding, and consistency.
B. Formal plans can act as a constraint on the decision-making freedom of managers and supervisors
C. Formalization requires the establishment and observance of deadlines for decision making and
planning
D. Formalization provides a logical basis for rational flexibility in planning
Answer: B
Explanation:
A formal plan is a prescription for organizational behavior and a set of goals. Management decision
making is therefore necessarily constrained by the limitations established I the plan.
Question: 6
All of the following are characteristics of the strategic planning process except the
A. Emphasis on the long run
B. Analysis of external economic factors
C. Review of the attributes and behavior of the organizations competition
D. Analysis and review of department budgets
Answer: D

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Explanation:
Strategic planning is the process of setting the overall organizational objectives and goals, and
involves the drafting of strategic plans. Long-range (strategic) planning is based on identifying and
specifying organizational goals and objectives, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the
organization, assessing risk levels, forecasting the future direction and influences of factors relevant
to the organization (such as market trend, changes in technology, international competition, and
social change), and deriving the best strategy for reaching the objectives given the organizations
strengths and weaknesses and the relevant future trends. Analyzing and reviewing department
budgets is an aspect of operational management and not a part of strategic planning.
Question: 7
The first step in the sales planning process is to
A. Assemble all the data that are relevant in developing a comprehensive sales plan
B. Develop management guidelines specific to sales planning, including the sales planning process
and planning responsibilities
C. Prepare a sales forecast consistent with specified forecasting guidelines, including assumptions
D. Secure management commitment to attain the goals specified in the comprehensive sales plan
Answer: B
Explanation:
Sales planning is a starting point for many other plans. The resources required, revenues to be
earned, and costs to be incurred depend on sales. The sales plan of an operating unit should include
as much specific information from that units management as possible, but must conform to the
strategic plans or corporate management. Thus, top management must provide a context within
which operational managers can prepare their plans. Corporate support include economic forecasts,
overall market sales forecasts, and capital budgets.
Question: 8
Which of the following is a market-oriented definition of a business versus a productoriented
definition of a business?
A. We make air conditioners and furnaces
B. We supply energy
C. We produce movies
D. We sell mens shirts and pants
Answer: B
Explanation:
Business should be defined in market terms, that is, in terms of needs and customer groups.
Moreover, a distinction should be made between a target market definition and as strategic market
definitions. For example, a target market for a railroad might be freight hauling, but a strategic
market might be transportation of any goods and people . Accordingly, stating that a business
supplies energy is a market-oriented definition as opposed to the product-oriented definition.
Moreover, it is also a strategic market definition.

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Question: 9
The capital budget is a(n)
A. Plan to ensure that sufficient funds are available for the operating needs of the company
B. Exercise that sets the long-range goals of the company including the consideration of external
influences
C. Plan that coordinates and communicates a companys plan for the coming year to all departments
and divisions
D. Plan that assesses the long-term needs of the company for pant and equipment purchases
Answer: D
Explanation:
Capital budgeting is the process of planning expenditures for long-lived assets. It involves choosing
among investment proposals using a ranking procedure. Evaluations are based on various measures
involving rate of return on investment.
Question: 10
Capital budgeting techniques are least likely to be used in evaluating the
A. Acquisition of new aircraft by a cargo company
B. Design and implementation of a major advertising program
C. Adoption of a new method of allocating nontraceable costs to produce lines
D. Sale by a conglomerate of a n unprofitable division
Answer: C
Explanation:
Capital budgeting is the process of planning expenditures for investments hat are expected to
generate returns over a period of more than one year. Thus, capital budgeting concerns the
acquisition or disposal of long-term assets and the financing ramifications of such decisions. The
adoption of a new method of allocating nontracble costs to product lines has no effect on a
companys cash flows, does not relate to the acquisition of longterm assets , and is not concerned
with financing. Hence, capital budgeting is irrelevant to such a decision.
Question: 11
The capital budgeting model that is ordinarily considered the best model for long-range decision
making is the
A. Payback model
B. Accounting rate of return model
C. Unadjusted rate of return model
D. Discounted cash flow model
Answer: D
Explanation:

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The capital budgeting methods that are generally considered the best for long-range decision
making are the internal rate of return and net present value methods. These are both discounted
cash flow methods
Question: 12
Effective cost capacity management
A. Minimizes the value delivered to customers
B. Maximizes required future investments
C. Matches the firms resources with current and future market opportunities
D. Is limited to eliminating short-term worth
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to SMA 4Y, Measuring the Cost of Capacity, maximizing the value created within an
organization starts with understanding the nature and capabilities of all of the companys resources.
Capacity is defined from several different perspectives. Managing capacity cost starts when a
product is first envisioned. It continues through the subsequent disposal of resources downstream.
Effective capacity cost management requires supporting effective matching of a firms resource with
current and future market opportunities.
Question: 13
What is the key strategic issues when a firm is considering capacity expansion?
A. Forecasting long-term demand
B. Analyzing the behavior of competitors
C. Identifying options
D. Avoiding industry overcapacity
Answer: D
Explanation:
Whether to expand capacity is a major strategic decision because of the capital required, the
difficulty of forming accurate expectations, and the long time frame of the lead times and the
commitment. The key forecasting problems are long-term demand and behavior of competitors. The
key strategic issue is avoidance of industry overcapacity. Undercapacity in a portable industry trends
to be a short-term issue. Profits ordinarily lure additional investors. Overcapacity trends to be a longterm problem because firms are more likely to compete intensely rather than reverse their
expansion
Question: 14
When demand uncertainty is low, firms tend to adopt a strategy of preemptive expansion. The
conditions for successful preemption expansion include which of the following?
A. The firm should avoid market signals that alert competitors to the firms plans
B. The expansion should be small relative to the market to minimize risk
C. Economic of scale should be large relative to demand

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D. The business should be strategically vital to competitors

Answer: C
Explanation:
Economics of scale should be large in relation to demand, or the learning-curve effect should give an
initial large investor a permanent cost advantage. For example, the preemptive firm may be able to
secure too much of the market to allow a subsequent firm to invest at the efficient scale. That is, the
residual demand available to be met by the later firm is less than the efficient scale of production.
The later firm therefore must choose between intense competition at the efficient scale or a cost
disadvantage.
Question: 15
Capacity expansion is also referred to as
A. Market penetration B.
Market development C.
Product development D.
Diversification
Answer: A
Explanation:
Market penetration is growth of existing products or development of existing markets. It occurs in
mature firms within an industry
Question: 16
What type of synergy exists when products or services have positive complementary effects?
A. Market synergy
B. Cost Synergy
C. Technological synergy
D. Management synergy
Answer: A
Explanation:
Market synergy arises when products or services have positive complementary effects Shopping
mails reflect this type of synergy.
Question: 17
Which of the following is not an example of synergy?
A. A shopping mail with several businesses providing different products and performing different
services
B. A store provides warranties on automobile parts in order to maximize customer value .
C. A manufacturing company hires a new manger with technological experience lacking in the
company

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D. Military Huumvees are converted into sports utility vehicles for sale to civilians
Answer: B
Explanation:
Synergy occurs when the combination of formerly separate elements has a greater effect than the
sum of their individual effects. It is unclear here whether the store is a car dealership or a parts shop.
Therefore, this is seen more as an operational service strategy that seeks to gain a competitive
advantage and maximize customer value by providing services such as warranties, rather than
market synergy. Market synergy arises when products or services have positive complementary
effects. (i.e., a parts shop and a service warranty on parts)
Question: 18
Which of the following best describes a market synergy?
A. Technology transfer from one product to another
B. Bundling of products distributed through the same channels
C. Production of multiple products at one facility
D. Use of complementary management skills to achieve entry into a new market
Answer: B
Explanation:
Market synergy arises when products or services have positive complementary effects. Shopping
malls reflect this type of synergy. Also, bundling of products, distribution through the same
distribution channels , and usage of the same sales force are other examples of market synergies.
Question: 19
Which of the following factors is not typical of an industry that faces intense competitive rivalry?
A. Price-cutting
B. Large adverting budgets
C. Frequent introduction of new products
D. Inelastic demand
Answer: D
Explanation:
Rivalry among existing firms will be intense when an industry has many strong competitors. Inelastic
demand exists when quality purchased is not greatly affected by price changes. Thus, price cutting
does not increase sales for the industry and is therefore atypical of an intensely competitive
industry.
Question: 20
Intense rivalry among firms in an industry increases when there is
l- A low degree of product differentiation
ll- Low consumer switching costs

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A. l only
B. ll only
C. Both l and ll
D. Neither l nor ll
Answer: C
Explanation:
The degree of product differentiation and the costs of switching from one competitors product to
another increase the intensity of rivalry and competition in an industry. Less differentiation tends to
heighten competition based on price, with price cutting leading to lower profits. Low costs of
switching products also increase competition
Question: 21
The prospect for the long-term profitability of an existing firm is greater when
A. The firm operates in an industry with a steep learning curve in its production process
B. The costs of switching suppliers is low
C. New entrants are encouraged by government policy
D. Distribution channels are willing to accept new products
Answer: A
Explanation:
The prospects of long-term profitability are contingent upon the industrys exit and entry barriers.
The entry of new firms in market decreases the prospect for long-term profitability. When a firm
operates in an industry that has a steep learning curve, it ios more difficult for new firms to enter the
market. Thus, the prospects of long-term profitability are greater for an existing firm.
Question: 22
Structural considerations affecting the threat of substitutes include all of the following except
A. Relative prices
B. Brand identity
C. Cost of switching to substitutes
D. Customers inclination to use a substitute
Answer: B
Explanation:
Substitutes are types of goods and services that serve the same purpose. All products that can
replace a good or service should be considered substitutes. For example, bicycles and cars are
substitutes for public transportation. Structural considerations determine the effect substitutes have
on one another. However, because substitutes affecting the threat of substitutes.
Question: 23
Logistics Corp. is performing research to determine the feasibility of entering the truck renal
industry. The decision to enter the market is most likely to be deterred if

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A. Buyer switching costs are high

B. Buyers view the product as differentiated
C. The market is dominated by a small consortium of buyers
D. Buyers enjoy large profit margins
Answer: C
Explanation:
When purchasing power is concentrated in a few buyers or when buyers are well organized, their
bargaining power is greater. This effect is reinforced when sellers are in capital-intensive industry
such as trucking.
Question: 24
Which industry factor does not contribute to competitive rivalry?
A. Price-cutting, large advertising budgets, and frequent introduction of new products.
B. A forms growth must come from winning, other firms customers.
C. High costs of switching suppliers.
D. High fixed costs.
Answer: C
Explanation:
If it is expensive to switch suppliers, customers will be less motivated to respond competitor
advances.
Question: 25
Which condition does not increase the threat of new competitor entry into the industry?
A. Strong brand identity.
B. Existing firms do not enjoy the cost advantages of vertical integration.
C. Few proprietary product differences.
D. Low capital requirements.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Strong brand identity decreases the new competitors will enter an industry. New competitors have
difficulty because potential customers are loyal to established firms in the industry.
Question: 26
Which factor most likely encourages entry into an existing market?
A. Governmental subsidies for new investors.
B. High product differentiation, principally produced by trademarks.
C. Knowledge of the industry, wit high investments in development.
D. Low fixed exit costs.

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Answer: A
Explanation:
Subsidies for new firms lower entry barriers. Thus, new firms may enter the industry and intensify
competition. Government policy also may affect competition via regulations that encourages or
discourage substitutes or affect costs, that govem competitive behavior, or that limit growth.
Government also may be a buyer or supplier.
Question: 27
The concurrent action of basic competitive force as defined by Porters model determines?
A. The long-tem profitability and the competitive intensity of the industry.
B. The entrance barriers that potential players must face to get into the industry.
C. The rivalry inside the industry.
D. The strategy that a firm should follow to achieve its objectives.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Michael E. Porter, a leader in the field of strategic management, has developed a comprehensive
model of the structure of industries and competition. One feature is his analysis of the five
competitive forces that determine long-term profitability measured by long-term return on
investment. This analysis determines the attractiveness of an industry.
Question: 28
Which of the following is a favorable condition for a firm competing in profitable, expanding
industry?
A. The firm does not have a strong customer base.
B. A few suppliers who can restrict supply.
C. Competitors find it difficult to acquire the firms customers.
D. The firm has high costs relative to other firms in the industry.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A firm that has successfully differentiated its products through developing a desirable image, better
services, cost leadership, the features of the product, or other means is in a favorable competitive
position Competitors find it difficult to acquire the firms customers, for example, by price cutting.
The reason is that the firms products are perceived to have few substitutes, and brand loyalty is
high. Futhermore, barriers to entry are favorable to the firm. These barriers deter competitors from
entering the market. Existing firm can increase market share and emphasize cutting costs and
increasing value?
Question: 29
Which basic force(s) drive (s) industry competition and the ultimate profit potential of the industry?
I. Threat of new entrants.

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II. Bargaining power of suppliers.

III. Favorable access to raw materials and labor.
IV. Product differentiation
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. III and IV only
D. I, II, III, and IV
Answer: B
Explanation:
Threat of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers are among the five basic forces that drive
industry competition and the ultimate profit potential industry. This potential is measured in terms
of long-term return on invested capital. The other three forces are rivalry among existing firms,
threat substitutes and threat of buyers bargaining power.
Question: 30
A manufacturing company produces plastic utensils for a particular segment at the lowest possible
cost. The company is pursuing a cost?
A. Leadership strategy
B. Focus strategy
C. Differentiation strategy
D. Containment strategy
Answer: B
Explanation:
A cost focus strategy aims at cost leadership in a particular segment, such as a regional market or a
specialty product line. The rationale for a focus strategy is that the narrower market can be better
served.
Question: 31
Vasil, Inc. conducted a strategy self-assessment of factors contributing to market attractiveness and
business strengths as follows:

The factor ratings range from 1 (the lowest) to 5 (the highest). Which one of the following strategies
would be the most beneficial for Vasil?
A. Build selectively on strengths.
B. Upgrade product line.

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C. Focus on attractive segments.

D. Avoid investments.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Vasil can quantify the results of its strategic self-assessment by weighting and summing each rating.
Question: 32
Which one of the following managements consideration is usually addressed first in strategic
planning?
A. Outsourcing.
B. Overall objective of the firm.
C. Organizational structure
D. Recent annual budgets.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Strategic planning is the process of setting overall organizational objectives and drafting strategic
plans. It is a process of long-term planning. Setting ultimate objectives for the firm is a necessary
prelude to developing strategies for achieving those objectives. Plans and budgets are then needed
to implement those strategies.
Question: 33
A firms statement of broad objectives or mission statement should accomplish all of the following
except?
A. Outlining strategies for technological development, market expansion, and product
differentiation.
B. Defining the purpose of the company.
C. Providing an overall guide to those in high-level, decision-making position.
D. Stating the moral and ethical principles that guide the action of the firm.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The determination of organizational objectives is the first step in the planning process. A mission
statement is a formal, written document that defines the organizations purpose in society, for
example, to produce and distribute certain goods of high quality in a manner beneficial to the public,
employees, shareholders, and other constituencies. Thus, a mission statement does not announce
specific operating plans. It does not describe strategies for technological development, market
expansion, or product differentiation because these are tasks for operating management.
Question: 34
Policies and procedures provide guidance to management and employees. Would policies and
procedures normally be found for the senior management of a multinational organization?

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A. Yes, all policies and procedures are developed by senior management.

B. No, senior management develops policies and procedures for lower levels only.
C. Yes, policies and procedures are used throughout an organizations ranks.
D. No, only middle managers and below develop and use policies and procedures.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Research has shown that policies and procedures are referred to by all levels of management on an
as-needed basis.
Question: 35
The management of an organization has stated that two members of the same family may not be
employed in the same department. Identify the component of organization planning that is being
demonstrated by managements action.
A. A strategy
B. A policy
C. An objective
D. A mission statement.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Top management establishes policies as guides to middle- and lower-management decision making.
Policies are relatively broad guidelines for making routine decisions consistent with overall
objectives or goals. They channel thinking in a certain direction but allow for some managerial
discretion.
Question: 36
Formal written policies are normally recommended. However, the presence of certain condition in
an organization minimizes the need for written policies. One condition that minimizes the need for
written policies is a?
A. High division of labor
B. Strong organizational culture.
C. Large span of control.
D. Strict unity of command.
Answer: B
Explanation:
If the culture is strong, the organizations key values are intensely held and widely shared.
Substantial training has been expended to achieve this high degree of acceptance, minimizing the
need for formal, written policies.
Question: 37

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In an organization with empowered work team, organizational policies?

A. Should define the limits or constraints within which the work team must act if they are to remain
self-directing.
B. Become more important than ever. Without clear rules to follow, empowered work teams are
almost certain to make mistakes.
C. Should be few or none. The work teams should have the freedom to make their own decision.
D. Should be set by the teams themselves in periodic joint meetings.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Work teams are not empowered to do anything they please. The organization has certain
expectations for what is to be accomplished and how the teams are to go about accomplishing these
expectations. Once the organization defines its objectives and sets appropriate policies, the work
teams are able to make and implement decision within those boundaries. Policies in this context are
usually quite broad (e.g. relating to ethical business conduct) but nevertheless important.
Question: 38
An organizations policies and producers are part of its overall system of internal controls. The
control function performed by policies and procedures is?
A. Feedforward control
B. Implementation control
C. Feedback control
D. Application control
Answer: A
Explanation:
Feedfroward control anticipates and prevents problem. Policies and procedures serve as feedforward controls because they provide guidance on how an activity should be performed to best
insure that an objective is achieved.
Question: 39
After the goals of the company have been established and communication, the next step in the
planning process is development of the?
A. Production budget
B. Direct materials budget
C. Selling and administrative budget
D. Sales budget
Answer: D
Explanation:
The sales budget is the first step in the operating budget process because it is needed to prepare all
of the other budget. For example, the production budget cannot be prepared until the sales
department has determined how many until are needed.

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Question: 40
In planning and controlling capital expenditures, the most logical sequence is to begin with?
A. Analyzing capital addition proposals.
B. Making capital expenditure decision.
C. Analyzing and evaluating all promising alternatives.
D. Identifying capital addition projects and other capital needs.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Capital budgeting is a long-term planning process for investments. This process beings with the
identification of capital needs, that is of projects required to achieve organization goals. The next
step is to search for specific investments. The third step is to acquire and analyze information about
the potential choices. The fourth step is to select specific investments after considering both
qualitative and quantitative factors. The fifth step is to finance the undertakings. Yhe final step is
implementation and monitoring.

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