INTRODUCTION

Background
Soap has been primary needs for us today. Everyday million of soaps are
produced and used. Soap industries compete to create innovative and creative soap that
can fulfill every needs of human being from many culture and economics class. There
are many kind of soap; there are natural soap, hard and liquid soap, many kind of
fragrance, and many colours.
Nowadays, Indonesia is alert for dengue fever and malaria. The similarity
between the two of them is they use mosquioto as it vector. So we need something to
protect us from mosquitos. There are demand for natural antibacterial soap especially
for sensitive skin too. Health has been people first priority. In current time people
always use soap and just few people use lotion.
Citronella oil can be solution for this problem. Active ingredients in citronella
oil have antibacterial effect. Citronella oil components are geraniol and citronella that
can be used for as natural pestiside. Milk can mostuirizer skin and make soap applicable
for sensitive skin. Because of that we make innovation to make soap that have function
as mosquito repellent, applicable for all kind of skin, and mosturize skin well.
Purpose
Purpose on making this paper is make innovative soap product use citronella oil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials
Palm oil, milk, NaOH, cold water and citronella oil. Thermometer, plastic,
waterbath, bowl.
Methods

Milk
Weighing
Cooling (Tempreature about 15-20oC)

Slowly mixing and stirring

NaOH
Weighing

Palmoil
Weighing

Dough 1

Heating

Slowly mixing and stirring

NaOH
Dough 2 (trace condition)

Mixing and molding

Soap

Penimbangan

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Essential Oil
The term essential oil is a contraction of the original quint essential oil. This
stems from the Aristotelian idea that matter is composed of four elements, namely, fire,
air, earth, and water. The fifth element, or quintessence, was then considered to be spirit
or life force. Distillation and evaporation were thought to be processes of removing the
spirit from the plant and this is also reflected in our language since the term spirits is
used to describe distilled alcoholic beverages such as brandy, whiskey, and eau de vie.
The last of these again shows reference to the concept of removing the life force from
the plant. Nowadays, of course, we know that, far from being spirit, essential oils are
physical in nature and composed of complex mixtures of chemicals
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal
oils, aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such
as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it contains the "essence of" the
plant's fragrancethe characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived.
Essential oils do not form a distinctive category for any medical, pharmacological, or
culinary purpose. They are not essential for health.
Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other
processes include expression orsolvent extraction. They are used
in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for
adding scents to incense and household cleaning products.
Essential oils have been used medicinally in history. Medical applications proposed by
those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer and
often are based solely on historical accounts of use of essential oils for these
purposes. Claims for the efficacy of medical treatments, and treatment of cancers in
particular, are now subject to regulation in most countries.
As the use of essential oils has declined in evidence-based medicine, one must consult
older textbooks for much information on their use.Modern works are less inclined to
generalize; rather than refer to "essential oils" as a class at all, they prefer to discuss
specific compounds, such as methyl salicylate, rather than "oil of wintergreen.
Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity
of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that claims that essential oils and
other aromatic compounds have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in

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a carrier oil and used in massage, diffused in the air by a nebulizer, heated over a candle
flame, or burned as incense (Tony 2009).

Citronella Oil
Citronella oil is classified into essential oil. It is extracted from a hardy grass,
native to Sri Lanka and Java. This aromatic perennial grows about 1meter (3 feet) high
and is a popular ingredient in wax candles, as an insect repellant, and is also widely
used in perfumes, soaps, skin lotions and deodorants. The two culitivated types are
known
as
Mahapengiri
(CymbopogonwinterianusJowitt)
and
Lenabatu(Cymbopogonnardus (L) Rendle). They are distinguished morphologically by
the shape and length of their leaves (Loncin and Merson 1977).
Difference in the chemical composition of the essential oils from the two
varieties have been recorded since early times. It was believed that Mahapengiri variety
contained around 85% of total acetylisables expressed as geraniol the chief among
which wew geraniol (I), citronellal (II), and citronellol (III). The Lenabatu variety on
the other hand was reported to contain 55-65% total acetylisables expressed as
geraniol. Both types of oil were, and still are, in demand commerce. The Lenabatutype is used as a deodorant in mosquito repellent applications, and for scenting of soaps,
sprays, desinfectants, paints, and polishes. The Mahapengiri-type is used mainly as
starting amterial for the preparation of industrially important perfumery compounds
derivied from geraniol, citronellol and citronellal, for which purpose the Lenabatu-type
is not as suitable.
Citronella is cultivated for essential oil. Although, all the plant parts contain oil,
leaves contain the maximum amount of oil. Therefore, only the leaves should be
harvested. Harvesting is done by sharp sickle at about 20-45cm above the ground. The
number of harvests, which can be taken during a year, depends upon the growth of the
plants. Under favourable conditions, upto 4 harvests can be obtained in a year. The
leaves are ready for first harvest, about 6 months after planting. The second and
subsequent harvests can be taken thereafter at 2.5 -3 months interval. Harvesting too
soon and too late affects the quality of oil adversely. The delay also causes the leaves to
dry up resulting in decrease in yield of oil. While harvesting, only the leaf blade should
be cut and the sheath should be left. This is because the sheath contains only little and
poor quality oil. Flowering should be discouraged as it causes aging in plants and
reduces their life span.
The same schedule of harvesting is to be followed during second and subsequent
years. The Java citronella plantations remain productive for 5-6 years but the yield of
leaves and oil is highest during second and third years, after which it starts decreasing.
It is recommended that the plantation should be uprooted after 3-4 years and rotated
with some small legume species. Horsegram is a very good rotational crop in south,
cowpea or sunhemp(Crotalaria species) is recommended for north Indian
plains.
On an average, the oil content is about 1% on the basis of fresh weight of leaves.
Depending upon the nature of growth, the yield of fresh leaves is about 15-20 tonnes/ha
in the first year and 20-25 tonnes/ha in the second as well as in the third year, after
which the yield declines.

6
The yield of oil obtained during the first year is about 100 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha during
second and third years. Under very favourable conditions, yield of 200-250 kg oil/ha
can be obtained.
Citronella oil is one of the major essential oils. It has a rose like odour and bitter
taste. It is mainlyused in the perfumery and cosmetic industry. Citronella oil is a raw
material for production of geranial, citronellal, hydroxy-citronellal and other similar
high value perfumery bases. It is also widely used as a starting material for various
aromatic chemicals used in scented soaps, sprays, deodorants, detergents, polishes,
mosquito repellants etc.

Picture 1. Chemical transformation obtainable from Citronella Oil

Citronella oil properties are density 0.888 g/ml at 250C, FEMA 2308, storage
temperature 2-8oC, Bp and Fp 2220C, 1950C respectively and it has characteristic stable
flammable.
Table 1. Chemical constituents of Citronella Oil Java type
Chemical
Citronellal
Geraniol

Chemical Constituents of Java type

Percentage
32-45%
12-18%

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Geranyl acetate
Citronellyl acetate
Linalyl acetate
1-limonene
Caryophyllene
Linalool
Farnesol
Methylisoeugenol
-elemene& -cadinene

3-8%
2-4%
2%
2-5%
2.1%
1.5%
0.6%
2.3%
2.5%

Citronella oil has very good characteristic for cleaning skin. Especially if you
have oily skin and problems with acne, citronella might be just perfect solution for you.
Citronella is very well known for its properties that helps to fight bacteria and also those
kinds of bacteria that causes acne. The astringent properties of the mixture will dry,
harden and protect your skin. Because of that we tried to make a soap using citronella
oil for antibacterial and mosquitos reppelant. (Heldman and Singh 1981)

Soap
Soaps are cleaning agents that are usually made by reacting alkali (e.g., sodium
hydroxide) with naturally occurring fat or fatty acids. The reaction produces sodium
salts of these fatty acids, which improve the cleaning process by making water better
able to lift away greasy stains from skin, hair, clothes, and just about anything else. As a
substance that has helped clean bodies as well as posessions, soap has been remarkably
useful.
In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are mainly used
as surfactants for washing, bathing, andcleaning, but they are also used in textile
spinning and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are obtained
by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and
oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single
molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye (although the term
"lye soap" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings
about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats
are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form
crude soap, an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and
liberated glycerol (glycerin). The glycerin is a useful by-product, which can be left in
the soap product as a softening agent, or isolated for other uses.
Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually
emulsions of calcium soap or lithiumsoaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and lithiumbased greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including
those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as
thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were
made by the addition oflime to olive oil.

8
The basic structure of all soaps is essentially the same, consisting of a long
hydrophobic (water-fearing) hydrocarbon "tail" and a hydrophilic (waterloving) anionic
"head":
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
CH 2 COO or CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COO H
The length of the hydrocarbon chain ("n") varies with the type of fat or oil but is
usually quite long. The anionic charge on the carboxylate head is usually balanced by
either a positively charged potassium (K + ) or sodium (Na +) cation. In making soap,
triglycerides in fat or oils are heated in the presence of a strong alkali base such as
sodium hydroxide, producing three molecules of soap for every molecule of glycerol.
This process is called saponification.
Like synthetic detergents, soaps are "surface active" substances ( surfactants ) and
as such make water better at cleaning surfaces. Water, although a good general solvent,
is unfortunately also a substance with a very high surface tension. Because of this, water
molecules generally prefer to stay together rather than to wet other surfaces. Surfactants
work by reducing the surface tension of water, allowing the water molecules to better
wet the surface and thus increase water's ability to dissolve dirty, oily stains.
In studying how soap works, it is useful to consider a general rule of nature: "like
dissolves like." The nonpolar hydrophobic tails of soap are lipophilic ("oil-loving") and
so will embed into the grease and oils that help dirt and stains adhere to surfaces. The
hydrophilic heads, however, remain surrounded by the water molecules to which they
are attracted. As more and more soap molecules embed into a greasy stain, they
eventually surround and isolate little particles of the grease and form structures called
micelles that are lifted into solution. In a micelle, the tails of the soap molecules are
oriented toward and into the grease, while the heads face outward into the water,
resulting in an emulsion of soapy grease particles suspended in the water.
As good as soaps are, they are not perfect. For example, they do not work well in
hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions, because the calcium and
magnesium salts of soap are insoluble; they tend to bind to the calcium and magnesium
ions, eventually precipitating and falling out of solution. In doing so, soaps actually
dirty the surfaces they were designed to clean. Thus soaps have been largely replaced in
modern cleaning solutions by synthetic detergents that have a sulfonate (R-SO 3 )
group instead of the carboxylate head (R-COO ). Sulfonate detergents tend not to
precipitate with calcium or magnesium ions and are generally more soluble in water
(Anonim 2009).

Dengue fever
Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by
mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course

9
with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain,
swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), and rash. The presence of fever, rash, and
headache (the "dengue triad") is particularly characteristic of dengue. Other signs of
dengue fever include bleeding gums, severe pain behind the eyes, and red palms and
soles.
Dengue (pronounced DENgee) fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne
disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. These viruses are
related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever. Each year, an
estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever occur worldwide.
Thailand reported the worst dengue outbreak in 20 years, with 126 deaths and
135,344 people infected with the virus, as of October 2013. In 2011, Bolivia, Brazil,
Columbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and
Venezuela reported a large number of dengue cases. Paraguay reported a dengue fever
outbreak in 2011, the worst since 2007. Hospitals were overcrowded, and patients had
elective surgeries canceled due to the outbreak.
Dengue fever is common in at least 100 countries in Asia, the Pacific, the
Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean. Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, and Malaysia have
all reported an increase in cases (Anthony 2009).

Malaria
Malaria is a disease of the blood that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is
transmitted from person to person by a particular type of mosquito. The female
Anopheles mosquito that transmits malaria. She primarily bites between the hours of 9
pm and 5 am.
Symptoms begin 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, although a person may feel ill as
early as 7 days later. Symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Symptoms begin
10 days to 4 weeks after infection, although a person may feel ill as early as 7 days later
Symptoms include fever, headache and vomiting. If drugs are not available or if
the parasites are resistant to them, malaria infection can develop to anemia,
hypoglycemia or cerebral malaria, in which capillaries carrying blood to the brain are
blocked. Cerebral malaria can cause coma, life-long-learning disabilities, and death.
Malaria was eliminated in the U.S. in 1951, however, 1,500 cases are still
diagnosed here annually, caused by returning travelers. If traveling to a malaria-risk
country, consult your health-care provider on appropriate malaria prevention
interventions, like antimalarial drugs. Travelers that become ill with flu-like symptoms,
either while traveling in a malaria-risk area or after returning home, should seek
immediate medical attention and share their travel history. For more information, visit
the Centers of Disease Control.

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Result
We make soap using citronella oil, palm oil, and fresh milk. We attached the
result from soap calculator . From what we made, the soap need a lot of improvement.
From the colour, it needs some colorant to make it more attractive for user. The
fragrance is the worst, not every people like high intensity of citronella oil fragrance.
We need another fragrance that can dissemble citronella oil fragrance.
Beside of that, this is good inovation. We have tried it and it works effectivelly
as mosquito repellent. We havent tried the soap in skin because the soap can be used
after 3 weeks. Not every people use lotion everyday but almost all of the people use
soap. Because of that this soap can be usefull and can protect us from malaria and
dengue fever. Our hope is we can decrease malaria and dengue fever in the future. We
want to make healthy life for human being. This will have large impact for us.

CONCLUSION
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by
using steam. Other processes include expression orsolvent extraction.
Soaps are cleaning agents that are usually made by reacting alkali (e.g., sodium
hydroxide) with naturally occurring fat or fatty acids. People used soap everday and it
becomes primary people needs.
Citronella oil is one of the major essential oils. It has a rose like odour and bitter
taste. Citronella oil has very good characteristic for cleaning skin. Especially if you
have oily skin and problems with acne, citronella might be just perfect solution for you.
Citronella oil is anti acne and mosquito repellent.
Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by
mosquitoes. Malaria is a disease of the blood that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite,
which is transmitted from person to person by a particular type of mosquito. The female
Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria.
Our soap is good mosquito repellent, mousturizer, and applicable in all kind of
skin. But it still need a lot of improvement in shape, colour, fragrance, and composition
of oil. Our hope is we can decrease malaria and dengue fever in the future. We want to
make healthy life for human being.

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Suggestions
Antibacterial and mosquitoes repelant soap is still new idea. This product still
needs a lot of improvement. Combination of oil ingredients must be renewed for better
soap. Olive oil should be added to make soap applicable in sensitive skin. Goat milk can
be alternative substitute for better soap. Fragrance and colour should be added to make
soap more valuable and meet the demand from costumer.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[Anonim].2009.
Soap
Making
and
Reactions.
http://www.chemistry
explained.com/RuSp/Soap.html#ixzz3VYV0BrxG. [22 March 2015].
Anthony. 2009. Dengue Fever. http://www.medicinenet.com/ dengue_fever/ page2.htm.
[25 March 2015].
Tony S. 2000. Identification of Essential Oil. London (UK): Cambridge Press
Heldman, D.R. and P.R. Singh. 1981. Essential Oil 2nd ed. The AVI Publ. Comp., Inc.
Westport , CT , USA .
Loncin, M. and R.L. Merson. 1977. Citronella Oil Composition and Identification.
Academic Press. New York , N.Y. , US