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MAHABHARATA
PART ONE
Title: Stories from the Mahbhrata, Part 1. A Sanskrit Course for Senior Students (Ages 10-11 Years)
ii
CONTENTS
YEAR 6, TERM 1
P.
YEAR 6, TERM 2
P.
34
YEAR 6, TERM 3
P.
76
iii
Fluent reading and writing of the Devanaagar script is essential at this point. If
the students are commencing this book after the holidays, you will probably want
to spend some time practising reading, writing and dictation exercises.
ORAL AND LISTENING EXERCISES
When teaching this course, it is very useful to have an oral component to each
lesson. If students spend all their time doing written work and never speaking
the language, their learning will not stick. Similarly, listening exercises (i.e., listening to a story read in Sanskrit and then answering questions about it) help to
immerse the student in the Sanskrit mindset. Thus, the exercises given in this
book can always be used as oral and listening exercises, and games and competitions are even more effective.
The same is true in learning paradigms. Students should not expect that they will
learn their case endings by looking them up. Learning of paradigms should be
primarily through recitation in the traditional manner (i.e., by the order of singular, dual and plural for each case). As a supporting method, learning for tests
iv
may also be done by looking for patterns of recurring words and similarities with
other paradigms. Regular oral and written testing of paradigms is necessary to
ensure that they are known accurately and by heart. This applies particularly to
the paradigms previously learnt.
Not all the exercises in this book need to be completed: some are optional and
should be used according to the teachers discrimination. It is essential that there
be a forward momentum to this study.
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
The approach to vocabulary in these books is different from that presented in the
junior textbooks. All new words in a story are underlined, and their English
equivalents will be found at the bottom of the page on which they are working.
However, in each chapter there is a list of new vocabulary words. These should
be learned and tested, and could usefully form a component of any end-of-term
exam.
Verbs are given a different treatment to that of the Junior Course. New verbs are
presented in three forms, namely the dhaatu, the First Person singular (i.e., the
it form) and the indeclinable participle (i.e., the Tv| form).
Each chapter includes a story. It would be helpful to give a written or oral test
on the new vocabulary before starting the story.
NOTES TO TEACHERS
f
ao
aO
k
q
Q
vi
e
ai
o
au
ka
kha
ga
gha
a
ca
cha
ja
jha
a
a
ha
a
as in
approach
as in
star
as in
if
as in
feel
as in
book
as in
food
as in
say
as in
my
as in
home
as in
now
as in
kite
as in
block-head
as in
gate
as in
log-hut
as in
long
as in
chalk
as in
catch him
as in
jug
as in
hedgehog
as in
cringe
as in
take*
as in
anthill*
as in
do*
~
t
n
p
m
y
r
l
v
z
w
s
h
ha
a
ta
tha
da
dha
na
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
a
a
sa
ha
as in
godhood*
as in
under*
as in
table
as in
anthill
as in
day
as in
godhead
as in
no
as in
pure
as in
loop-hole
as in
baby
as in
abhor
as in
mother
as in
yellow
as in
rosy*
as in
lady
as in
awake
as in
shall
as in
show*
as in
slug
as in
heaven
,
;
as in a pure nasal
as in an exhaled breath
Note to Teachers
In addition to their revision of the grammatical terms
described on pages 24, students should review, and be
tested on, the forms of the following words to be found in
the Reference Book.
NOUNS
VERBS
r|m;
im]m\
sIt|
ndI
vit
ivWyit
avt\
vRte
aiSt
Grammatical Terms
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
VERB
CASE ENDINGS
AGREEMENT
NUMBER
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
TENSE
PARADIGM
PERSON
SINGULAR
he/she/it
you
I
DUAL
they two
you two
we two
PLURAL
they
you
we
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
SINGULAR
I
you
he/she/it
DUAL
we two
you two
they two
PLURAL
we
you
they
Year 6, Term 1
CHAPTER
HAPTER ONE
NE
1.1
Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages in the world. It is the language of the
Vedas, Upaniads, Bhagavad Gt, Mahbhrata, Rmyaa and the Puras.
These books provide an insight into the history of the world and the evolution of
humanity. Also, there are books on many other subjects written in Sanskrit.
Some of these deal with medicine, astronomy, architecture, mathematics, dance,
art and science.
Sanskrit is, or is close to, the mother of all Indo-European languages, including
Greek, Latin and English. The word saskta means perfected language. This
perfection is brought about through its precise grammatical structure which has
remained unchanged throughout millennia.
Thousands of years ago, the worlds greatest grammarian, Pini, explained
these laws of grammar in a systematic and beautiful way.
Year 6, Term 1
1.2
Year 6, Term 1
Year 6, Term 1
1.3
Dhaataus
One of the key elements in the Sanskrit language is the system of roots. Words
in Sanskrit have at their centre a dhtu or root. This is the seed of the word. Thus
the dhtu |d\ expresses the action of eating; the dhtu tud\ expresses the
action of hitting; the dhtu U expresses the act of becoming. All the different
forms of a Sanskrit verb are formed from its dhtu. Nouns and adjectives also
come from dhtus.
Uit; existence
(Noun)
Uim; earth
(Noun)
(Noun)
vit becomes
(Verb)
Dhtu
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: Any of the exercises in this book can be either oral or written
according to the teachers discretion.
EXERCISE 1
Here are five dhtus:
(a) jIv\
in living
(b) cr\
in moving
(c) |d\
in eating
(d) vd\
in speaking
(e) iml\
in meeting
Below is a list of five words. State which dhtu goes with each word.
avdt\
For example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
|m\
jIv;
cIr]m\
aimlt\
vd|Ny
1.4
= (d)
(food)
(a creature)
(behaviour)
(he, she or it met)
(eloquent)
2. The Stem
cr\
cr
crit
1.5
Verbs
A verb is an action word and can be expressed in the present, past or future
tenses. The forms of verbs are called conjugations.
9
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 2
Using the paradigms on pages 120 and 121, conjugate the following three
dhtus in the present and past tenses.
(a)
|d\
(b)
vd\
(c)
cr\
EXERCISE 3
Using the five stems below, translate the verbs into the correct tenses.
(a)
jIv\
(b)
lives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cr\
walks
crit
vdis
jIivWy|m;
|idWy
aimln\
(c)
|d\
(d)
eats
vd\
speaks
10.
acr;
vidWy|im
ajIvt\
imlit
a|dit
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
he became
she spoke
I became
you met
they ate
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 4
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
I shall eat
they many live
he says
he will meet
they many walk
(e)
iml\
meets
Year 6, Term 1
vit
UTv|
become
he/she/it becomes
having become
EXTENSION WORK
1. Conjugate the following dhtus in the future tense, with an English
translation:
(b) vd\
(c) cr\
(a) |d\
2. Here are some unusual future forms. Translate them into English.
You may need to look in Appendix 4 for the forms.
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.6
gimWyit
gimWyiNt
Xy|im
(d)
(e)
gimWyt;
gimWy|v;
Nouns
A noun is a name of a person, place or thing. The forms of nouns are called
declensions.
EXERCISE 5
Using the paradigms in Appendix 2 (pages 124 and 125) of r|m; im]m\
sIt| and ndI , decline the following words in the singular:
11
Year 6, Term 1
(a)
(b)
k|m;
sum\
(desire, masc.)
(happiness, neut.)
(c)
(d)
g|
devI
(Gag, fem.)
(goddess, fem.)
EXERCISE 6
Translate the following into English or Sanskrit. Where necessary, use the
vocabulary in the Appendices 3 and 4.
r|mSy
im]fwu
sIt|yI
ngrey;
g|i;
gjyo;
k|m|t\
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.7
8. for a man
9. in desire
10. by two boats
11. the houses
12. the two cities
13. by elephant
14. kings (2nd)
Remember that actions can be done by one doer, two doers or many doers. For
example:
|dit
|dt;
|diNt
two eat
they eat
g; |dit
gO |dt;
g|; |diNt
12
Year 6, Term 1
Notice in each sentence how both the doer and the verb take endings according
to whether they speak of one, two or many.
EXERCISE 7
Translate the English word into Sanskrit to form a correct Sanskrit sentence.
Then translate the whole sentence into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
np; (speaks)
gj|; (walk)
mTSyO (eat)
im]f (meet)
W~; (lives)
EXERCISE 8
(a) Choose the correct form from the two in brackets.
(b) Write out the correct Sanskrit sentence.
(c) Translate the sentence into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
g; g|; pZyit
im]d im]|i~ aimlt|m\
nr|; nrO sufn jIivWyiNt
dfVyO dfVy; criNt
puStkm\ puStk ptt;
13
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 9
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit sentence. Then translate the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE 10
Translate these sentences. The first few examples may be set out as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14
The man
walks.
nr;
crit
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Year 6, Term 1
olden
1.8
Sentence Analysis
In the past, you may have translated Sanskrit sentences by writing out the
Sanskrit, putting the English word-for-word translation underneath, and then
writing a good English translation using your word-for-word translation. We are
now going to translate Sanskrit sentences and stories using a different method.
verb
past
present
future
singular
dual
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
adverb
adjective
ind.
1st
voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
FP
MP
BP
indeclinable (e.g. it c
the doer
vocative (e.g. O king)
the object
by / with
for
from
of
in / on
First Person
Middle Person
Best Person
etc.)
15
Year 6, Term 1
will usually be at the end of the sentence. Above this, write a v.,
together with pa ., pr. or fu. for the tense, s., du. or pl. for the
number, and FP, MP or BP for the person. Write the English meaning
beneath. For example:
v. FP pr. s.
nr;
kuKkur|n\
m|gRe
pZyit
he/she/it sees
FIND THE DOER and then write above it 1st , plus m., f. or n. for the
gender, and also write the number. Add the English beneath.
1st m. s.
nr;
v. FP pr. s.
kuKkur|n\
m|gRe
man
pZyit
he/she/it sees
FIND THE OBJECT (The Done To) and then above it put 2nd, and the
nr;
man
2nd m. pl.
kuKkur|n\
v. FP pr. s.
m|gRe
dogs
pZyit
he/she/it sees
LABEL ANY OTHER WORDS. Identifying any other words, label them and
nr;
man
5
2nd m. pl.
kuKkur|n\
dogs
7th m. s.
m|gRe
pZyit
in road
he/she/it sees
16
v. FP pr. s.
Year 6, Term 1
tackled one by one in the order they appear in the sentence, each with
their doer and object before it. This will include Tv| words.
B Often, the doer will not be separately mentioned, but is understood from
When the verb is a form of aiSt (is), it is often left out. For example:
r|m; gt; (Rama is gone.)
D With forms of
E When there is an
thought, there may be an extra verb in the sentence, the one which is part
of what is said or thought. For example:
is,hm\ pZy|im it s; avdt\ (I see the lion, he said.)
17
Year 6, Term 1
1.9
NOUNS
k|m; (m)
np; (m)
dow; (m)
z|Ntnu; (m)
g| (f)
|y|R (f)
devI (f)
n|rI (f)
desire
king
fault
ntanu
Gag
wife
goddess
lady
N||m
atIv
kd|
by name
very
once, once upon a time
DHAATUS
VERBS
as\ *
jIv\
cr\
iml\
vd\
Tyj\
aiSt
jIvit
crit
imlit
vdit
Tyjit
in being
in living
in walking
in meeting
in speaking
in leaving
smIpe
tu
dyy|
near (+ 6th)
but
please
Tv|
he is, there is
he lives
he walks
(+ 3rd) he meets
he says, speaks
he leaves
jIivTv|
cIrTv|
imilTv|
idTv|
Ty|
18
ENDINGS
having lived
having walked
having met
having spoken
having left
Year 6, Term 1
Year 6, Term 1
1.10
Story 1
A Strange Wife
King ntanu meets the beautiful river goddess Gag. He immediately falls in love, and pleads with her to be his wife. She consents,
but says that if ntanu ever asks her what she is doing, she will leave
him. A strange wife and a stranger bargain! Can ntanu fulfil the
strict regulation laid upon him?
sfn
tSy
v
ahm\
kroiw
20
happily
(see page 129 )
be!
(see page 134)
you do
n kd|ip never
m|m\
(see page 134)
pC
ask!
yid tIhR if . . . then . . .
Year 6, Term 1
Year 6, Term 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
Rivers
Rivers are important because they provide something essential
for life water. So towns and cities have normally been built
where there is a river. Since the water flows all the time and
is ever-fresh, rivers keep everything clean.
Sanskrit literature often speaks of rivers as goddesses. Gag
is an example of a river goddess. Gag is the river Ganges. It
is one of the largest rivers in the world. Its source is found
among the tallest mountains in the world, the Himlayas
(Sanskrit for home of the snows).
Year 6, Term 1
2.2
Complementary Sentences
We now look at a sentence with two sides that complement, or complete, each
other. For example:
y] y] ndI aiSt
t] t] jlm\ aiSt
Above are the two halves of the sentence. Can you see that they work together?
This is an example of the y] y] t] t] type of complementary sentence
just one of the complements listed below.
COMPLEMENTS
y] . . . t]
y] y] . . . t] t]
yd| . . . td|
yd| yd| . . . td| td|
yId . . . tIhR
y; . . . s;
y| . . . t|
y|vt\ . . . t|vt\
where . . . there
wherever . . . there
when . . . then
whenever . . . then
if . . . then
he who . . . he
as . . . so
as long as . . . for so long
ADVERBIAL ENDINGS
d|
]
|
indicates time
indicates place
indicates manner
e.g.,
e.g.,
e.g.,
yd|
y]
y|
when
where
as
23
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: This exercise should be gone through orally with the class and then
completed by each pupil in written form.
EXERCISE 11
Translate into English:
1.
y] np; vsit
t] |y|R vsit
2.
3.
y] y] nr; gCit
t] t] kuKkur; anugCit
4.
y| jn; icNtyit
t| s; ivWyit
5.
tIhR s| hsit
6.
y; aGnO itit
s; dG; ivWyit
7.
24
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 12
Translate the following into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
EXTENSION WORK
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. When the boy meets the demon, then they will do battle.
2. As a lady thinks so she will do.
3. If I meet my friend here, then we shall walk to the mountain.
4. Wherever a good man goes, there are many ladies.
25
Year 6, Term 1
2.3
The second case ending indicates the object the person or thing affected
by the action. Here are some examples.
DOER
OBJECT
The man
English order:
Sanskrit order:
nr;
nr;
sees
npm\
pZyit
pZyit
DOER
Sanskrit order:
z|Ntnu;
z|Ntnu;
goes
ndIm\
gCit
gCit
DOER
Sanskrit order:
nr|;
nr|;
to the river.
ndIm\
OBJECT
The men
English order:
npm\
OBJECT
ntanu
English order:
the king.
shoot
zr|n\
ixpiNt
ixpiNt
arrows.
zr|n\
Notice how in the Sanskrit order of a completed sentence the verb is at the end
and is followed by a sign called a ivr|m or stop. Also, notice how the doer
and the verb agree.
26
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 13
Translate into English or Sanskrit. Use the Sanskrit order method shown
above.
1.
2.
3.
27
Year 6, Term 1
Note to teachers: This is revision. It should be known by heart. The three exercises that
follow the paradigms can be oral or written, according to the need in the classroom.
2.4
hIr; (Lord) is a masculine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for masculine
nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
hIr;
hf hrf
hIrm\
hIr~|
hryg
hrf;
hrf;
hrO
hrI
hf hrI
hrI
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hyoR;
hyoR;
hry;
hf hry;
hrIn\
hIri;
hIry;
hIry;
hrI~|m\
hIrwu
gu; (teacher) is a masculine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for masculine nouns ending in
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
28
Singular
Dual
Plural
gu;
hf guro
gum\
gu~|
gurvg
guro;
guro;
gurO
gu
hf gu
gu
guy|m\
guy|m\
guy|m\
guvoR;
guvoR;
gurv;
hf gurv;
gun\
gui;
guy;
guy;
gu~|m\
guwu
Year 6, Term 1
kip;
Aiw;
muin;
aiGn;
z|Ntnu;
v|yu;
muin;
aiGn;
monkey
sage
sage
fire
ntanu
sage
sage
fire
EXERCISE 14
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Awg;
hIry|m\
munIn|m\
aGnO
kpy;
10.
gu~|
pzUn\
z|Ntnvf
v|yo;
gurv;
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
of ntanu
of two teachers
in many teachers
by ntanu
from the wind
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 15
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
29
Year 6, Term 1
EXERCISE 16
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit sentence. Then translate the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A teacher (guru)
30
Year 6, Term 1
2.5
PRONOUNS
s; (m) he / that
tt\ (n) that
ADJECTIVES
mt)
sPt
am) eighth
dead
seven
INDECLINABLES
aicre~ soon
d|nIm\ now
DHAATUS
VERBS
ixpit
pZyit
vit
nyit
pCit
gCit
a|gCit
vm\
thus
Tv|
he throws / shoots
he sees
he becomes
he leads
he asks
he goes
he comes
ENDINGS
31
Year 6, Term 1
2.6
Story 2
he married
you do
Tv|m\
my|
Year 6, Term 1
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Note to teachers: This is new material. The paradigm should be learnt by heart. The words
at the foot of the page, which have the same paradigm as mit;, should be memorised as part
of the defined vocabulary list.
mIt; (thought) is a feminine word. This paradigm gives the pattern for feminine
nouns ending in Its paradigm is very similar to that of hIr;.
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
mIt;
hf mtf
mItm\
mTy|
mtyg
mtf;
mtf;
mtO
mtI
hf mtI
mtI
mIty|m\
mIty|m\
mIty|m\
mTyo;
mTyo;
mty;
hf mty;
mtI;
mIti;
mIty;
mIty;
mtIn|m\
mItwu
bui; intellect
Uim; earth
z|iNt; peace
34
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 17
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
mty;
mtg;
mtyg
4.
5.
6.
mTyo;
mtI;
mTy|
EXERCISE 18
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. of a thought
2. of many thoughts
3. in thought
EXERCISE 19
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
buiy|m\
z|NtO
UmO
4.
5.
6.
z|Ntg;
mtIn|m\
buii;
EXERCISE 20
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Year 6, Term 2
3.2
In English, the endings -er and -or on a noun show the agent of an action. For
example:
A swimmer swims.
A sailor sails.
A farmer farms.
These endings almost certainly derive from an original A ending which, in
Sanskrit, has the same meaning. For example, the masculine word |t means
creator. Here is its paradigm:
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
|t|
hf |tr\
|t|rm\
|]|
|]g
|tu;
|tu;
|tIr
|t|rO
hf |t|rO
|t|rO
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|]o;
|]o;
|t|r;
hf |t|r;
|t<n\
|ti;
|ty;
|ty;
|t<~|m\
|twu
Note the first-five rule here. What difference do you notice in the first five case
endings? (Remember that the Vocative is also considered as the First case.)
Note also that the word
36
ktR
goes like
|t
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 21
Decline the word ktR
EXERCISE 22
A. Translate the following into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
|t|rm\
ktRy|m\
|t<n\
k]oR;
ktRIr
|tu;
k]|R
|t<~|m\
|t|
kt|R
from a creator
of many actors
for an actor
by many creators
in two creators
37
Year 6, Term 2
3.3
Relationship Nouns
ipt (m.)
m|t (f.)
Svs (f.)
duIht (f.)
/|t (m.)
father
mother
sister
daughter
brother
The paradigms of m|t (mother) and ipt (father) are similar to |t except
for the first two cases.
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
38
Singular
Dual
Plural
m|t|
hf m|tr\
m|trm\
m|]|
m|]g
m|tu;
m|tu;
m|tIr
m|trO
hf m|trO
m|trO
m|ty|m\
m|ty|m\
m|ty|m\
m|]o;
m|]o;
m|tr;
hf m|tr;
m|t<;
m|ti;
m|ty;
m|ty;
m|t<~|m\
m|twu
Year 6, Term 2
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
/|t
Singular
Dual
Plural
ipt|
hf iptr\
iptrm\
ip]|
ip]g
iptu;
iptu;
iptIr
iptrO
hf iptrO
iptrO
ipty|m\
ipty|m\
ipty|m\
ip]o;
ip]o;
iptr;
hf iptr;
ipt<n\
ipti;
ipty;
ipty;
ipt<~|m\
iptwu
ipt
EXERCISE 23
See if you can recite from memory the paradigms of m|t and ipt.
BONUS:
Can you say what is the same and what is different between
the paradigms of m|t ipt |t and Svs ?
(Hint: the First-Five Rule)
39
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 24
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit sentence. Then translate the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
EXERCISE 25
Translate the following into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE 26
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit sentence. Then translate the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
40
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The material in 3.4 is for the purpose of training the students in the
translation of English into Sanskrit.
3.4
The third case ending is used to show the instrument, the thing you might use to
do the action. For example:
Third Case Ending
English order:
Sanskrit order:
The man
eats
nr;
||dit
nr;
lm\
fruit
lm\
hStgn
|dit
EXERCISE 27
Translate into Sanskrit, using the method shown above. Do not forget to put
the verb last!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
41
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The material in 3.5 is revision to ensure that these paradigms
are known by heart.
3.5
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
tt\
tg
t|in
2nd
tt\
tg
t|in
3rd
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
4th
tSmH
t|y|m\
tgy;
5th
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
6th
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
7th
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
s;
tO
tg
2nd
tm\
tO
t|n\
3rd
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
4th
tSmH
t|y|m\
tgy;
5th
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
6th
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
7th
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
42
Year 6, Term 2
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
s|
tg
t|;
2nd
t|m\
tg
t|;
3rd
ty|
t|y|m\
t|i;
4th
tSyH
t|y|m\
t|y;
5th
tSy|;
t|y|m\
t|y;
6th
tSy|;
tyo;
t|s|m\
7th
tSy|m\
tyo;
t|su
EXERCISE 28
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ty|
tH;
tyo;
t|su
tt\
EXERCISE 29
Translate into Sanskrit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
he
she
for him
for her
by those two (neuter)
43
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 30
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
s; kip;
s| dfvI
tt\ im]m\
t^Smn\ vng
t|y|m\ mity|m\
EXERCISE 31
Choose the correct form from the three in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit phrase. Then translate the phrase.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
tt\ s; s| k|m;
t^Smn\ t|in tSy|m\ dowh
tgn ty| tG; r|xSy|
tSm|t\ t|; tSy|; kpf;
tg t|; s| Oim;
EXERCISE 32
Translate into Sanskrit.
1. that monkey
2. from those rivers
3. in that heart
44
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 33
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
The paradigms of tt\ s; and s| set the pattern for the declensions of many other
pronouns, such as svRm\ aNyt\ and tt\ for which the First Case singular endings are given below. The complete paradigms for these are given in Appendix 2.
NEUTER
MASCULINE
FEMININE
svRm\
svR;
svR|
all
aNyt\
aNy;
aNy|
other / another
tt\
w;
w|
this
EXERCISE 34
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
aNy; dfv;
w; dow;
svRawu k|mgwu
tSyI Umyg
sv|Rin im]|i~
45
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 35
1. Decline tt\ in the masculine.
2. Decline svRm\ in the feminine.
3. Decline aNyt\ in the neuter.
EXERCISE 36
Translate these sentences into Sanskrit, following this example:
English order:
Sanskrit order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
46
The man
walks
to the river.
nr;
crit
ndIm\
nr;
ndIm\
crit
Year 6, Term 2
3.6
NOUNS
ADJECTIVE
INDECLINABLE
v * only
wind
bank (of a river)
daughter / girl
Satyavat
handsome
Note to teachers: Here introduce to the students the concept of a family tree.
The tree will be developed later in the book as the story proceeds.
married
Gag
Bhma
47
Year 6, Term 2
48
Year 6, Term 2
3. 7
7
Story 3
Tvm\
k|
49
Year 6, Term 2
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
51
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The following section 4.2 is new material. The question words
should be learned as part of the defined vocabulary.
4.2
Question Words
?
RE
E
WH
HO
W
WHEN ?
Y?
H
W
WHO ?
WH
AT
?
Sanskrit uses question words too, and they always begin with the letter k .
For example:
kn]
km\
kd|
where?
how?
when?
d|
]
52
indicating time,
e.g.,
indicating place,
e.g.,
kd|
kn]
km\
when?
where?
how?
Year 6, Term 2
Here are some examples of how these question words are used:
QUESTION WORD
kn]
gimWyis
where?
you will go
km\
ngrm\
how?
town (2nd)
gC|im
I go
How do I go to town?
QUESTION WORD
kd|
b|lk;
nr;
vit
when?
boy
man
becomes
EXERCISE 37
Translate into English. Do not forget to put a question mark at the end of your
English sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
kn]; sugN;
kd| k|m; nrm\ Tyjit
km\ ghm\ gimWy|im
kd| nr|; vnm\ gCiNt
kn] r|xs|; vsiNt
53
Year 6, Term 2
QUESTION
GAME
Make up three questions in Sanskrit, using
the three question words you have just
learned. Then, exchange your questions
with a neighbour and see if you can
answer your neighbour in
Sanskrit.
4.3
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
Ikm\
k|in
2nd
Ikm\
k|in
3rd
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
4th
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
5th
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
6th
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
7th
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
54
Year 6, Term 2
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
k;
kO
2nd
kO
k|n\
3rd
km\
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
4th
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
5th
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
6th
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
7th
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
k|
k|;
2nd
k|m\
k|;
3rd
ky|
k|y|m\
k|i;
4th
kSyH
k|y|m\
k|y;
5th
kSy|;
k|y|m\
k|y;
6th
kSy|;
kyo;
k|s|m\
7th
kSy|m\
kyo;
k|su
55
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 38
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
k|y|m\
kw|m\
k
k|n\
kn
EXERCISE 39
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets and write out the correct
Sanskrit phrase. Then translate the phrase.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
56
k; nr; n|rI
k| Uim; kip;
Ikm\ vn|in vnm\
k|; ddvI ddVy;
kO pu]O kNy|
k^Smn\ cN|n\ cNf
k|s|m\ n|rIm\ n|rI~|m\
k im]e nre
ky| nOk|y|; nOky|
kSmG knKknrF; kpyg
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 40
Translate into English:
4.
k; nr; vdit
k deVyO ghm\ aTyjt|m\
kn m|geRn jnk; a|gCt\
Ikm\ avd;
5.
1.
2.
3.
EXERCISE 41
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. What is that good smell?
2. Where is that snake?
3. From which monkey does that bad smell come?
4.4
The Fourth Case Ending shows for whom the action is done. It is also used when
a person is bowed to or given something. For example:
English order:
Sanskrit order:
The man
makes
a house
nr;
kroit
ghm\
|y|RyG
nr;
|y|RyI
ghm\
kroit
57
Year 6, Term 2
Fourth Case Ending
English order:
Arjuna
bows
to Ka.
ajRun;
nmit
W~|y
ajRun;
Sanskrit order:
W~|y
nmit
English order:
Sanskrit order:
ntanu
gives
a palace
to Gag.
z|Ntnu;
dd|it
r|jghm\
g|yG
z|Ntnu;
g|yI
r|jghm\
dd|it
Notice that the person who receives the gift has a fourth case ending and that
the thing given is in the second case.
58
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 42
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.5
The Use of Sm
The word Sm is used after a verb in the present tense to change that verb into
the past. For example:
icNtyit Sm
ipbis Sm
he thought
you drank
EXERCISE 43
Translate into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
59
Year 6, Term 2
4.6
ivv|h; (m)
r|jghm\ (n)
palace
INDECLINABLES
du;gn
unhappily
DHAATUS
VERBS
w\
Cit
NOUNS
in desiring / wanting
v/tm\ (n)
vow
long ago
pur|
Tv|
u in hearing
z~oit
fit vd\ in replying fitvdit
pIr nI in marrying pIr~yit **
*
**
marriage
ENDINGS
he desires / wants
he hears
uTv|
fTyu * having replied
pIr~Iy * having married
he replies
he marries
having desired
/ wanted
having heard
Note to teachers: This begins to develop the family tree shown on page 47.
married
Bhma
60
ntanu
married
Vicitravrya
Satyavat
Year 6, Term 2
4. 7
7
Story 4
Bhmas Vow
ntanu asks the king of the fishermen for permission to marry
Satyavat. The king will only consent to the marriage if ntanu
promises that Satyavats son will be the next king. Bhma, for his
fathers sake, vows that he will give up his claim to the throne and
will never marry nor have any children.
tv your
tm\ him
m|m\ me
Tvm\ you
ahm\ I
mm mine
61
Year 6, Term 2
Year 6, Term 2
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
63
Year 6, Term 2
64
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: The class should sound ict\ cn and aip as often
as possible for the next few lessons.
5.2
Indefinites
In Sanskrit, indefinite words are made by adding ict\ cn and aip after a
question word. If n is added before the indefinite, you get a negative indefinite, like the words no one, nothing, nowhere, never and no way. For
example:
QUESTION WORD
INDEFINITE
NEGATIVE INDEFINITE
kn]
kn] aip
kn] ict\
n kn] aip
n kn] ict\
somewhere
nowhere
km\
km\ aip
n km\ aip
how?
somehow
(in) no way
kd|
kd| ict\
kd| aip
n kd| ict\
n kd| aip
sometimes
never
where?
when?
65
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 44
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Note to teachers: The question words k; k| and Ikm\ can also make indefinites.
These indefinites are listed in the Reference Book.
5.3
To take an example of the masculine indefinite forms we use the question word
k; [Remember that Ikm\ k; and k| take forms like tt\ s; and s|]
If we take k; and add ict\ cn or aip then we get the following paradigm:
66
Year 6, Term 2
QUESTION WORD
(masc.)
INDEFINITE
(masc.)
NEGATIVE INDEFINITE
(masc.)
k;
k; ict\
k; cn
k; aip
n k; ict\
n k; cn
who?
no one / nothing
someone / something
km\
(to) whom?
kn
by whom?
kSmG
for whom?
kSm|t\
from whom?
kSy
of whom?
k^Smn\
in whom?
km\ ict\
n km\ ict\
(to) someone /
(to) something
(to) no one /
nothing
kn ict\
kn aip
n kn ict\
n kn aip
by someone /
by something
by no one /
nothing
kSmG ict\
n kSmG ict\
for someone /
for something
for no one /
nothing
kSm|t\ ict\
n kSm|t\ ict\
from someone /
from something
from no one /
nothing
kSy ict\
n kSy ict\
of someone /
of something
of no one /
nothing
k^Smn\ ict\
n k^Smn\ ict\
in someone /
in something
in no one /
nothing
67
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 45
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.4
Indefinites as Adjectives
k; ict\ Aiw;
some sage
or
a certain sage
EXERCISE 46
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
68
Year 6, Term 2
5.5
The Fifth Case Ending shows where an action comes from. For example:
Fifth Case Ending
English order:
The king
goes
np;
gCit
r|jgh|t\
np;
Sanskrit order:
English order:
Sanskrit order:
r|jgh|t\
gCit
Object
Satyavat
walks
to the forest
sTyvtI
crit
vnm\
pu]fy;
sTyvtI
pu]fy;
vnm\
crit
English order:
Sanskrit order:
The monkeys
ran
kpy;
a|vn\
aGng;
kpy;
aGng;
a|vn\
69
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 47
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.6
Prefixes
overseas
EXERCISE 48
(a) Underline the prefix in each of these five words.
(b) Briefly explain the English meaning of each word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
undersized
underwear
overweight
triangle (tri means three )
submarine (sub means under )
70
Year 6, Term 2
Note to teachers: Students should learn, and be tested on, the following list.
fhsit
ap
away, off
aphrit
he carries off
sm\
s,tu)
he, completely
pleased
anu
anugCit
he follows
av
avtrit
he crosses down,
descends
ins\
out from
ingRCit
he goes or
comes out of
dus\
evil
du;m\
sorrow
Iv
outward, separation
IvSmrit
he separates from
memory, forgets
71
Year 6, Term 2
EXERCISE 49
(a) Write down each Sanskrit word and underline the prefix.
1.
avgCit
2.
sm|gCit
duWtm\
s,i; sm\i;
IvsgR;
fgCit
anuvit
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(b) Choose the matching English meaning for each of the words listed
above and write it against the Sanskrit:
it comes together
he/she/it becomes along with; experiences
a bad action
he/she/it goes down into; understands
a placing together
an outflowing
he/she/it goes forward
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
Ambalik
72
Year 6, Term 2
5.6
NOUNS
ivic]vIyR; (m)
Vicitravrya
yuvr|j; (m)
r|jpu]; (m)
Svy,vr; (m)
heir apparent
aMb| (f)
aiMbk| (f)
aMbilk| (f)
Uim; (f)
prince
self-choice
ceremony
Amb
Ambik
Ambalik
ground / earth
INDECLINABLES
k|lan
in time
aip
also / even
iv^Smt)
mu)
amazed
ADJECTIVES
bh)
apHt)
much
carried off
DHAATUS
VERBS
icNt\ in thinking
pt\
in falling
icNtyit
ptit
freed
Tv|
he thinks
he hears
ENDINGS
icNtiyTv|
pitTv|
having thought
having fallen
73
Year 6, Term 2
5. 7
7
Story 5
it IWm; icNtyit Sm
4. Svy,vr; a|sIt\
5. bhv; r|jpu]|; Svy,vrm\ agCn\
6. tt\ d| IWm; aIp Svy,vrm\ agCt\
7. Svy,vre IWmg~ kNy|; apHt|;
8. t|; kNy|; aMb| aiMbk| aMbilk| c
9. r|jpu]|; iv^Smt|; a|sn\ Uimm\ aptn\ c
10. aMb| IWmg~ mu|
11. aiMbk| aMbilk| c tu ivic]vIyRSy |yRc avt|m\
From the evidence of this story, what qualities do
you think that Bhma possesses?
74
Year 6, Term 2
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER SIX
Epic Civilization: A Day in the Life of a King
6.1
76
Year 6, Term 3
77
Year 6, Term 3
More Prefixes
6.2
a|\
a|gCit
he comes
in
down, inward
inimwit
su
good, best
sum\
pleasure
t\
upwards
i.it
he stands up
ai
thoroughly, repeatedly
aiwgk;
a thorough sprinkling,
anointing, coronation
fit
back again
fitvdit
he speaks back,
replies
pIr
around
pIr~yit
up to, towards
pgCit
he goes up to,
approaches
78
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 50
(a) Write down the following English meanings:
1. becomes upwards, arises, is born
2. fullness of joy
3. places in, entrusts
4. best colour, gold
5. lifts eyelids
6. comes back
(b) Now choose which of the above meanings match which of the following
Sanskrit words:
a|nNd;
suv~R)
*vit
fTy|gCit
^Nmwit
inixpit
EXERCISE 51
(a) Underline the prefixes in each of the following Sanskrit words.
(b) Using the list of prefixes on the previous page, and also the Sanskrit to
English vocabulary list in Appendix 4, try to guess what these words
might mean in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ai|vit
ingRCit
suv~R
fitvdit
pIr~yit (look up nyit )
79
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 52
(a) Underline the prefixes in each word.
(b) Using the lists of prefixes on page 71 and 78, and also the Sanskrit to
English vocabulary list in Appendix 4, say what these words
might mean in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
80
fhsit
phrit
anugCit
avgCit
IvSmrit
inimwit
i.it
apgCit
Year 6, Term 3
6.3
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
ahm\
a|v|m\
vym\
2nd
m|m\
a|v|m\
aSm|n\
3rd
my|
a|v|y|m\
aSm|i;
4th
mm\
a|v|y|m\
aSmym\
5th
mt\
a|v|y|m\
aSmt\
6th
mm
a|vyo;
aSm|km\
7th
miy
a|vyo;
aSm|su
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
Tvm\
yuv|m\
yUym\
2nd
yuv|m\
3rd
Tv|m\
Tvy|
yuv|y|m\
yuWm|n\
yuWm|i;
4th
tuym\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmym\
5th
Tvt\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmt\
6th
tv
yuvyo;
yuWm|km\
7th
Tviy
yuvyo;
yuWm|su
81
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 53
Translate into English or Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tv|m\
aSm|km\
miy
vym\
mm
6. we two
7. you many
8. of you
9. by me
10. in you two
EXERCISE 54
In each sentence, choose the correct form from the two in brackets. Next, write
out the correct Sanskrit sentence, then translate the sentence into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
82
Year 6, Term 3
6.4
SINGULAR
he/she/it
you
I
DUAL
they two
you two
we two
PLURAL
they
you
we
Later languages (for example, Latin and French) deal with these Persons in
the opposite order:
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
SINGULAR
I
you
he/she/it
DUAL
we two
you two
they two
PLURAL
we
you
they
In English, we always use personal pronouns to show the doer of a verb, for
example I eat, you go. However, in Sanskrit, personal pronouns do not
need to be used with verbs. The personal endings on the verbs are all that are
needed. You might, however, use a personal pronoun to show emphasis. For
example:
ahm\ |d|im
Tvm\ gCis
|d|im
gCis
I eat
you go
83
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 55
State the Person and Number of each verb, and translate into Sanskrit. For
example:
you (sing.) become
MP: vis
6. I become
2. they become
7. we two become
3. we become
5. she becomes
EXERCISE 56
Using the table on the preceding page, give the Person and Number of each of
the forms below, transliterate and then translate: For example:
6. v|im
2. v
7. v;
3. vt;
8. vis
4. viNt
9. v|m;
5. v|v;
84
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 57
Translate into English, stating the Person and number of each verb:
1.
2.
3.
EXERCISE 58
Translate into Sanskrit, stating the Person and number of each verb:
1. We (pl.) will go to the forest.
2. You made food with your two hands.
3. I speak with my mouth.
4. You (pl.) will drink water.
5. I hit the ground with my hand.
85
Year 6, Term 3
EXTENSION WORK
Optional Oral Conversation Exercise
Below are some ideas which can be used for Sanskrit conversation in
the class:
1. My name is __________.
David / Katherine
n|m ahm\
2. I am a pupil.
Ikm\ tv n|m
4. Where do you live?
ahm\
Camden
ngrf vs|im
86
Year 6, Term 3
6.5
Vicitravryas
wife
is named
Ambik.
ivic]vIyRSy
|y|R
n|m
aiMbk|
ivic]vIyRSy
|y|R
aiMbk|
n|m
Sixth Case Ending
Ka
goes
by the chariot
of Arjuna.
W~;
gCit
rgn
ajRunSy
W~;
ajRunSy
rgn
gCit
EXERCISE 59
Give two translations for the following Sanskrit phrases. For example:
nrSy aZv;
the mans horse / the horse of the man
1. |y|Ry|; pu]|;
2. nr|~|m\ buy;
3. sGinkSy rG;
4. tSy im]|y
5. n|; tIrf
87
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 60
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. The mans dog ran.
2. The dog of the man ran.
3. The Lords house is large.
4. The elephant eats the fruit of the tree.
5. Bhmas mother is named Gag.
88
Year 6, Term 3
6.6
In Sanskrit, the verb to have does not exist. Instead, we use the Sixth Case
Ending. For example:
Sixth Case Ending
npSy
k|m;
a|sIt\
of the king
desire
there was
g|y|;
pu]|;
siNt
of Gag
sons
there are
EXERCISE 61
Translate into English:
1. nrSy pu]; a|sIt\
2. pu]Sy jnk; aiSt
3. kNy|y|; sodr|; a|sn\
4. ghSy |rf St;
5. np|~|m\ r|Jy|in siNt
89
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 62
Translate into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown on page 72.
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
90
Pu
Year 6, Term 3
6.7
Year 6, Term 3
NOUNS
Vy|s; (m)
Vysa
tr|?; (m)
p|u; (m)
Dhtarra
pit; (m)1
mum\ (n)
husband
face / mouth
Pu
PRONOUNS
aNy)
ADJECTIVES
aN)
mu)
p|u)
INDECLINABLES
tSm|t\
blind
therefore
freed
pale
DHAATUS
VERBS
l\
in finding
in imw\ in closing the eyes
ltg 2
inimwit
Tv|
ENDINGS
the eyes
1
2
3
91
Year 6, Term 3
6. 8
7
Story 6
92
Year 6, Term 3
Ambik and Ambalik shocked when they see the sage Vysa.
93
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1
94
Year 6, Term 3
7.2
Words ending in t
A t ending word has the sense of a completed action. Like an adjective, its
ending is modified in case, number and gender so that it agrees with the noun it
describes. For example, r|m; gt; Rma (is) gone. Here is a list of some
t words:
t ENDING WORDS
MEANING
t)
made / done
gm\
gt)
gone
a| gm\
a|gt)
come
mt)
dead
hn\
ht)
killed / struck
ut)
heard / listened to
pz\ *
d)
seen
|d\
|idt)
eaten
ap H
apHt)
carried off
g/h\ *
ghIt)
grabbed / seized
vc\ *
\
pt\
said / spoken
pitt)
fallen
DHTUS
95
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 63
A t ending word can often be used with a form of aiSt understood.
Translate the following into English:
1. IWm; gt; a^St
2. lm\ |idtm\
3. kNy| apHt|
4. kpI dO
5. gurv; ut|;
EXERCISE 64
Translate into Sanskrit using t ending words. Remember that, in Sanskrit
sentences, a form of the verb aiSt is understood. Thus, the bracketed words
in the following sentences do not get translated into Sanskrit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
96
Year 6, Term 3
7.3
There are two ways to say a sentence. One is in an active way, such as:
The boy kicks the football.
Another is in a passive way, such as:
The football is kicked by the boy.
What do you notice about the verbs used in both sentences?
EXERCISE 65
Here are some English sentences. Say whether they are active or passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE 66
Here are some active sentences. Rewrite them in the passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
97
Year 6, Term 3
7.4
r|xs;
nre~
demon
by man
Ending Word
ht;
killed
vx|;
ajuRngn
trees
by rjuna
Ending Word
d|;
seen
zBd;
n|y|R
sound
by lady
Ending Word
ut;
heard
98
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 67
Translate the following sentences into English. Some are active and some are
passive.
1. b|lk; gun\ agCt\
2. gu; b|lk|n\ agCt\
3. gu; b|lkn ut;
4. gurv; b|lkn ut|;
5. nOk| kNyy| d|
7.5
The Seventh Case Ending is used to show the place where the action happens.
It can be translated as in/on, at and among. For example:
Seventh Case Ending
In the tree
there was
a monkey.
a|sIt\
kip;
vxf
English order:
vxf
Sanskrit order:
kip;
a|sIt\
In the tree
English order:
a monkey
eats
a fruit.
kip;
|dit
lm\
vxf
vxf
Sanskrit order:
kip;
lm\
|dit
Ka
English order:
Sanskrit order:
W~;
W~;
stood
on the body
of the demon.
aitt\
dfhf
r|xsSy
r|xsSy
dfhf
aitt\
99
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 68
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. The prince lives in the palace.
2. The boy dwelt in the forest.
3. The goddess stands on the mountain.
4. In the sky, there were many birds.
5. At the svayamvara, the king shoots an arrow.
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown on page 90.
married
ntanu
married
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Ambik
Vicitravrya m
arried
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
100
Kunt
married
Pu
Year 6, Term 3
7.6
NOUNS
mg; (m)
deer
zr; (m)
z|p; (m)
arrow
vnm\ (n)
knNtI (f)
forest
Kunt
curse
m|I (f)
Mdr
chosen
itIy)
second
ADJECTIVES
vt)
tuidt)
hit
INDECLINABLES
t]
there
DHAATUS
VERBS
Tv|
in doing/making
anu|v\ in running after
kroit he does/makes
anu|vit he runs after
ENDINGS
101
Year 6, Term 3
7. 7
7
Story 7
A Deer Curses Pu
Pu becomes king, and Kunt chooses him as a husband. While
hunting, Pu accidentally kills a sage who is disguised as a deer.
The sage curses Pu, saying that when he embraces his wife, he
will die.
102
Year 6, Term 3
Year 6, Term 3
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.1
Year 6, Term 3
8.2
There are some verbs that take a different set of endings to vit As an
example, we shall use vRtg meaning grows.
The paradigm of the Present Tense of vRtg is:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vRtg
vRgtg
vRNtg
vRsg
they grow
vgRg
you grow
vRvf
you grow
vgR
v|Rvhf
v|Rmhf
I grow
we two grow
we grow
Note: The endings of vRtg are translated in exactly the same way as vit
EXERCISE 69
Conjugate the following stems in the Present Tense, using the vRtg endings:
(a)
(finds)
(b)
Svj
(embraces)
Singular
Dual
Plural
avRt
avRgt|m\
avRNt
they grew
avR|;
avgR|m\
avRvm\
you grew
you grew
avgR
av|RvIh
av|RmIh
I grew
we two grew
we grew
105
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 70
Conjugate the following stems in the Past Tense, using the above paradigm:
(a)
8.3
(finds)
(b)
Svj
(embraces)
We have already learned the way in which a passive sentence can be constructed
using a t ending word For example:
ajRun; knNTy| d;
|d\
tud\
Passive Verbs
|d\ y tg
tud\ y tg
|tg
tutg
is eaten
is hit
r|xs;
Sanskrit order:
English order:
106
demon
zre~
by an arrow
tutg
is hit
Year 6, Term 3
Passive Verb
Sanskrit order:
nr;
is,hfn
|tg
man
by the lion
is eaten
English order:
Here is a list of several dhtus with their present active and passive
verb forms. Some are irregular.
DHTUS
PRESENT ACTIVE
PRESENT PASSIVE
d|
dd|it
gives
dIytg
he/she/it is given
p|
Ipbit
drinks
pIytg
he/she/it is drunk
tud\
tudit
hits
tutg
he/she/it is hit
|d\
|dit
eats
|tg
he/she/it is eaten
pQ\
pQit
reads
pQtg
he/she/it is read
~oit
hears
Uytg
he/she/it is heard
kroit
IFytg
he/she/it is made/done
icNt\
icNtyit
thinks
icNTytg
he/she/it is thought
gm\
gCit
goes
gMytg
he/she/it is gone to
l\
ltg
finds
lytg
he/she/it is found
vd\
vdit
speaks
tg
he/she/it is spoken
k\
kyit
tells
kytg
he/she/it is told
dz\
pZyit
sees
dZytg
he/she/it is seen
makes / does
107
Year 6, Term 3
Note to Teachers: The following four rules should be learnt and tested.
1. The object (the done to) is expressed in the First Case and the
subject is in the Third Case.
2. The verb (the action) has a
Singular
Dual
Plural
|tg
|ftg
|Ntg
|sg
you are eaten
|fg
|vf
|f
||vhf
||mhf
I am eaten
we are eaten
EXERCISE 71
Translate into English. Pay close attention to whether the verb is active
or passive.
1. pIytg
6. |dit
2. icNTytg
7. icNtyit
3. dZygtg
8. kytg
4. UyNtg
9. ltg
5. pQtg
10. Ntg
108
Year 6, Term 3
Note to Teachers: The three First Person forms of avRt should be practised.
8.4
Past passive verbs are formed by adding the prefix a on to the passive stem,
and the avRt endings are used. For example:
Dhtus
|d\
tud\
a | t
a tu t
a|t
atut
was eaten
was hit
Here are examples showing the passive verb in the present and past tenses:
Dhtus
Present Passive
Past Passive
pIytg
apIyt
it is drunk
it was drunk
p|
gMygtg
gm\
agMygt|m\
UyNtg
aUyNt
EXERCISE 72
Read each pair and say what they mean:
1. tutg atut
2. IFygtg
aIFygt|m\
3. icNTyNtg aicNTyNt
aUyNt
5. gMytg agMyt
4. UyNtg
109
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 73
Turn the following Present Passive verbs into Past Passive verbs:
1. kytg
4. lygtg
2. pQetg
5. dIyNtg
3. |Ntg
EXERCISE 74
Translate into English:
1. Im; knNTy| adZyt
2. yu|in b|lkA; aiFyNt
3. |yRd p|un| alygt|m\
4. npSy sGink; zrf~ atut
5. aMb| IWmg~ aTyJyt
EXERCISE 75
Translate the following into Sanskrit. Use passive verbs when appropriate.
1. The lion finds the river.
2. The river is found by the lion.
3. The two teachers eat two fruits.
4. The two fruits were eaten by two teachers.
5. The story was heard by the girl.
110
Year 6, Term 3
8.5
Passive verbs can be put into the Future Tense by using the normal active future
stem plus vRtg endings. You can recognise them by the characteristic Wy
or Sy signs. For example:
Dhtus
|d\
Present Passive
|tg
it is eaten
gm\
gMygtg
cr\
cyRNtg
they are walked to
Future Passive
|idWytg
it will be eaten
giMyWygtg
cIrWyNtg
they will be walked to
111
Year 6, Term 3
EXERCISE 76
Write the active and passive forms of the following future verbs. Then,
translate both.
For example:
kIrWyit
kIrWytg
it will be done to
1. gimWyit
4. Xyit
2. kIrWyt;
5. |idWyit
3. icNtiyWyiNt
EXERCISE 77
Translate into English:
1. g; spRd~ |idWytg
2. acl|; Aiwy|m\ gimWyNtg
3. r|jghm\ r|jpu]f~ kIrWytg
4. sGink|y|m\ vx|; XyNtg
5. l|in kNy|i; zI/m\ |idWyNtg
112
it will do
Year 6, Term 3
Note to teachers: This diagram further develops the family tree shown just before Story 7.
married
married
ntanu
Satyavat
d
marrie
Bhma
Vicitravrya
Ambik
married
marrie
d
married
Vysa
Ambalik
Dhtarra
Kunt
Yudhihira
(by
Dharma)
Bhma
(by
Vyu)
married
Pu
Arjuna
(by
Indra)
married
Nakula
(by the
Avins)
Mdr
Sahadeva
(by the
Avins)
113
Year 6, Term 3
8.6
NOUNS
mN]; (m)
dfv; (m)
mantra
sUyR; (m)
Yudhihira
sun
yuiir; (m)
Im; (m)
ajRun; (m)
k~R; (m)
Kara
nknl; (m)
Nakula
vcnm\ (n)
word
shdfv; (m)
Sahadeva
abandoned
p{c)
god
Bhma
Arjuna
ADJECTIVES
Ty)
j|t)
born
DHAATUS
VERBS
d|
dd|it
114
five
in giving
Tv|
he gives
d>v|
ENDINGS
having given
Year 6, Term 3
8. 7
7
Story 8
mm pu]|; ivWyiNt it
2. pur| tu yd| kuNtI kNy| td| Aiw; tSyG km\ aip mN]m\
add|t\
3. tgn mN]f~ k; cn dfv; tuym\ pu]m\ d|Syit it Aiw;
avdt\
4. sUyRm\ icNtiyTv| knNtI mN]m\ avdt\
5. sUyR; t|m\ a|gMy tSyG pu]m\ add|t\
6. s; pu]; k~R; n|m
7. s; tu knNTy| Ty;
8. vm\ p{c pu]|; mN]f~ j|t|;
9. tgw|m\ jnk|; dfv|;
10. tg yuiir; Im; ajRun; nknl; shdfv; c
d|Syit will give
115
Year 6, Term 3
Appendix 1
APPENDICES
1.
TRANSLITERATION
P.
118
2.
PARADIGMS
P.
120
3.
ENGLISHSANSKRIT VOCABULARY
P.
136
4.
SANSKRITENGLISH VOCABULARY
P.
147
117
Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1
Transliteration
The word Transliteration here means the writing of Sanskrit using English letters. This
Appendix shows all the Sanskrit Devangar letters together with the English letters used to
represent them.
a|
ao aO
ai
au
k|
ik
kI
ku
kU
k<
kE
ko
kO
ka
ki
ku k
ke kai ko kau
VOWELS
1.
ka
ca
ta
pa
kha
cha
ha
tha
pha
ga
ja
da
ba
gha
jha
ha
dha
bha
na
ma
ha
ya
ra
la
va
sa
;
NANTS
118
2. CONSO-
Appendix 1
3. HALANTA CONSONANTS
For halanta letters, the a of the letter is dropped. Examples:
k\
m\
nta
Lp
lpa
Wp
pa (a)
q\
gh
z\
4. JOINED CONSONANTS
Sy sya
Gn gna
Nt
Standard Examples
k kka
(b)
dva
ga
Double-decker Examples
tra
pra
kra
g/
gra
b/
bra
tR
rta
pR
rpa
kR
rka
gR
rga
bR
rba
(c)
ka
ra
ja
kta
hra
119
Appendix 2
APPENDIX 2
Paradigms
A paradigm is an example of all the forms and endings of a word set out as a list or chart,
and which is often used as a pattern for other words of a similar kind. All the paradigms
used in this volume, as well as those of the earlier Sanskrit textbooks in this series, are
included in this Appendix for easy reference.
VERBS
vit
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vit
vt;
viNt
they become
vis
v;
you become
you become
v|im
v|v;
v|m;
I become
we two become
we become
Dual
Plural
vit
Future Tense:
Singular
ivWyit
ivWyt;
ivWyiNt
ivWyis
ivWy;
ivWy
ivWy|im
ivWy|v;
ivWy|m;
I shall become
we shall become
120
Appendix 2 Verbs
vit
Past Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
avt\
avt|m\
avn\
they became
av;
avtm\
avt
you became
you became
avm\
av|v
av|m
I became
we two became
we became
vRtg
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
vRtg
vRgtg
vRNtg
vRsg
you grow
vRtg
vgRg
they grow
vRvf
you grow
vgR
v|Rvhf
v|Rmhf
I grow
we two grow
we grow
Singular
Dual
Plural
viRWytg
viRWygtg
Future Tense:
viRWysg
viRWygg
viRWyNtg
they will grow
viRWyvf
viRWyg
viRRWy|vhf
viRWy|mhf
we shall grow
I shall grow
121
Appendix 2 Verbs
vRtg
Past Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
avRt
avRgt|m\
avRNt
they grew
avR|;
avgR|m\
avRvm\
you grew
you grew
avgR
av|RvIh
av|RmIh
I grew
we two grew
we grew
ltg
Future Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
lPSytg
lPSygtg
lPSyNtg
lPSysg
you will find
|dit
lPSygg
lPSyvf
you will find
lPSyg
lPSy|vhf
lPSy|mhf
I shall find
we shall find
Singular
Dual
Plural
|tg
|ftg
|Ntg
|sg
you are eaten
122
|fg
|vf
you are eaten
|f
||vhf
||mhf
I am eaten
we are eaten
Appendix 2 Verbs
aiSt
aiSt
Present Tense:
Singular
Dual
Plural
aiSt
St;
siNt
he, she, it is
they are
ais
S;
you are
you are
a^Sm
Sv;
Sm;
I am
we two are
we are
Singular
Dual
Plural
a|sIt\
a|St|m\
a|sn\
they were
a|sI;
a|Stm\
a|St
you were
you were
a|sm\
a|Sv
a|Sm
I was
we two were
we were
Past Tense:
123
Appendix 2 Nouns
NOUNS
r|m;
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
Singular
Dual
Plural
r|m;
hf r|m
r|mm\
r|mO
hf r|mO
r|mO
r|m|y|m\
r|m|y|m\
r|m|y|m\
r|myo;
r|myo;
r|m|;
hf r|m|;
r|m|n\
r|mg~
r|m|y
6th
r|m|t\
r|mSy
7th
r|mg
5th
im]m\
r|mF;
r|mgy;
r|mgy;
r|m|~|m\
r|mgwu
am\
Singular
Dual
Plural
6th
im]m\
hf im]
im]m\
im]f~
im]|y
im]|t\
im]Sy
im]|i~
hf im]|i~
im]|i~
im]F;
im]fy;
im]fy;
im]|~|m\
7th
im]f
im]f
hf im]f
im]f
im]|y|m\
im]|y|m\
im]|y|m\
im]yo;
im]yo;
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
124
im]fwu
Appendix 2 Nouns
sIt|
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
ndI
Voc.
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
sIt|
hf sItg
sIt|m\
sIty|
sIt|yH
sIt|y|;
sIt|y|;
sIt|y|m\
sItg
hf sItg
sItg
sIt|y|m\
sIt|y|m\
sIt|y|m\
sItyo;
sItyo;
sIt|;
hf sIt|;
sIt|;
sIt|i;
sIt|y;
sIt|y;
sIt|n|m\
sIt|su
1st
2nd
a|
Singular
Dual
Plural
ndI
hf nid
ndIm\
n|
nH
n|;
n|;
n|m\
nO
hf nO
nO
ndIy|m\
ndI|y|m\
ndI|y|m\
no;
no;
n;
hf n;
ndI;
ndIi;
ndIy;
ndIy;
ndIn|m\
ndIwu
125
Appendix 2 Nouns
hIr;
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
gu;
Singular
Dual
Plural
hIr;
hf hrf
hIrm\
hIr~|
hryg
hrf;
hrf;
hrO
hrI
hf hrI
hrI
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hIry|m\
hyoR;
hyoR;
hry;
hf hry;
hrIn\
hIri;
hIry;
hIry;
hrI~|m\
hIrwu
Singular
Dual
Plural
6th
gu;
hf guro
gum\
gu~|
gurvf
guro;
guro;
7th
gurO
gu
hf gu
gu
guy|m\
guy|m\
guy|m\
guvoR;
guvoR;
gurv;
hf gurv;
gun\
gui;
guy;
guy;
gu~|m\
guwu
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
126
Appendix 2 Nouns
|t
1st
Voc.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Singular
Dual
Plural
|t|
hf |tr\
|t|rm\
|]|
|]g
|tu;
|tu;
|tIr
|t|rO
hf |t|rO
|t|rO
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|ty|m\
|]o;
|]o;
|t|r;
hf |t|r;
|t<n\
|ti;
|ty;
|ty;
|t<~|m\
|twu
127
Appendix 2 Pronouns
PRONOUNS
tt\
(that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
tt\
tg
t|in
that
those two
those
tt\
tg
t|in
that (2nd)
those (2nd)
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
by that
by those two
by those
tSmI
t|y|m\
tgy;
for that
for those
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
from that
from those
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
of that
of those two
of those
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
in that
in those two
in those
128
Appendix 2 Pronouns
tt\
(he / that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
s;
tO
tg
he, that
those two
those
tm\
tO
t|n\
those (2nd)
tgn
t|y|m\
tG;
by him, by that
by those two
by those
tSmI
t|y|m\
tgy;
for those
tSm|t\
t|y|m\
tgy;
from those
tSy
tyo;
tgw|m\
of him, of that
of those two
of those
t^Smn\
tyo;
tgwu
in him, in that
in those two
in those
129
Appendix 2 Pronouns
tt\
(she / that):
Singular
Dual
Plural
s|
tg
t|;
she, that
those two
those
t|m\
tg
t|;
those (2nd)
ty|
t|y|m\
t|i;
by her, by that
by those two
by those
tSyG
t|y|m\
t|y;
for those
t|y|m\
t|y;
from those
tSy|;
tyo;
t|s|m\
of her, of that
of those two
of those
tSY||m\
tyo;
t|su
in her, in that
in those two
in those
tSy|;
from her, from that
130
Appendix 2 Pronouns
Ikm\
Singular
Dual
Plural
Ikm\
k|in
what? / which?
which two?
which?
Ikm\
k|in
to which? (2nd)
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
by what? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
for which?
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
from which?
kSy
kyo;
kw|m\
of what? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
in what? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
131
Appendix 2 Pronouns
k;
Singular
Dual
Plural
k;
kO
who? / which?
km\
which two?
kO
which?
k|n\
to whom? / to which?
kn
k|y|m\
kA;
by whom? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSmH
k|y|m\
ky;
for which?
kSm|t\
k|y|m\
ky;
from which?
kSy
132
to which? (2nd)
kyo;
kw|m\
of whom? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
k^Smn\
kyo;
kwu
in whom? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
Appendix 2 Pronouns
k|
Singular
Dual
Plural
k|
k|;
who? / which?
which two?
which?
k|m\
k|;
to which? (2nd)
ky|
k|y|m\
k|i;
by whom? / by which?
by which two?
by which?
kSyG
k|y|m\
k|y;
for which?
kSy|;
k|y|m\
k|y;
from which?
kSy|;
kyo;
k|s|m\
of whom? / of which?
of which two?
of which?
kSy|m\
kyo;
k|su
in whom? / in which?
in which two?
in which?
133
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The paradigm of
ahm\
Singular
Dual
Plural
ahm\
a|v|m\
vym\
we two
we
m|m\
a|v|m\
aSm|n\
me (2nd)
134
(I):
us two (2nd)
us (2nd)
my|
a|v|y|m\
aSm|i;
by me
by us two
by us
mm\
a|v|y|m\
aSmym\
for me
for us two
for us
mt\
a|v|y|m\
aSmt\
from me
from us two
from us
mm
a|vyo;
aSm|km\
of me
of us two
of us
miy
a|vyo;
aSm|su
in me
in us two
in us
Appendix 2 Pronouns
The paradigm of
Tvm\
(you):
Singular
Dual
Plural
Tvm\
yuv|m\
yUym\
you
you two
you
Tv|m\
yuv|m\
yuWm|n\
you (2nd)
you (2nd)
Tvy|
yuv|y|m\
yuWm|i;
by you
by you two
by you
tuym\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmym\
for you
for you
Tvt\
yuv|y|m\
yuWmt\
from you
from you
tv
yuvyo;
yuWm|km\
of you
of you two
of you
Tviy
yuvyo;
yuWm|su
in you
in you two
in you
135
Appendix 3
APPENDIX 3
Vocabulary: English Sanskrit
This EnglishSanskrit vocabulary comprises in alphabetical order the appropriate English
renderings of all the Sanskrit words used in the exercises and stories found in this volume, as well as
those used in the earlier Sanskrit textbooks, The Stories of Krishna and The Story of Rma.
Ai
It)
pun;
pun; pun;
afraid
again
again and again
Agha, name of
a;
h| h|
d|hyit
svR)
v
a demon
alas! alas!
(sets) alight
all
alone, only
Arjuna
army
arrow
as if, like
asked
asks
asks for
Aoka trees
ate
Ayodhy
ajRun;
shn|
zr;
v
apCt\
pCit
f|Ryit
azok
vx|;
a|dt\
ayoy|
(emphasises
previous word)
also
and
angry
are they (plural) are
they two are
i we (plural) are
i we two are
i you (sing.) are
i you (plural) are
i you two are
136
aip
c
kpipt)
siNt
St;
Sm;
Sv;
ais
S
S;
Bi
battle
beautiful
became
be!, become!
(having) become
(will) become
yum\
rm~Iy)
icr)
avt\
v (sg.),
vt (pl.)
PTv|
ivWyit
Appendix 3
becomes
belly
best
Bharata
Bhma
binds
bird
black
bliss
blood
blue
boat
body
book
(having)
bound
vit
dr;
.m)
rt;
Im;
bn|it
g;
W~)
a|nNd;
rm\
nIl)
nOk|
dfh;
puStkm\
b\v|
c|p;
anmt\
nTv|
nmit
b|lk;
b/|S]m\
vIr)
f|tr|z;
Stn;
a|ny
a|nyit
sodr;
a|nyt\
akrot\
burn
burned
(will)
burns
(having)
burnt
but
butter
Xyit
adht\
dhit
dGv|
tu
nvnItm\
Ci
calf
came
Cra
carried off
causeway
cave
chair
chariot
cheating; sin
chin
city
climbs
closes (the eyes)
cloud
colour
come
(having) come
(will) come
comes
vTs;
a|gCt\
c|~Nr;
apHt)
sgtu;
guh|
pIQm\
r;
amR;
icbukm\
ngrm\
a|rohit
inimwit
mg;
v~R;
a|gt)
a|gMy
a|gimWyit
a|gCit
137
Appendix 3
a|gC
ijt) ajyt\
conquers, is victorious jyit
contented
s,tu)
cowherd
gop|l;
Creator, the
ipt|mh;
cried out
aFozt\
cried; wailed
arodt\
cries out
Fozit
cries; wails
rodit
crossed
atrt\
crosses
trit
curse
z|p;
cursed
zPt)
cut
In)
come!
conquered
(will)
138
do, make
done, made,
put on Tv|
koKkor;
|rm\
aipbt\
drink!
ipb (sg.), ipbt (pl.)
drinks
ipbit
drunk
pIt)
(having) drunk
pITv|
dwells
vsit
dwelt
avst\
dog
door
drank
Ei
Daaratha
daughter
dead
deer
demon
demoness
destroyed
destroys
(they pl.) did, made
did, made
(having)
kroit
t)
does, makes
done
dzr;
kNy|
mt)
mg;
r|xs;
r|xsI
an|zyt\
n|zyit
akovRn\
akrot\
kIrWyit
ear
k~R;
eat!
|d (sg.), |dt (pl.)
eaten
|idt)
eats
|dit
(will) eat
|idWyit
elephant
gj;
entered
f|ivzt\
(having) entered
fivZy
enters
fivzit
everything
svRm\
everywhere
svR]
Appendix 3
evil
experienced
eye
as|u) du)
anuQt)
nh]m\
friend
fruit
im]m\
lm\
Gi
Fi
garden
falls
(having)
fallen
falls in love
far away
father
fear
fearless
fell
fell in love
(will) find
finds
fire
first
fish
flower
flute
(like a) fool
forest
form
found
freed
ptit
pitTv|
isit (+7th)
dUrg
jnk;
ym\
ay)
aptt\
aist\ (+7th)
lPSyth
lth
aiGn;
fm)
mTSy;
puWpm\
v,z;
mPvt\
vnm\
arym\
pm\
alt
mu)
gave
give!
gives
(will) give help
|nm\
add|t\
dhIh (sg.)
dd|it
s|h|Yym\ kIrWyit
go!
gC (sg.), gCt (pl.)
gimWyit
(will) go
goes
gCit
goes down
avgCit
goes forward
fgCit
golden
suv~R)
gone
gt)
(having) gone
gTv|
good
s|u)
good! good!
s|u s|u
grabbed
ghIt)
(having) grabbed
ghITv|
green
hIrt)
grew
avRt
grief
zok;
ground
Pimm\ (2nd)
grows
vRth
139
Appendix 3
(will)
grow
viRWyth
hits
home
horrible
house
how?
Hi
hair
kz;
hand
hSt;
Hanumn, son of the wind
happiness, pleasure
happy
he
heard
(having)
heard
hears
heart
help
(will give)
help
her (2nd)
(to) her (4th)
her, of her (6th)
here
hidden
him (2nd)
(by) him (3rd)
(to) him (4th)
his, of him (6th)
140
v|yupu];
sum\
suit)
s;
ut)
uTv|
z~oit
Hdym\
s|h|Yym\
s|h|Yym\
kIrWyit
t|m\
tSyI
tSy|;
a]
itroIht)
tm\
thn
tSmJ
tSy
tudit
ghm\
or)
ghm\
km\
I
I am
if
Indra
Indrajit
inside
is
ahm\
a^Sm
yid
N;
Nijt\
aNt;
aiSt
Jayu
Janaka
jewel
jump
jq|yu;
jnk;
Nw~m\
5vnm\
Kabandha
Kasa
kbN;
k,s;
Appendix 3
Kliya,
a serpent demon
kill!
(will)
kill
kills
killed
(having)
killed
king
kingdom
Kubera, the god
of wealth
Ka
Kaikey
Kausaly
k|ily;
Vy|p|dy
Vy|p|diyWyit
Vy|p|dyit
ht)
hTv|
np;
r|Jym\
knbgr;
W~;
kAkyI
kOsLy|
Lakmaa
Lak,
Rvaas island
lady
large
laughed
laughs
leads
(will) lead
leaf-house
(having) left
lXm~;
l|
n|rI
ivz|l)
ahst\
hsit
nyit
ngWyit
p~Rghm\
Ty|
leave alone!
leaves
led
lifted up
lifts, lifts up
like, as if
like a fool
like Rma
likewise; thus
limitless
lion
listen!
z~u (sg.),
listened
listens
lives, dwells
long
long ago
(for a) long time
Lord, the
Tyj
Tyjit
anyt\
dhrt\
rit
v
mOvt\
r|mvt\
vm\
anNt)
is,h;
z~ut (pl.)
az~ot\
z~oit
vsit
dIR)
pur|
bhuk|lm\
hIr;
made, did
(they pl.) made, did
magic
(will) make, do
makes, does
man
akrot\
aknvRn\
m|y|
kIrWyit
kroit
nr;
141
Appendix 3
bhu)
m|rIc;
me (2nd)
m|m\
(by) me
my|
(for) me
mm\
(in) me
miy
meets
imlit (+ 3rd)
messenger
dUt;
met
aimlt\ (+ 3rd)
myh (+ 6th)
(in the) middle of
Mithil
imil|
monk
muinjn;
monkey
kip; v|nr;
moon
cN;
mother
jnnI
mountain
acl;
mouth
a|Sym\ mum\
my
mm
many
Mrca
not
nowhere
n
n kn]ict
O!
ocean
old
O my!
once
one, a certain
only, alone
(emphasises
previous word)
orange
other, another
hg
smu;
v)
aho
kd|
k)
v
n|r)
aNy)
name, by name
Nrada, a sage
near
never
Nla,
a monkey architect
nose
142
n|m
n|rd;
smIph (+ 6th)
n kd| aip
nIl;
n|isk|
palace
person
person
pillar
places, puts
plays (an instrument)
pleasure, happiness
poison
possessing
r|jghm\
puw;
jn;
StM;
S|pyit
v|dyit
sum\
ivwm\
yu) (+ 3rd)
Appendix 3
prince
protect!
proud
punish!
pupil
pure
Ptan, a demoness
(having)
put on
r|jpu];
rx
givRt)
dy
izWy;
zu)
pUtn|
Tv|
quickly
zI/m\
rains
Rma
ran
Rvaa
red
rejoiced
rejoices
ring
river
road
rock
rope
vw|R;
r|m;
a|vt\
r|v~;
a~)
armt
rmth
aolIym\
ndI
m|gR;
izl|
sU]m\
runs
|vit
du;it)
mqinjn; Aiw;
said, spoke
avdt\
(having) said
idTv|
sang
ag|yt\
atrughna
z]un;
saved
rixt)
saw
apZyt\
says
vdit
searched after
aNvHCt\
second
itIy)
see!
pZy (sg.), pZyt (pl.)
Xyit
(will) see
seen
d)
(having) seen
d|
sees
pZyit
serpent demon
k|ily;
(having) set alight
dGv|
set light to
ad|hyt\
sets light to
d|hyit
she
s|
shines
|it
shoots
ixpit
short
Sv)
sad
sage
143
Appendix 3
tUW~Im\
amR;
g|yit
sIt|
sits down
pivzit
iva
izv;
Sumitr
su im]|
rpanakh
zNpRn|
sky
ggnm\
small
aLp)
(with a) smile
s^Smtm\
snake
spR;
soldier
sHink;
son
pu];
soon
aicrf~
sound
zBd;
speaks
vdit
special
iviz)
stands
itit
star
t|rk|
stood
aitt\
stop!
prm
stops
prmit (+ 5th)
straight away
anNtrm\
strong
fbl)
Sugrva
sug/Iv;
sun
sU yR;
Supreme Lord, the prmiZvr;
sword
;
silently
sin; cheating
sings
St
144
puCm\
a|c|yR; gu;
vNdnm\
tt\ (neut.)
s; (masc.)
s| (fem.)
that, him (2nd)
tm\ (masc.)
t^Smn\
(in) that, (in) him
then
td|
there
t]
there is
a^St
therefore
tSm|t\
they two are
St;
they (plural) were
a|sn\
thinks
icNtyit
(he, she) thought
aicNtyt\
those
th
tail
teacher
thank you
that
Appendix 3
town
tree
true
fit
ngrm\
vx;
sTy)
wailed, cried
wails, cries
walked
(having) walked
walks
arodt\
rodit
acrt\
cIrTv|
crit
was
a|sIt
(I was)
a|sm\
water
jlm\
we (plural)
vym\
we/us two
a|v|m\
went
agCt\
(they plural) were
a|sn\
(they two) were
a|St|m\
(we plural) were
a|Sm
(we two) were
a|Sv
(you plural) were
a|St
(you singular) were
a|sI;
(you two) were
a|Stm\
what?
Ikm\
wheel
ax;
where?
kn]
Whirlwind demon, the cFv|t;
wife
|y|R
wine
mm\
wing
px;
wise
f|D)
(he/she/it was)
unburnt
unhappiness
us (plural, 2nd)
(by) us (plural)
(for) us (plural)
(from) us (plural)
(in) us (plural)
(of) us (plural)
us/we two
adG)
du;m\
aSm|n\
aSm|i;
aSmym\
aSmt\
aSm|su
aSm|km\
a|v|m\
very
(is) victorious
Vivmitra
voice
vulture
atIv
jyit
ivZv|im];
Svr;
g/;
145
Appendix 3
wish
with, together with
wood, forest
writes
vr;
sh (+3rd)
vnm\ arym\
ilit
Yaod
yellow
you (singular)
you (plural)
you (plural, 2nd)
you two (1st & 2nd)
(by) you (singular)
(for) you (singular)
(for) you (plural)
(from) you (plural)
(from) you (singular)
(in) you (singular)
(in/of) you two
(of) you (singular)
your
146
yzod|
pIt)
Tvm\
yUym\
yuWm|n\
yuv|m\
Tvy|
tuym\
yuWmym\
yuWmt\
Tvt\
Tviy
yuvyo;
tv
tv
Appendix 4
APPENDIX 4
Vocabulary: Sanskrit English
This SanskritEnglish vocabulary comprises in alphabetical order all Sanskrit words, with their
appropriate English renderings, used in the exercises and stories found in this volume, as well as
those used in the earlier Sanskrit textbooks, The Stories of Krishna and The Story of Rma.
akyt\
told
akrot\
made, did, built
aknvRn\
they (pl.) made, did
aFozt\
cried out
ax;
wheel
aixpt\
threw
a|dt\
ate
agCt\
went
ag|yt\
sang
aiGn;
fire
a;
Agha, name of a demon
aolIym\
ring
acrt\
walked
acl;
mountain
aicNtyt\
(he/she) thought
aicrf~
soon
ajyt\
conquered
atrt\
crossed
aitt\
stood
atIv
very
atudt\
hit
a]
adG)
add|t\
adht\
ad|hyt\
amR;
a|vt\
anNt)
anNtrm\
anmt\
anyt\
an|zyt\
anuPt)
aNt;
aNth
aNy)
aNvHCt\
aptt\
apZyt\
apHt)
aip
n kd| aip
aipbt\
here
unburnt
gave
burned
set light to
cheating, sin
ran
limitless
straight away
bowed
led
destroyed
experienced
inside
in the end
other, another
searched after
fell
saw
carried off
also
never
drank
147
Appendix 4
apCt\
ay)
avt\
aimlt\ (+3rd)
ayoy|
arym\
armt
a~)
arodt\
ajRun;
alt
aLp)
avgCit
avdt\
avRt
avst\
az~ot\
azokvx|;
as|u)
ais
a^St
aS|pyt\
aist\
aSmt\
aSmym\
aSm|km\
aSm|n\
aSm|i;
aSm|su
148
asked
fearless
became
met
a^Sm
ahm\
ahst\
aho
I am
I
laughed
O my!
Ayodhy
forest
rejoiced
red
cried, wailed
Arjuna
found
small
goes down
said
grew
dwelt
listened
Aoka trees
evil
you (sing.) are
is
placed, put
fell in love
(from) us (plural)
(for) us (plural)
(of) us (plural)
us (plural, 2nd)
(by) us (plural)
(in) us (plural)
a|
a|gC
a|gCt\
a|gCit
a|gt)
a|gimWyit
a|gMy
a|c|yR;
a|nNd;
a|ny
a|nyt\
a|nyit
a|rohit
a|vyo;
a|v|y|m\
a|v|m\
a|sn\
a|sm\
a|sI;
a|sIt\
a|St
a|Stm\
come!
came
comes
come
will come
having come
teacher
bliss
bring!
brought
brings
climbs
(of/in) us two
(by/for/from) us two
we/us two
(they, plural) were
I was
you (sing.) were
he/she/it was
you (plural) were
you two were
Appendix 4
a|St|m\
a|Sm
a|Sym\
a|Sv
they two
were
we (plural) were
mouth
we two
were
it
N;
Nijt\
v
Aiw;
sage
thus
Indra
Indrajit
like, as if
k)
kd|
v
one, a certain
once
alone, only
(emphasises
previous word)
vm\
thus; likewise
.m)
dr;
dhrt\
idTv|
|nm\
rit
prm
best
belly
lifted, lifted up
having said
garden
lifts, lifts up
stop!
k,s;
kQ;
Kasa
throat
149
Appendix 4
km\
kyit
kd| aip
kNy|
kip;
kbN;
kIrWyit
kroit
k~R;
k|ily;
Ikm\
knknr;
kn]
knipt)
knbgr;
t)
Tv|
how?
tells
(when after n ) never
daughter
monkey
Kabandha
will do, make
does, makes, puts on
ear
Kliya, a serpent demon
what?
dog
where?
angry
Kubera, god of wealth
done, made
having done,
having made,
having put on
W~)
W~;
kz;
kAkyI
kOsLy|
Fozit
ixpit
150
black
Ka
hair
Kaikey
Kausaly
cries out
throws, shoots
g;
;
|d
|dt
|dit
|idt)
|idWyit
bird
sword
eat! (singular)
eat! (plural)
eats
eaten
will eat
ggnm\
gC
gCt
gCit
gj;
gt)
gTv|
gimWyit
givRt)
g|yit
gu;
guh|
g/;
ghm\
ghIt)
sky
go! (singular)
go! (plural)
goes
elephant
gone
having gone
will go
proud
sings
teacher
cave
vulture
house
grabbed
Appendix 4
ghITv|
gop|l;
having grabbed
cowherd
or)
horrible
cN;
crit
cIrTv|
c|~Ur;
c|p;
icNtyit
icbukm\
Jayu
person
Janaka
father
mother
is victorious,
conquers
water
conquered
and
the Whirlwind
demon
moon
walks
having walked
Cra
bow
thinks
chin
In)
jq|yu;
jn;
jnk;
jnk;
jnnI
jyit
jlm\
ijt)
c
cFv|t;
cut
tt\
t]
td|
tm\
tyo;
trit
tv
tSm|t\
t^Smn\
tSmJ
tSy
tSy|;
tSyJ
that
there
then
that, him (2nd)
(of/in) those two
crosses
your, of you
therefore
in that, in him
to that, to him
his, of him
her, of her
to her
151
Appendix 4
t|qk|
t|n\
t|m\
t|rk|
itroIht)
itit
it;
tu
tudit
tuym\
tUW~Im\
th
thn
tO
Ty|
Tyj
Tyjit
Tvt\
Tvm\
Tvy|
Tviy
Tak
those (many) (2nd m.)
her (2nd)
star
hidden
stands
three (fem.)
but
hits
for you (sing.) (4th)
silent
those (many) (m.)
by him / by that
those two (m.)
having left
leave alone!
leaves
from
dzr;
dhit
d|hyit
dIR)
du)
du;m\
du;it)
dUt;
dUrm\
dUrf
d)
d|
dhh;
dhIh
|rm\
itIy)
Xyit
Daaratha
burns
sets light to
long
evil
unhappiness
sad
messenger
a long way
far away
seen
having seen
body
give! (sing.)
door
second
will see
you (sing.)
you (sing.)
by you (sing.)
in you (sing.)
Xyit
|vit
will burn
runs
dGv|
dy
dd|it
152
having burnt,
having set alight
punish!
gives
n
not
n kd| aip never
Appendix 4
n ku] ict\
ngrm\
nTv|
ndI
nmit
nyit
nr;
nv)
nvnItm\
n|m
nowhere
town, city
having bowed
river
n|r )
n|rd;
n|rI
n|zyit
n|isk|
inimwit
nIl)
nIl;
orange
Nrada, a sage
lady
bows
leads
man
new
butter
a name;
by name
destroys
nose
closes the eyes
blue
Nla (a monkey
architect)
np;
nh]m\
nhWyit
nOk|
king
eye
will lead
boat
px;
ptit
wing
falls
pitTv|
prmeZvr;
p~Rghm\
pZy
pZyt
pZyit
ipt|mh;
ipb
ipbt
ipbit
pIQm\
pIit)
pIt)
puCm\
pu];
pun;
pun; pun;
pur|
puw;
puWpm\
puStkm\
pUtn|
pCit
fgCit
fit (+ 2nd)
fm)
fbl)
fivZy
f|D)
fallen
the Supreme
Lord
leaf-house
see! (singular)
having
see! (plural)
sees
the Creator
drink! (singular)
drink! (plural)
drinks
chair
tormented
yellow; drunk
tail
son
again
again and again
long ago
person
flower
book
Ptan, a demoness
asks
goes forward
towards
first
strong
having entered
wise
153
Appendix 4
f|tr|z;
f|Ryit
f|ivzt\
5vnm\
breakfast
asks for
entered
a jump
lm\
fruit
vit
ivWyit
|it
|y|R
It)
Im;
PTv|
Pimm\ (2nd)
PMy|m\
Pw~m\
becomes
will become
shines
wife
afraid
Bhma
become
ground
on the ground
jewel
having
b\v|
bn|it
bh)
bhk|lm\
b|lk;
b/|S]m\
having bound
binds
many
for a long time
boy
the Brahm
weapon
ym\
rt;
v
vt
154
fear
Bharata
be!, become! (sing.)
be!, become! (plural)
mt\
mTSy;
mm\
myh (+6th)
mm
my|
miy
mm\
m|m\
m|y|
m|rIc;
m|gR;
im]m\
imil|
from me
fish
wine
in the middle of
my, of me
by me
in me
for me
me (2nd)
magic
Mrca
road
friend
Mithil (a city)
Appendix 4
imlit (+ 3rd)
mr) (+ 5th)
mrm\
mrinjn;
mOvt\
mg;
mt)
mh;
meets
freed
mouth
monk, sage
like a fool
deer
dead
cloud
yId
yzod|
yu) (+ 3rd)
yum\
yuvyo;
yuv|y|m\
yuv|m\
if
Yaod
possessing
battle
of / in you two
by / for / from
you two
you two
rm\
rx
rixt)
r;
rm~Iy)
rmth
r|xs;
r|xsI
r|jghm\
r|jpu];
r|Jym\
r|m;
r|mvt\
r|v~;
blood
protect!
saved
chariot
beautiful
rejoices
demon
demoness
palace
prince
kingdom
Rma
like Rma
Rvaa, king
of the demons
icr)
pm\
rodit
beautiful
form
cries; wails
(1st or 2nd)
yuWmt\
yuWmym\
yuWm|km\
yuWm|n\
yuWm|i;
yuWm|su
yUym\
you (plural)
for you (plural)
of you (plural)
from
lXm~;
l|
Lakmaa
Lak,
Rvaas island
lPSyth
lth
will find
finds
155
Appendix 4
ilit
writes
vTs;
vdit
vnm\
vNdnm\
vym\
vr;
v~R;
vRth
viRWyth
vw|R;
v,z;
vsit
v|dyit
calf
speaks
forest
thank you
we (plural)
wish
colour
grows
will grow
rains
flute
dwells
plays (an
instrument)
v|nr;
v|yupu];
monkey
Hanumn, son
of the wind
ivwm\
ivz|l)
iviz)
ivZv|im];
ivsgR;
156
poison
large
special
Vivmitra
a release of the
breath, shown
by :, as in r|m;
vIr)
vx;
v)
Vy|p|dyit
Vy|p|dy
Vy|p|diyWyit
brave
tree
old
kills
kill!
will kill
z]un;
zPt)
zBd;
zr;
z|p;
izl|
izv;
izWy;
zI/m\
zu)
zUpRn|
z~u
z~ut
z~oit
zok;
I
ut)
uTv|
atrughna
cursed
sound, voice
arrow
curse
rock
iva
pupil
quickly
pure
rpanakh
listen! (singular)
listen! (plural)
hears
grief
light
heard
having heard
Appendix 4
sTy)
siNt
s,tu)
smIph (+ 6th)
smu;
spR;
svR)
svR]
true
they (plural) are
contented
near
ocean
snake
all
everywhere
svRm\
all, everything
s^Smtm\
with a smile
sh (+ 3rd)
together with
s;
he
s|
she
s|u)
good
s|u s|u
good! good!
s|h|Yym\
help
s|h|Yym\ kIrWyit
give help
lion
St
happiness,
pleasure
happy
Sugrva
Sumitr
golden
rope, string
will
is,h;
sIt|
sum\
suit)
sug/Iv;
suim]|
suv~R)
sP]m\
sPyR;
shtu;
shn|
sodr;
sIink;
Stn;
StM;
St;
S
S;
S|pyit
isit (+7th)
Sm;
Svr;
Sv;
sun
causeway
army
brother
soldier
breast
pillar
they two are
you (plural) are
you two are
places
falls in love
we (plural) are
voice
we two are
ht)
hTv|
hIrt)
hIr;
hsit
hSt;
h| h|
Hdym\
hg
Sv)
killed
having killed
green
the Lord
laughs
hand
alas! alas!
heart
O!
short
157
Appendix 4
158
Appendix 4
159