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Composites

A combination of two or more dissimilar materials having a distinct interface between them such
that the properties of the resulting materials are superior to the individual components

Carbon Fibers
1. These are used in aerospace, road and marine transport, and sporting goods
2. It have many applications in missiles, aircraft brakes, aerospace antenna and support
structure, large telescopes, optical benches, waveguides for stable high-frequency (GHz)
precision measurement frames
3. Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class
of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers

4. The fiber also finds use in filtration of high-temperature gases, as an electrode with high
surface area and impeccable corrosion resistance, and as an anti-static component
5. It is also used commonly as breast implants
6. In 1970s, fishing rods, golf club shafts and tennis rackets began to be made of the carbon
fibers
7. Carbon Fibers are an indispensable basic material of sporting goods
8. As golf shafts made of Carbon Fibers (carbon shafts) are far lighter than those made of
metal, the swing speed with a given power becomes higher with carbon shafts than with
metal shafts
9. Rackets that use Carbon Fibers can be by far lighter than those that use wood or metal
and can reduce burden on players
10. By the use of Carbon Fibers, canoes have become light enough to be able to be
transported by passenger cars. By this, canoe population seems to have increased.

Concrete
1. Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block
walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures,
dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.
Famous concrete structures include the Burj Khalifa (world's tallest building), the Hoover
Dam, the Panama Canal and the Roman Pantheon

2. Mass concrete structures typically include gravity dams, such as the Hoover Dam, the
Itapa Dam and the Three Gorges Dam, arch dams, navigation locks and large
breakwaters
3. Pre-stressed concrete is a form of reinforced concrete that builds in compressive stresses
during construction to oppose those found when in use
4. In pre-tensioned concrete, the pre-stressing is achieved by using steel or polymer tendons
or bars that are subjected to a tensile force prior to casting, or for post-tensioned concrete,
after casting
5. Sound/retaining walls, bridges, office buildings and more serve as the optimal canvases
for concrete art
6. Concrete is one of the most durable building materials
7. Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world with annual
consumption estimated at between 21 and 31 billion tones. Concrete is used more than any
other man-made material in the world

8. Structures made of concrete can have a long service life


9. Precast concrete are the most widely used types of concrete functional extensions in modern days
10. It provides superior fire resistance, compared with wooden construction and can gain
strength over time

Cement
1. Medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using
hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding
facilities
2. Cement is primarily used to produce concrete, the worlds most versatile and durable
construction material
3. Some other applications for cement may include solidification/stabilization (S/S) a
widely used technique for the management and disposal of a broad range of contaminated
materials and wastes, including radioactive wastes
4. Cement is mixed into the contaminated substance, immobilizing the contaminants and
preventing them from migrating to plants, animals or humans
5. It has been used as a binding medium for the construction of houses, buildings etc
6. Engineered soils are another important application
7. Cement is mixed in to stabilize substandard soils as a base for buildings, roadways,
airport runways, parking lots and other uses

Glass Reinforcement Plastic

1. Fiberglass is also used in the telecommunications industry for shrouding the visual
appearance of antennas, due to its RF permeability and low signal attenuation properties
2. It may also be used to shroud the visual appearance of other equipment where no signal
permeability is required
3. Other uses include sheet form made electrical insulators and other structural components
commonly found in the power industries
4. Storage tanks can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300 tones
5. Fiberglass tanks are also used for septic tanks
6. Glass reinforced plastics are also used in the house building market for the production of
roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers,
chimneys, coping systems, heads with keystones and sills
It is also used in
7. Firewater systems
8. Cooling water systems
9. Drinking water systems
10. Waste water systems/Sewage systems

Wood
1. Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters,
houses and boats
2. In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material,
especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding
3. Wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the mould into which
concrete is poured during reinforced concrete construction
4. Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural
areas of the world
5. Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds
6. Wood is used to make tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other
utensils, like the wooden spoon
7. Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and
carvings for millennia
8. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving
9. Many types of sports equipment are made of wood
10. Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice
hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of
wood in the past

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