1.

Head Tilt Forward

Forward head posture (FHP) is the anterior positioning of the cervical spine. This
posture is sometimes called "Scholar's Neck", "Wearsie Neck", or "Reading Neck."
It is a posture problem that is caused by several factors including sleeping with the
head elevated too high, extended use of computers and cellphones, lack of developed
back muscle strength and lack of nutrients such as calcium.
Treatment
The treatment involves correcting the muscle imbalance.
Stretching muscles that cause neck protrusion:

Lower cervical flexors: sternocleidomastoid, anterior and medial scalene

muscles.
Upper cervical (capital) extensors: semispinalis capitis, longissimus capitis,
splenius capitis, suboccipital muscles

Strengthening muscles that cause neck retraction:

Lower cervical extensors: splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, longissimus

cervicis
Upper cervical (capital) flexors: longus capitis, rectus capitis, Suprahyoid
muscles

FHP commonly appears as a part of the Upper Crossed Syndrome and Thoracic outlet
syndrome. Treatment of which involves stretching muscles in the front of the torso
such as the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor while also strength training muscles in
the back of the torso such as the rhomboids.

2. Dowager's hump
Dowagers hump is an abnormal outward curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
of the upper back. Compression of the front portion of the involved vertebrae due to
osteoporosis leads to forward bending of the spine (kyphosis) and creates a hump at
the upper back. Like most osteoporotic changes, it is often preventable.
Treatment
Reducing Dowagers hump will improve your appearance, but it also has important
health benefits as well. If your chest is continuously caved in, you do not breathe
properly because the lungs are unable to expand to their full capacity. The intestines
and other organs are also compressed, which interferes with their optimum
functioning. Not only that, poor posture can lead to pain.
Improve your posture with yoga. There are 5 easily accomplished poses, they are all
done sitting in a chair that can help to straighten the spine.
1. Seated Mountain
Sit tall at the very front edge of a chair with a firm flat bottom. Place your feet
securely on the floor. Inhale and lengthen the spine upward. Place the head directly
over the spine, and bring the shoulders down. Breathe evenly, maintaining the posture
for 30 seconds to 1 minute.
2. Henpecking

Sit in Seated Mountain pose above. Now pull your head back as though making a
double chin. Repeat 6 to 10 times. Keep the head level; do not jut the chin forward or
lift it up. Emphasize the backward movement. Do not come forward.
3. Shoulder Rolls
Sit tall as above. Lift your shoulders up as you inhale, and squeeze your shoulder
blades together in the back as you exhale; bring them down and roll forward, inhaling
as you lift up again. Do 6 to 10 full circles.
4. Seated Superman
Sit tall as above. Inhale, and clasp your hands behind your back. Exhale as you hold
your arms away from your body. If you cant reach your hands, hold a strap. Repeat 3
to 6 times. You can also stay in the pose longer by breathing continuously.
5. Rocking Horse
Sit tall in Seated Mountain pose. Place your feet firmly on the floor and draw your
head back as though making a double chin. Maintain this head posture and lean
forward without rounding the spine. Keep the abdominal muscles firmly engaged, and
the shoulders square. Lean back as far as you can, keeping the feet planted on the
floor (you probably wont touch the back of the chair). Repeat 10 to 20 times.

3. Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a forward rounding of the back. Some rounding is normal, but the term
"kyphosis" usually refers to an exaggerated rounding of the back. While kyphosis can
occur at any age, it's most common in older women.
Age-related kyphosis often occurs after osteoporosis weakens spinal bones to the
point that they crack and compress. Other types of kyphosis are seen in infants or
teens due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.
Mild kyphosis causes few problems, but severe cases can cause pain and be
disfiguring. Treatment for kyphosis depends on your age, the cause of the curvature
and its effects.
Kyphosis treatment depends on the cause of the condition and the signs and
symptoms that are present.
Medications and treatment:

Pain relievers. If over-the-counter medicines such as acetaminophen

(Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen (Aleve)

aren't enough, stronger pain medications are available by prescription.

Osteoporosis drugs. In many older people, kyphosis is the first clue that they
have osteoporosis. Bone-strengthening drugs may help prevent additional
spinal fractures that would cause your kyphosis to worsen.

Some types of kyphosis can be helped by:

Exercises. Stretching exercises can improve spinal flexibility and relieve back
pain. Exercises that strengthen the abdominal muscles may help improve

posture.
Bracing. Children who have Scheuermann's disease may be able to stop the
progression of kyphosis by wearing a body brace while their bones are still

growing.
Healthy lifestyle. Maintaining a healthy body weight and regular physical
activity will help prevent back pain and relieve back symptoms from kyphosis.

Maintaining good bone density. Proper diet with calcium and vitamin D and
screening for low bone density, particularly if there is a family history of
osteoporosis or history of previous fracture, may help older adults avoid weak

bones, compression fractures and subsequent kyphosis.

Surgical and other procedures

If the kyphosis curve is very severe or if the curve is pinching the spinal cord or nerve
roots, your doctor might suggest surgery to reduce the degree of curvature.
The most common procedure, called spinal fusion, connects two or more of the
affected vertebrae permanently. Surgeons insert pieces of bone between the vertebrae
and then fasten the vertebrae together with metal rods and screws until the spine heals
together in a corrected position.

4. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the
growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as
cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown.

Most cases of scoliosis are mild, but some children develop spine deformities that
continue to get more severe as they grow. Severe scoliosis can be disabling. An
especially severe spinal curve can reduce the amount of space within the chest,
making it difficult for the lungs to function properly.
Children who have mild scoliosis are monitored closely, usually with X-rays, to see if
the curve is getting worse. In many cases, no treatment is necessary. Some children
will need to wear a brace to stop the curve from worsening. Others may need surgery
to keep the scoliosis from worsening and to straighten severe cases of scoliosis.
Treatment
Most children with scoliosis have mild curves and probably won't need treatment with
a brace or surgery. Children who have mild scoliosis may need checkups every four to
six months to see if there have been changes in the curvature of their spines.
While there are guidelines for mild, moderate and severe curves, the decision to begin
treatment is always made on an individual basis. Factors to be considered include:

Sex. Girls have a much higher risk of progression than do boys.

Severity of curve. Larger curves are more likely to worsen with time.

Curve pattern. Double curves, also known as S-shaped curves, tend to worsen
more often than do C-shaped curves.

Location of curve. Curves located in the center (thoracic) section of the spine
worsen more often than do curves in the upper or lower sections of the spine.

Maturity. If a child's bones have stopped growing, the risk of curve

progression is low. That also means that braces have the most effect in
children whose bones are still growing.

1. Braces

If your child's bones are still growing and he or she has moderate scoliosis, your
doctor may recommend a brace. Wearing a brace won't cure scoliosis, or reverse the
curve, but it usually prevents further progression of the curve.
Most braces are worn day and night. A brace's effectiveness increases with the
number of hours a day it's worn. Children who wear braces can usually participate in
most activities and have few restrictions. If necessary, kids can take off the brace to
participate in sports or other physical activities.
2. Surgery
Severe scoliosis typically progresses with time, so your doctor might suggest scoliosis
surgery to reduce the severity of the spinal curve and to prevent it from getting worse.
The most common type of scoliosis surgery is called spinal fusion.
In spinal fusion, surgeons connect two or more of the bones in the spine (vertebrae)
together, so they can't move independently. Pieces of bone or a bone-like material are
placed between the vertebrae. Metal rods, hooks, screws or wires typically hold that
part of the spine straight and still while the old and new bone material fuses together.
Surgery is usually postponed until after a child's bones have stopped growing. If the
scoliosis is progressing rapidly at a young age, surgeons can install a rod that can
adjust in length as the child grows. This growing rod is attached to the top and bottom
sections of the spinal curvature, and is usually lengthened every six months.
Complications of spinal surgery may include bleeding, infection, pain or nerve
damage. Rarely, the bone fails to heal and another surgery may be needed.

5. Lordosis
Lordosis, also known as swayback, is a condition in which the spine in the lower back
has an excessive curvature. The spine naturally curves at the neck, upper back, and
lower back to help absorb shock and support the weight of the head. Lordosis occurs
when the natural arch in the lower back, or lumbar region, curves more than normal.
This can lead to excess pressure on the spine, causing pain.
People with lordosis often have a visible arch in their lower backs. When looking at
them from the side, their lower backs form a defined C shape. In addition, people
with swayback appear to be sticking out their stomachs and buttocks.
The easiest way to check for lordosis is to lie on your back on a hard surface. You
should be able to slide your hand under your lower back, with little space to spare. If
you have lordosis, you will have extra space between your hand and your low back.
Symptoms
Symptoms of this abnormality depend upon the severity of the disease. Lordosis
symptoms may include:

C-shape back when seen from a lateral aspect, with the buttocks being more

prominent
A large gap between the lower back and the floor when lying on ones back
Pain and discomfort in the lower back

Problems in moving in certain ways

Treatment
Treatment for lordosis will depend on the severity of the curvature and the presence of
other symptoms.
- Medication to reduce pain and swelling
- Physical therapy (to help build strength in the core muscles)
- Yoga (to increase body awareness, strength, flexibility, and range of motion)
- Weight loss
- Surgery (in severe cases)

6. Pigeon Chest
Pectus carinatum, also called pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest characterized
by a protrusion of the sternum and ribs. It is distinct from the related deformity pectus
excavatum.

Pectus carinatum is an overgrowth of cartilage causing the sternum to protrude

forward. It primarily occurs among four different patient groups, and males are more
frequently affected than females.
People with pectus carinatum usually develop normal hearts and lungs, but the
deformity may prevent these from functioning optimally. In moderate to severe cases
of pectus carinatum, the chest wall is rigidly held in an outward position. Thus,
respirations are inefficient and the individual needs to use the accessory muscles for
respiration, rather than normal chest muscles, during strenuous exercise. This
negatively affects gas exchange and causes a decrease in stamina. Children with
pectus deformities often tire sooner than their peers, due to shortness of breath and
fatigue. Commonly concurrent is mild to moderate asthma.
Some children with pectus carinatum also have scoliosis (curvature of the spine).
Some have mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the heart mitral valve functions
abnormally. Connective tissue disorders involving structural abnormalities of the
major blood vessels and heart valves are also seen. Although rarely seen, some
children have other connective tissue disorders, including arthritis, visual impairment
and healing impairment.
Treatment

External bracing technique

In children, teenagers, and young adults who have pectus carinatum and are motivated
to avoid surgery, the use of a customized chest-wall brace that applies direct pressure
on the protruding area of the chest produces excellent outcomes. Willingness to wear
the brace as required is essential for the success of this treatment approach. The brace
works in much the same way as orthodontics (braces that correct the alignment of
teeth). The brace consists of front and back compression plates that are anchored to
aluminum bars. These bars are bound together by a tightening mechanism which
varies from brace to brace. This device is easily hidden under clothing and must be
worn from 14 to 24 hours a day. The wearing time varies with each brace

manufacturer and the managing physicians protocol, which could be based on the
severity of the carinatum deformity (mild moderate severe) and if it is symmetric or
asymmetric.
Depending on the manufacturer and/or the patient's preference, the brace may be worn
on the skin or it may be worn over a body 'sock' or sleeve called a Bracemate,
specifically designed to be worn under braces. A physician or orthotist or brace
manufacturer's representative can show how to check to see if the brace is in correct
position on the chest.
Bracing is becoming more popular over surgery for pectus carinatum, mostly because
it eliminates the risks that accompany surgery. The prescribing of bracing as a
treatment for pectus carinatum has 'trickled down' from both paediatric and thoracic
surgeons to the family physician and pediatricians again due to its lower risks and
well-documented very high success results.
Regular supervision during the bracing period is required for optimal results.
Adjustments may be needed to the brace as the child grows and the pectus improves.
If the person with PC is not treated with a brace by the end of puberty, the brace
technique is not an option, as the shape of the ribcage and sternum are set for the rest
of their lives.

Surgical

For patients with severe pectus carinatum, surgery may be necessary. However
bracing could and may still be the first line of treatment. Some severe cases treated
with bracing may result in just enough improvement that patient is happy with the
outcome and may not want surgery afterwards.

7. Hollow chest
Pectus excavatum (a Latin term meaning hollowed chest) is the most common
congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest, in which several ribs and the
sternum grow abnormally. This produces a caved-in or sunken appearance of the
chest. It can either be present at birth or not develop until puberty.
Pectus excavatum is sometimes considered to be cosmetic; however, depending on the
severity, it can impair cardiac and respiratory function and cause pain in the chest and
back. People with the condition may experience negative psychosocial effects, and
avoid activities that expose the chest.
Pectus excavatum is sometimes referred to as cobbler's chest, sunken chest, the
crevasse, or funnel chest.
Treatment
Treatment for pectus excavatum can involve either invasive or non-invasive
techniques or a combination of both. Before an operation proceeds several tests are
usually to be performed. These include, but are not limited to, a CT scan, pulmonary
function tests, and cardiology exams (such as auscultation and ECGs). After a CT

scan is taken the Haller index is measured. The patient's Haller is calculated by
obtaining the ratio of the transverse diameter (the horizontal distance of the inside of
the ribcage) and the anteroposterior diameter (the shortest distance between the
vertebrae and sternum). A Haller Index of greater than 3.25 is generally considered
severe, while normal chest has an index of 2.5. The cardiopulmonary tests are used to
determine the lung capacity and to check for heart murmurs.

Vacuum bell

A relatively new alternative to surgery is the vacuum bell. It consists of a bowl shaped
device which fits over the caved-in area; the air is then removed by the use of a hand
pump. The vacuum created by this lifts the sternum upwards, lessening the severity of
the deformity. Once the defect visually disappears, two additional years of use of the
vacuum bell is required to make what may be a permanent correction.

Orthopedics

Mild cases have also reportedly been treated with corset-like orthopedic support vests
and exercise.

Surgery

Surgical correction has been shown to repair any functional symptoms that may occur
in the condition, such as respiratory problems or heart murmurs, provided that
permanent damage has not already arisen from an extremely severe case. One of the
most popular technique for repair of pectus excavatum today is the minimally
invasive operation, also known as MIRPE or Nuss technique

Ravitch technique

The Ravitch technique is an invasive surgery that was introduced in 1949, and
developed in the 1950s to treat the condition. This procedure involves creating an
incision along the chest through which the cartilage is removed and the sternum
detached. A small bar is then inserted underneath the sternum to hold it up in the
desired position. The bar is left implanted until the cartilage grows back, typically
about 6 months. The bar is subsequently removed in a simple out-patient procedure.
The Ravitch technique is not widely practiced because it is so invasive. It is often

used in older patients, where the sternum has calcified, when the deformity is
asymmetrical, or when the less invasive Nuss procedure has proven unsuccessful.

8. Varus Alignment of the Knee: Bow-Legged Knees

Varus alignment causes the load-bearing axis to shift to the inside, causing more stress
and force on the medial (inner) compartment of the knee. If your doctor has said you
have varus alignment of the knees (bow-legs), keep in mind that studies show that
weight plays a critical factor. With varus alignment, you are at risk for knee
osteoarthritis regardless of your weight -- but if you are overweight or obese your risk
is substantially higher than average. Varus alignment increases the risk of knee
osteoarthritis 5-fold in obese patients. Increasing degrees of varus alignment are also
associated with progression of knee osteoarthritis as well as the development of knee
osteoarthritis -- especially in overweight and obese patients.
Treatment

Braces and Surgery

A number of things can cause bow legs including rickets and Blounts disease. It is
vitally important to ensure your child receives enough Vitamin D from sunlight in
order to lower their risk of suffering from this condition. Depending on the age that
bow legs is diagnosed, some children may be able to receive braces which are said to

encourage the bones to grow straight. In more severe cases or in older children and
adults bow legs surgery may be advised which involves breaking the bone and
realigning it.
Most people who have had the surgery have said they found it more than worth it
although the recovery time can be anywhere from six to ten weeks. If surgery and
braces arent however an option you may want to look into bow legs correction
exercises.

Bow Legs Exercises

While most of the following bow legs exercises wont completely cure bow legs, they
will improve your posture which should strengthen your legs and reduce the severity
of the condition. Some of the following exercises can have quite good results when
performed by children so they are definitely worth trying.
Yoga Although yoga isnt the easiest exercise to perform if you have bow legs you
can bind your legs together using a yoga strap in order to make things easier. Yoga
helps to improve flexibility and body alignment and the moves are known to improve
the condition.
Pilates Pilates is similar to yoga in as such that it helps to improve posture and body
alignment. Exercises like ballerina arms and roll-up in particular can help to
strengthen and tone the leg muscles.
Massage Therapy This is usually performed on children and has been known to
alleviate the severity of bow legs when performed regularly. Massage therapy
involves having the legs moved around by a trained therapist in order to encourage
the legs to straighten as they grow. One method that you might want to try is
straightening the leg and then bending it up to your chest. You must repeat this action
multiple times to see the benefits.
Leg Strengthening By performing leg strengthening exercises you can help to
strengthen the muscles surrounding your knees and hence alleviate some of the
pressure that is being placed on your bow legs. These are most effective in people
who only have a slight bow in their legs and generally involve placing a weight
between the feet and bending and re-straightening the legs. You have to bend your

legs until you touch your buttocks. Do as many reps as you can. Start with a light
weight, could be a pillow and gradually increase it (dumbbell) as you progress.

9. Valgus Alignment of the Knee: Knock-Kneed Legs

Valgus alignment shifts the load-bearing axis to the outside -- causing increased stress
across the lateral (outer) compartment of the knee. Valgus alignment (knock-kneed) is
not considered quite as destructive as varus alignment. Alignment not only stresses
articular cartilage but it also affects menisci, subchondral bone, and ligaments -- all of
which may play a role in the progression of knee osteoarthritis.
Treatment
The best non-surgical treatments are aimed at reducing the risk of arthritis
development in the knee. This includes maintaining a low body weight, keeping fit
while avoiding high impact activities (running, soccer, singles, tennis, basketball, etc.)
and bracing. These treatments will not change the knock knee deformity but they will
help in reducing the functional problems associated with the deformity.

Daftar Pustaka:
www.wikipedia.com
www.mayoclinic.com
www.webmd.com