AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGNATION TO OBSERVE THE

INFLUENCE OF VOID GEOMETRY ON DUCTILE FRACTURE OF AN

Al-Mg ALLOY (AA5182)

for

Dr. Zengtao Chen

University of New Brunswick
Mechanical Engineering
Fredericton, NB

A Senior Design Proposal

Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering
at the University of New Brunswick

by

Zaheer Abbas
Jonathan Barrett
Holly Reid

March, 2008
 Disclaimer

The following in a student report prepared for partial academic credit in the
Senior Proposal Course ME4843. Its content is entirely the responsibility of the
student and in no way do the findings or conclusions represent the opinion of the
University of New Brunswick.

ii
 Abstract

Accurate predictions of material failure are crucial to properly designed engineering

systems, hence the reason fracture specifications of materials under plastic deformation is
widely investigated. Plastic deformation describes the deformation occurring in a
material that cannot be reversed in response to forces that are applied. Voids are
imperfection that is existent in all materials; void coalescence is a prominent
phenomenon that occurs in the plastic region. This project models notched tensile
specimens to represent the geometry of two voids in a material and determines ligament
failure at coalescence. The alloy that will be tested is Al-Mg AA 5182, an automotive
grade Aluminium alloy widely used in industry.

The current models predict the voids to be aligned horizontally and neglect the influence
of shear on the failure of the ligament, however void geometry is not aligned horizontally
in real material and shear effects are present. This project will study the effects of void
coalescence in ductile fracture by performing tests on Al-Mg samples. The tests will be
conducted by altering the void geometry to induce a shear component in order to
determine the stress-state changes. The test results will be modeled using finite element
simulation and also compared with the (Th-Benz) model suggested by Benzerga
(Benzerga 2002).

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DISCLAMER ……………………………………………………………………. iii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………..……. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………..… v
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………..…… vi

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Objectives ……………………………………………………... 4
1.2 Background …………………………………………………... 4
1.3 Methodology ………………………………………………….. 6

CHAPTER TWO
EXPERIMENT DESIGN ………………………………………………… 10
2.1 Empirical Model Development ……………………………….. 14

CHAPTER THREE
LOGISICS
3.1 Proposed Work Schedule …………………………………….. 16
3.2 Resources ……………………………………………………... 16

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………….. 17

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………….... 18

APPENDIX A
PROPOSED WORK SCHEDULE ……………………………………….. 20

APPENDIX B
CURRICULUM VITAE
Zaheer Abbas ……………………………………………………. 22
Jonathan Barrett ………………………………………………… 24
Holly Reid ………………………………………………………… 25

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Stress – Strain curve (In-Vsee, 2008) …………………………….. 2

Figure 1.2 Second phase particles and damage in Aluminum 6061 reinforced with
Al2O3. (a) decohere; (b) crack.
(Kanetake et al. 1995) ……………………………………………………. 3
Figure 1.3 Micro-void formation (Murray, 2004) …………………………… 3
Figure 1.4 Holes cut into a metallic sheet with various orientations
(a) holes aligned horizontally (b) necking (c) holes at 45 degree angles
(d) shear (Weck, 2007) …………………………………………………… 5
Figure 1.5 Random void distribution ………………………………………… 6
Figure 1.6 Periodic array of representative unit cells ………………………… 7
Figure 1.7 Single unit cell highlighted ……………………………………….. 7
Figure 1.8 Representative element ……………………………………………. 7
Figure 1.9 Representative element with voids not aligned …………………… 8
Figure 1.10 Single unit cell ………………………………………………….. 9
Figure 1.11 Stress-state – Strain Graph (Zhang, 1998) ………………………… 9
Figure 2.1 Sample Anisotropy Testing Specimen …………………………….. 10
Figure 2.2 Sample Test Specimens …………………………………………… 11
Figure 2.3 Design parameters ………………………………………………… 12
Figure 2.4 Schematic with experimental predictions (Zhang, 1998) …………. 15

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Materials used in engineering are organized by their physical, mechanical and chemical
properties. Engineering materials are classified into different categories such as
ceramics, metals, polymers and composites. This project will investigate the behaviour
of metal alloys, more specifically non-ferrous engineering alloys (Al-Mg). Aluminum in
its purest form is used primarily for cookware, foil, and its nonmagnetic characteristics
make it useful for electrical shielding purposes (Kalpakjian, 1997). Alloying of pure
aluminum is commonly used to improve mechanical properties. Magnesium, when
alloyed with aluminum, results in a lighter material than pure magnesium. Also, in
comparison with pure aluminum, Al-Mg alloys possess good mechanical properties and
are easily machined (Kalpakjian, 1997). The percentage of magnesium in Al-Mg alloys
usually varies between 1 to 10 % with components made of such alloys used in aircrafts,
missiles, material handling equipment, and automotive industries where lightweight
components are required (Thornton, 1985).

Failure is one of the primary areas of importance during metal selection as it governs the
application and manufacturing method. To begin to understand failure in materials it is
important to study the stress-strain curve that describes the mechanical behaviour of the
material. Figure 1.1 shows a stress-strain curve; in the elastic region the material behaves
linearly, that is, the material will continue to deform elastically and return to its original
state when the loading is removed. The material experiences this behaviour until it
reaches the yield point, σ Y , after which the material experiences a plastic behaviour
leading to plastic deformation. Plastic deformation occurs after yield point has been
crossed. The deformation occurring in a material after this point is called plastic
deformation, that is, deformation cannot be reversed in response to forces that are
applied.

2
 Figure 1.1 Stress – Strain curve (invsee.asu.edu, 2008)

Once yielding begins the material’s stress continues to increase non-linearly to a peak or
to a point where ultimate stress level of the material has been achieved. This is
considered to be largest tensile stress the material can sustain before breaking. Once the
material crosses the ultimate stress point there is drop in apparent stress before the
fracture point (Norton, 2006). The plastic region is of particular interest as this is the
region in which the voids or imperfections in the material grow leading to fracture. The
failure of the material happens in stages, the first stage being void nucleation, followed
by void growth and finally void coalescence. Void nucleation occurring in second phase
particles as they de-bond from the matrix material during plastic deformation is shown in
Figure 1.2 (a). Figure 1.2 (b) shows the void development in the cracked region. Void
nucleation is believed to occur when the elastic energy relieved is greater than the surface
energy (Chen, 2004). These voids are of critical importance to our study as they are the
initiation of void coalescence.

3
 Figure 1.2 - Second phase particles and damage in Aluminum 6061 reinforced with
Al2O3. (a) decohere (b) crack. (Kanetake et al. 1995)

Figure 1.3, below, shows the formation of microvoids forming in the interior of the
material; as the deformation continues the micro-voids enlarge leading to void
coalescence.

Figure 1.3 – Microvoid formation (Murray, 2004)

Engineering applications use different yielding & failure criterions; one such criterion
commonly used in engineering calculations is the von Mises yield criterion, which is used
to model yielding and plastic deformation of a material. The von Mises criterion assumes
that the material is free of internal imperfections. This, as seen from above, is not true
and internal imperfections are an important consideration when dealing with high
strength alloys. Imperfections will cause the material to yield at a much lower strength
than a material that is perfectly homogeneous throughout. Fracture of a material is one of
the key concepts in mechanics of materials and the two main types of fracture are brittle
and ductile fracture. Since Al-Mg is a ductile material this project will study the effects
of ductile fracture on this particular alloy.

4
1.1 Objectives

The objective of this project is to experimentally observe the influence of void ligament
geometry on ductile fracture. The coalescence of micro voids can lead to sudden failure
in metals, thus making it important to study the effects of void ligament geometry
(Benzerga, 2002). A recently proposed void coalescence model based on the physical
mechanism of voids proposed by (Th-Benz) is used in this study (Ragab, 2004). This
experiment will use tensile samples that will be designed with circular notches introduced
to represent the inter-void ligament. These samples will be tested to fracture based upon
size and angle of inter-void ligament.

1.2 Background to the problem

Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) and aluminium alloys are being used more
commonly than ever before in industry. This is in large part due to the automotive
industry trying to reduce the weight of vehicles in order to increase overall fuel efficiency
and to reduce emissions. Unfortunately, automotive grade Al-Mg alloys typically show
inferior formability in comparison to the standard metals that have been used in the past
(Butcher, 2007). This is primarily due to second phase particles that tend to break apart
forming voids in the material. The mechanics of nucleation of voids and the coalescence
of second phase has been extensively researched (Hutchinson, 2000). This experiment is
considering the effects of void coalescence in the final stage of failure in automotive
grade Al-Mg, a very sudden phenomenon. The theoretical analysis of the void
coalescence has been modeled by the following expression by researchers Thomason
(1990) & Benzerga (2002), presented in Ragab (2004):

⎧ ⎡ ⎛ b2 ⎞ − 1 ⎤
2
⎫
σ1 ⎪ ⎢ ⎜ b ⎟ ⎥ 1 .3 ⎪⎪ ⎧ ⎛ b 2 ⎞ 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎝ 1⎠
= ⎨ 0 .1⎢ ⎥ + ⎬ ∗ ⎨1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ (1)
σm ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ b 2 ⎪ ⎩ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎭
⎪ ⎢ λ1 + 0 .1⎜ ⎟ + 0 .02 ⎜ b ⎟ ⎥
2 2 2
1 ⎠⎥
⎩⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎦ b1 ⎪
⎭

Where

5
λ1 = Void aspect ratio, given by λ1 = a1 b (2)
1

b
Χ = Void spacing ratio (ligament size ratio), given by Χ = 1 (3)
b2

To improve formability it is important to understand micro-mechanical behaviour of the

material. This area is extensively researched, as we have seen from the Th-Benz
equation; however there are limitations associated with the above-mentioned model. This
model neglects the effect of shear on failure of the ligament, which is a valid assumption
when the state is severe, however in metal forming shear effects can be significant and
the model overestimates fracture (Benzerga, 2002). The limitation with this model is that
it assumes that voids are horizontally aligned but in real material this is not true and this
misalignment will further induce shear effects. To illustrate this we can see from the
figures below that voids are represented in a metallic sheet as holes and when they are
aligned horizontally the Th-Benz equation is able to predict horizontal necking failure. In
the second section of the figure, where holes are aligned at an angle, failure can be seen
due to shearing of the ligament. As seen from the figures below, there are limitations
with the present technique and shearing effects cannot be ignored.

Figure 1.4 Holes cut into a metallic sheet with various orientations (a) holes aligned
horizontally (b) necking (c) holes at 45 degree angles (d) shear (Weck, 2007)

This project will study the effects of void coalescence in ductile fracture by using the
modeling technique shown below. The tests will be conducted by altering the void
geometry to induce a shear component in order to determine the stress-state changes. The
test results will be modeled using finite element simulation and also compared with the
void coalescence model shown above. The testing will determine whether the above

6
model makes an accurate prediction when the void geometry is not aligned
symmetrically.

1.3 Methodology

Much research has been done to develop a micro-mechanical model to simulate the
process of ductile fracture; one such model that is commonly used is Gurson’s Model.
This micro-mechanical model is based on the assumption that there is an existence of
homogeneous deformation field in the matrix material surrounding the void. The goal of
the Gurson model was to predict the entire ductile fracture process; however it only
succeeded in describing the first deformation phase of ductile fracture. What separates
the proposed model from Gurson’s model is that the proposed model will take shearing
effects into account.

Aluminum-Magnesium alloys are made up of a random distribution of voids. The

proposed experiment will model all the voids of one unit cell as one cylindrical void. To
create the test sample, two neighboring unit cells will be cut in half, with the two adjacent
alloy pieces making up one representative element. This can be seen in Figures 1.5 – 1.8:

Figure 1.5 Random void distribution

Figure 1.6 Periodic array of representative unit cells

7
 Figure 1.7 Single unit cell highlighted

Figure 1.8 Representative element

The ligament of the element is the distance between the centers of each void of the
sample. As voids are of naturally random distribution, the representative elements will be
modeled with varying ligament angles. This will provide a more realistic representation.
An example of the ligament angle change can be seen in Figure 9.

Figure 1.9 Representative element with voids not aligned

The samples will be analyzed using the Thomason-Benzerga equation, as shown earlier
and shown again for ease of reference:

8
 ⎧ ⎡ ⎛ b2 ⎞ − 1 ⎤
2
⎫
σ1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 1.3 ⎪⎪ ⎧ ⎛ b2 ⎞ 2 ⎫
⎝ b1 ⎠
= ⎨0.1⎢ ⎥ + ⎬ ∗ ⎨1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ (1)
σ m ⎪ ⎢ λ2 + 0.1⎛ b2 ⎞ + 0.02⎛ b2 ⎞ ⎥ b2 ⎪ ⎩ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎭
⎜ b ⎟ ⎜ b⎟
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢
1
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ ⎥
1 ⎠⎦ b1 ⎪⎭

From the Th-Benz equation, the homogeneous and localized stress-states can be
σ1
calculated. The homogeneous stress-state ( ) will be determined using finite element
σm
analysis and the localized stress-state determined experimentally. The void aspect ratio,

( λ1 = a1 ), and void spacing ratio ( Χ =

b1 ) will be measured and input into the Th-
b1 b2
Benz equation to determine the localized stress-state. The variables can be seen in Figure
1.10.

Figure 1.10 Single unit cell

When the homogeneous and localized stress-states are equal, void coalescence occurs.
This can be seen in Figure 1.11: Stress-state – Strain Graph:

Figure 1.11 Stress-state – Strain Graph (Zhang, 1998)

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Experiment Design

In order to observe the influence of void ligament geometry on ductile fracture in shear,
tensile samples will be designed. The design for the samples will attempt to simulate the
actual void geometries present within a material. To do this, the angle and distance
between voids will be altered along with having various void sizes. These samples will
then be fabricated and tested to investigate fracture based upon the size and angle of the
inter-void ligament geometry that was designed. This project will concentrate on an
automotive grade aluminum-magnesium alloy, specifically AA5182 sheet.

Due to the rolling process sheet metals are considered anisotropic. Anisotropic materials
display mechanical properties that are dependant upon the rolled direction. In order to
account for this property within the experiment design the sheet alloy will first be tested
for anisotropy. To do this, test specimens will be fabricated out of the alloy. These
specimens will be cut out of the alloy in the direction of cutting and perpendicular to the
direction of cutting. These two directions should account for the maximum anisotropic
effect between them. Three test pieces will be cut for each direction in order to account
for any irregularities that may occur. This testing will be performed on the two metal
thicknesses planned on being used for the project. Figure 2.1 displays a sample of what
the test specimens will look like once fabricated. The examples will use ASTM standards
for measurement of anisotropy in sheet.

Figure 2.1 Sample Anisotropy Testing Specimen

10
The test pieces will all be tested uniaxially in tension on the Instron 1332 tensile testing
machine. The samples will be tested to the point of failure. The elongation of each
specimen will be measured along with a recoding of the amount of force required to
fracture the specimen. With this data a stress-strain plot can be produced to compare the
mechanical properties of the material in both tested directions. If the point of fracture in
both directions is within a reasonable amount it will be assumed that the anisotropic
effects of the material are negligible. If there are any anisotropic effects identified in this
testing it will be noted and included in further discussions. Once a reasonable measure of
isotropy can be deduced from experimentation, the core tests for this design project can
be produced. Isotropy means that the mechanical properties are independent of direction.
Using this isotropic assumption will greatly reduce the number of test specimens
required. That is, a specimen tested in one direction will be assumed to have the same
mechanical properties as an equal specimen cut in any other direction on the sheet.

In the past numerous experiments have been conducted with notches that have been
aligned horizontally. An example of a specimen used in such a procedure can be seen in
figure 2.2. This testing procedure only tests for tensile stress and neglects any shear
effects within the material. For this project a number of changes will be made to this
basic procedure to account for this shearing effect that is present in real materials.

Figure 2.2 Sample Test Specimens

11
In order to account for these shearing effects the design of these samples must test
various inter-void angles, ligament size ratios and void notch sizes. The planed
geometries will described using Figure 2.3 as a reference to the various parameters.

Figure 2.3 Design parameters

From Figure 2.3, R is the radius of the notch that will be cut into the specimen; L is the
length of the ligament between the voids; θ is the inter-void angle which is calculated
from the void ligament line to the neutral axis of the specimen as shown. The void aspect
ratio, which is the measure of the void radius in the y direction compared to the void
radius in the x direction, will be designed as 1. That is, the notches that will be cut into
the specimen will be circular. The ligament size ratio, X, is the radius of the notch
divided by half the length of the ligament.

The design for this experiment will take into account four different inter-void angles (θ).
The proposed angles will be 0 o, less than 45 o, 45 o and greater than 45 o. The first angle
will be at 0o, ie. the voids will be aligned horizontally. This specimen will undergo pure
tensile stress within its mechanical structure. The horizontal notch test will be done to
verify the proposed experiment procedure against past procedures in order to validate the
results. The horizontal notch tests will also be used to validate the Thomason-Benzerga
equation. At 45o the specimen will undergo pure shear stress within its mechanical
structure. The specimens designed for less than 45 o and greater than 45 o will undergo a

12
combination of shear and tensile stress when tested. These angles will most likely be at
22.5 o and 67.5 o, giving some symmetry between the chosen geometries.

Another design parameter will be the void spacing ratio (ligament size ratio). This is a
unit-less parameter so it is able to take on a variety of geometric sizes for the given ratios.
The ligament size ratios to be designed are 0.125, 0.250 and 0.500 mm. These three
ligament size ratios will be applied to all four inter-void angles. In order to accomplish
this, a careful design must take place to account for the changing geometries. Once the
ligament angle changes the width of the specimen must change as well in order to
maintain the proper ligament size ratio as can be seen in Figure 2.3. Another aspect to
account for in the ligament-size ratio is the radius of the notches. Three notch sizes will
be designed and used throughout the process: 1, 2, and 4 mm. notches will be used during
the design process.

In total there will be 12 unique geometries to be designed. Each design will be used on
both sheet thicknesses. For experimental precision there will be three or more samples
created for every design criteria. This will minimize experimental inaccuracies. A total
of over 72 specimens will have to be manufactured for the primary testing.

The manufacturing of the specimens will take place at the University of New Brunswick,
Fredericton in the materials machining lab in Head Hall on the B-level. In order to
maintain proper experimental precision these specimens must be fabricated with great
care. In total over 80 specimens will be fabricated. Twelve specimens will be used to
test the material for anisotropy and over 72 specimens for the primary testing.

Once the specimens are designed and manufactured they will then be involved in axial
tension tests. The specimens will be placed in the Instron 1332 material testing machine,
which is used to conduct the axial tension tests. A tensile force will be applied to each
specimen until it reaches the point of fracture. Once fracture takes place the elongation
that occurred during testing within the specimen will be measured along with a recording

13
of the required force to produce fracture. The project can then move forward from the
experimentation stage to the data investigation and shear effect model development.

2.1 Empirical Model Development

Following the experimentation the gathered data will be analyzed. The current plastic
limit load model, Thomason-Benzerga, (Ragab, 2004) as shown earlier and displayed
again below for clarity (1), will be used as a base to understand the mechanical properties
that are happening within the material. The empirical model that will ultimately be
devolved will be a function of the ligament size ratio, ligament void ratio, angle and
stress-state.

⎧ ⎡ ⎛ b2 ⎞ − 1 ⎤
2
⎫
⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎜ b 1 ⎟⎠ ⎥ 1 . 3 ⎪⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎛ b 2 ⎞ ⎫⎪
2
σ ⎝
1
= ⎨ 0 .1⎢ ⎥ + ⎬ ∗ ⎨1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎬
σ ⎪ ⎢ λ 1 2 + 0 . 1 ⎛⎜ b 2 ⎞⎟ + 0 . 02 ⎛⎜ b 2 ⎞⎟ ⎥ b2 ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎝ b 1 ⎠ ⎪⎭ (1)
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎝ b1 ⎠ ⎦ b 1 ⎪⎭

The left-hand side of this equation describes the homogeneous stress state. This can be
found using experimental data. The flow stress ( σ ) can be found using finite element

analysis. A similarly geometric specimen is created in finite element using the von Mises
criterion, which assumes the material to be free of voids. Within the program the
specimen is then elongated the same amount as was experimentally measured. The
instantaneous stress value required at that point to keep the material deforming can then
be found. That value is the flow stress. The primary stress state σ 1 can be found as well
using finite element analysis. Figure 2.4 displays the homogeneous state as a horizontal
line when plotted against plastic strain.

14
 Figure 2.4: Schematic with experimental predictions (Zhang, 1998)

The right hand side of the Th-Benz equation is the localized stress-state. This part of the
equation takes the void aspect ratio and void spacing ratio of the specimen into account.
From the measurement of the specimen the localized stress state can be found once these
values are inserted into the equation. This will give the localized stress-state line that
does not account for ductile facture in shear.

The failure points will then be added to the graph to determine whether these models
were able to predict the actual point of failure. Since the Th-Benz equation does not
account for shear it is being predicted that the point of failure will be below that line.
This would mean that the current plastic limit load model over predicts the materials
strength.

An experimental fracture criterion will then be developed based upon the stress state and
void geometry for this alloy. This will then be added to the Thomason-Benzerga model
to better predict the alloys point of failure due to ductile facture in shear. Ultimately this
new criteria will help other researchers in their advanced damage-based finite element
models to predict ductile fracture for this alloy.

15
 CHAPTER THREE
LOGISTICS

3.0 Detailed Schedule of Proposed Work

The group has proposed a work schedule for the upcoming term in order to keep this
project on track. This proposed work schedule is included if table A.1 in Appendix A.
The group is planning on getting an early start to the project portion of this course during
the summer months. Over the summer the material will be ordered, the experiment
design will be designed, the fabrication of the specimens will be completed and the
specimens will be tested. Extra time has been added to the first few weeks of classes in
case all this is unable to be completed during the summer months. The proposed
schedule also outlines the finite element modeling time and time to develop an empirical
rule from the gathered experimental data. Regular status reports were included in the
chart although the exact dates of these are unknown, therefore approximate dates were
assumed. With this proposed schedule there will be plenty of time to finish the final
report in a timely manner without any major issues. The Work Completed for Proposal
chart has also been included for comparison purposes to see if the proposed project
schedule appears reasonable, which it does.

3.1 Resources
For this project most of the required resources can be found on campus. The main
resource to be obtained off-campus is the AA5182 sheet from Waterloo. This will be
ordered in the coming weeks and will be funded through the university. On-campus
resources required include the use of the Instron 1332 materials testing machine with
which the tensile tests are to be conducted. An extensometer will be used to measure the
samples after testing. The machine shop will be utilized to cut the sheet to the designated
shapes and sizes. Notch cutters in the size of 1, 2 and 4 mm will be used to insert the
void geometry into the sample pieces.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Conclusion

In order to improve the formability of AA5182 a better understanding the underlying

mechanical properties must be ascertained. The Thomason-Benzerga equation gives a
good criterion to work with when the voids within the specimen are assumed to be
aligned horizontally and the ligament geometry undergoing pure tensile stress. In order
to account for the natural offset of these voids within the specimen, experimentations will
be conducted. These experiments will determine the changing strength of the alloy as the
particle angles are shifted. This new data will help develop an empirical model that will
be added to the Thomason-Benzerga equation to account for shear effects. This will
ultimately help other researchers in the field of advanced damage-based finite element
testing by giving them a new fracture criterion with which to work.

17
References

Becker, R. 1986. The Effect of Porosity Distribution on Ductile Failure.

Benzerga, A.A. 2002. Micromechanics of coalescence in ductile fracture .
Butcher, Cliff., Chen, Zengtao & Worswick, Michael. 2007. A lower bound damage-
based finite element simulation of stretch flange forming of Al-Mg alloys.
IN-VSEE. Accessed: 2008. http://invsee.asu.edu/srinivas/stress-strain/ssgraph.jpg
Kalpakjian, Serope. 1997. Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 3rd Ed.
Addison-Wesley. Menlo Park, California.

Murray, 2004. An investigation into micro void growth.

Norton, Robert L. 2006. Machine Design – An Integrated Approach, 3rd Ed
Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
Pardoen, T. & Hutchinson, J.W. 2000. An extended model for void growth and
Coalescence.
Ragab, A.R. 2004. A model for ductile fracture based on internal necking of spheroidal
Voids.
Spencer, K., Corbin, S.F. & Lloyd, D.J.. 2001. Notch fracture behaviour of 5754
automotive aluminium alloys.
Thornton & Colangelo. 1985. Fundamentals of Engineering Materials.
Weck, Arnaud G. 2007. The Role of Coalescence on Ductile Fracture
Worswick M.J., Chen Z.T., Pilkey A.K. & Lloyd D.J. 2004. Damage percolation
modeling in aluminum alloy sheet

Zhang, Z. L. 2001. A complete Gurson Model, in Nonlinear Fracture and Damage

Mechanics. WIT Press Southampton, UK.

18
 APPENDIX A

PROPOSED WORK SCHEDULE

Table A.1

19
Table A.1 Proposed work schedule

20
 APPENDIX B

CURRICULUM VITAE

Zaheer Abbas
Jonathan Barrett
Holly Reid

21
 Zaheer Abbas
727 Albert Street
Fredericton, NB
E3B2C5
EDUCATION
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB.
ƒ Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (Expected Graduation date
December 2008)
Diploma
ƒ Technology Management and Entrepreneurship

Awards & Certificates

ƒ UNB – Third Century Merit Award
ƒ Student Leadership Program – Renaissance College-UNB

Engineering Projects

ƒ Life Cycle Analysis (Coil Springs) – Industrial Ecology

The goals and scope of this paper was to understand the environmental impacts in the
production of coil springs manufactured from steel. The paper looked into the details of
spring production by first studying the materials used, process commonly used in the
industry and finally researching alternatives available. The inventory analysis was
conducted by assessing established input and output processes that takes place; this was
instituted by developing a model of product life cycle with all environmental inflows and
outflows. The evaluation of the environmental impacts was conducted by classification
and characterization of life cycle process diagram. The results were interpreted based on
potential environmental effect of each process in the life cycle process diagram.

ƒ Manufacturing I & II

Laboratory Experiments conducted in the above subject included Heat Treatment, Precipitation,
Hardenability, Casting, Bulk Deformation – The Rolling Process and finally Drawing Process.

ƒ Wrist, Forearm and Upper body Analysis in Racket Sports - Biomechanics

The project was investigating theories that stated that bulk of velocity in a badminton serve was
coming from forearm pronation, with wrist flexion playing more of secondary role. The
experiment was conducted using vicon system at the institute of biomedical studies and results
were used to validate the above theory.

COMPUTER SKILLS
ƒ Possess excellent typing speed at 60 WPM.

Software & Operating Systems

ƒ Microsoft Word
ƒ Microsoft Excel
ƒ Windows XP
ƒ AutoCAD
22
 ƒ Mechanical Desktop
ƒ UniGraphics
ƒ Adobe

Languages
ƒ Matlab.
ƒ C++

VOLUNTARY EXPERIENCE

Managing Editor – The Pillar News Paper – Present

ƒ As the managing Editor of the Pillar, I am responsible for overseeing finances and being
a bank signatory with the Chief Editor.
ƒ Corresponding with faculty departments for paid advertising in the official news papers
for the faculty of engineering.
ƒ Applying and defending proposals for funding from Engineering Endowment Fund,
Information Technology Services (ITS) and Student Union.

Engineers Without Borders – UNB (2006 – 2007) - Co - President

ƒ As the President of the EWB-UNB chapter I was responsible for building and managing a team,
increasing chapter capacity, overseeing operations, and most importantly maintaining an
atmosphere for all students to contribute to our student organization. Under my leadership our
student Chapter was recognized nationally for the “Most Improved Chapter of the Year Award”.
ƒ My responsibility also included maintaining credibility and accountability for funds raised for
student overseas placement. I was also responsible for overseeing close to $ 30,000 of funds
allocated to overseas placements and conferences for engineering students.
ƒ I have also chaired this 400-member body to understand and seek solutions to problems
surrounding developing communities in the world and the importance of engineering profession
in international development.
ƒ Organized events on campus to raise awareness in the community on issues surrounding
international development, made presentation in local high schools, rotaries and student body.
ƒ Prepared monthly financial statements for the Chief Financial Officer of EWB Canada with clear
description of where the funds donated were spent and communicated extensively with members
to maintain transparency.

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 JONATHAN BARRETT

OBJECTIVE
To show qualifications for this design project involving void coalescence on
ductile fracture in shear

EDUCTION
2007 – present University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB
„ 4th year Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Program

2005 Dalhousie University Halifax, NS

„ Civil Engineering Undergraduate Program

2002 - 2005 University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI

„ Engineering Diploma
„ Deans list

2001 – 2002 Bodenseehof Friedrichshafen, Germany

„ One Year Diploma in Biblical Studies

EXPERIENCE
2008 University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB
„ Fluids II: Pipeline Design from Sable Island, NS to Boston, Ma

2007 University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB

„ Machine Design: Wall mount for Large Flat screen Televisions

„ Mechanics: Trekking Pole Design

„ Mechanics: Wheelbarrow Design

2003 – 2007 Trio-Resources Hinton, Alberta

„ Projects with Gregg River Coal Mine

„ Projects with Coal Valley Coal Mine

„ Projects with Cheviot Coal Mine

2003 – 2007 Little Smokey Forestry Services Grande Prairie, Alberta

„ Projects with Canadian Forestry Products

„ Projects with Weyerhaeuser Canada

„ Projects with Foothills Forestry Products

„ Projects with Trans Canada Pipeline

INTERESTS
Engineers without boarders, running, swimming, hiking, hockey, soccer.
EMAIL : JONATHANSBARRETT@GMAIL.COM
766 WINDSOR STREE • FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK E4G 3B8 • PHONE (506) 442-1701

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 Holly A. Reid
376 University Avenue
Fredericton, NB E3B 4J2
(506) 458 - 9238
s2y4c@unb.ca

Education
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING YEARS ATTENDED (2002 - 2005, 2006 - PRESENT)
University of New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick

OFFICE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY YEARS ATTENDED (2005 - 2006)

CERTIFICATE
Nova Scotia Community College Truro, Nova Scotia

GRADE 12 DIPLOMA YEARS ATTENDED (1999 - 2002)

Cobequid Educational Centre Truro, Nova Scotia

Employment
ENGINEERING ASSISTANT YEARS EMPLOYED (SUMMER 2005, 2006)
Town of Truro - Engineering Dept. Truro, Nova Scotia

Responsibilities include general office/engineering duties such as preparing

tenders, interacting with the public, answering phones, transferring calls, data
entry, filing, photocopy/fax/scan/e-mail, preparing/mailing water bills to
customers.

CURATOR/TOUR GUIDE YEARS EMPLOYED (AUGUST 2004)

(JULY 2003 - AUGUST 2003)
Debert Military Museum Debert, Nova Scotia

Responsibilities include greeting visitors, giving bunker and museum tours, data
entry, cataloging, answering phone, e-mail, typing, general cleaning duties.

Volunteer Work
ROCK CLIMBING MONITOR - UNB ROCK & ICE CLIMBING CLUB (2006-present)
UNB Fredericton, New Brunswick
TREASURER of UNB ALPINE SKI TEAM (2003-2004)
UNB Fredericton, New Brunswick
SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHER (various years)
Masstown United Church

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 Holly A. Reid
376 University Avenue
Fredericton, NB E3B 4J2
(506) 458 - 9238
s2y4c@unb.ca

Engineering Skills
• Familiar with Vicon motion capture system, as used in Biomechanics
analysis of wrist flexion and forearm pronation in racquet sport
(badminton).
• Experience using several software applications including but not
limited to AutoCAD, SolidEdge, Google SketchUp, Adobe,
WaterCad, AS400, EZ Route, MatLab, Microsoft Word, Microsoft
Excel, Corel WordPerfect, Windows XP.
• Typing speed greater than 80 WPM

Awards and Special Achievements

• Completed TIANS Super Host training
• Member of the International Association of Administrative
Professionals (2006)
• WHMIS certified
• OH & S certified
• Valid driver’s license
• Received Canada Millennium Bursary (2003-2004, 2004-2005)
• Nationally ranked rock climber (bouldering)
• Certified level 1 ski instructor
• Certified level 2 table tennis umpire
• Participant in the Atlantic Junior Tennis Championships (2000, 2001,
2002)
• Received CEC honor award three consecutive years
• Received athletic letter award for athletic distinction (CEC)

Activities and Interests

• Tennis
• Rock Climbing/Bouldering
• Ski Racing
• Sports
• Instructing novice tennis players/skiers
• Reading biographies

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