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PAPER PRESENTATION
ON
BY
PRAYAG OMKAR A.
NAVALE MAHESH J.
STUDENTS OF
T.E. MECHANICAL
N.D.M.V.P.S's C.O.E. NASHIK -13.
ABSTRACT
Emission is nothing but exhaust from I.C engines which contains harmful
compounds like unburned hydrocarbon, NOx, CO, particulates etc. which has harmful
effect not only on human body but also on environment. Thus a immensive research
is going on, on emission control from past few decades. Emission can be controlled to
a great extent simply by varying engine parameters like air fuel ratio, engine speed,
spark timing etc. now a days most commonly used emission control devices in most
of the vehicles are catalytic converter, EGR etc. NOx emission can be controlled
effectively by De (NOx) catalyst, electrically heated catalyst. In order to meet future
coming strict norms for emission from vehicles we can adopt advanced technologies
such as plasma exhaust treatment, electronic injection and ammonia injection etc.
Alternative fuel is also one of the effective and economical way of emission control
INDEX
SR. NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
INTRODUTION
NEED
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CONCLUSION
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
The rise in civilization is closely related to improvements in transportation. In
the development of transport the internal combustion engines, both petrol & diesel
engines occupy a very important position. The petrol engine has provided reliable
small power units for personalized transport & in this way revolutionized the Living
habits of people to a great extent. The diesel engine has provided the power units for
transportation system, i.e. buses & goods transportation system ,i.e trucks. Indeed the
petrol engines powered automobile & diesel engine powered buses & trucks are the
symbols of our modern technological society.
However, in recent times the internal combustion engine powered vehicles
have come under heavy attack due to various problems created by them. The most
serious of these problems is air pollution .Whereas the main problem facing the
developing countries is pollution. India, however, faces the same severe problem of
pollution in her metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta , Chennai , Pune
etc., as in developed countries.
It is true that the emission from one car do not amount much, say half kg of
pollutants for a single days driving.But if we consider the very large number of cars
& this number is rising very rapidly . The pollutants amount becomes millions of
tones. Thus it is necessary to control emission.
NEED
Boon of the one time now has become one of the worst curses of present
time. The same engine which helped to achieve tremendous progress in transportation
are now causing one of the worst calamities, a human society has ever faced, "air
pollution"! The major cause of air pollution is the emission from I.C.engine.
At the turn of 20th century man has realized the need to protect
environment.Thus he has made serious attempts to conserve the earths environment
from degradation . By developing several emission control methods.
Catalytic Converters
Particulate Filters
Plasma-Based Technologies
Catalytic Converters
Particulate Filters
section of the exhaust system is very important for increased exhaust after reaction.
Factors tending to reduce HC concentration include decreased quench thickness and
increased exhaust temperature. Quench layer thickness decreases inversely as
pressure increases and the mean cylinder pressure increases linearly with increase in
load. Increased temperature with increasing load tends to increase exhaust after
reaction.
However, an almost linear increase in HC mass emission is observed as load
is increased . A light car with a small frontal area and low pressure train losses has the
advantage on mass emission basis. At a fixed air-fuel ratio there is no effect of power
output on CO emission concentration . However, as in case of HC emission , CO
emission on mass basis will increase directly with increasing output , giving
advantage to a small , light and efficient car .
c). ENGINE SPEED:
Emission concentration is markedly reduced at higher engine speeds.
Primarily the increase in engine speed improves the combustion process within the
cylinder by increasing turbulent mixing and eddy diffusion . This promotes after
oxidation of the quenched layer. In addition,increased exhaust port turbulence at
higher speeds promotes exhaust system oxidation reactions through better mixing .
Speed has no effect on CO concentration because oxidation of CO in the
exhaust is kinetically limited rather than mixing limited to normal exhaust
temperature.
d).SPARK TIMING:
The effect of spark timing on HC emissions is studied at constant power
output and constant speed. A retard of 10 deg. From the manufactures recommended
timing of about 30 BTDC reduced hydrocarbon by 100 ppm but increased fuel
consumption by 10%. The importance of the precise spark timing and distributor
tolerances are stressed by the fact of 100 ppm reduction for 10 retard. The more
timing is retarded, the lower are the emissions .
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Fig.1
Autocatalysts in a protective 'mat' inside a strong steel catalytic converter.
Fig2 Three way catalytic converters work with the vehicle's engine management
system.
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a).Fast light off catalysts allow the catalytic converter to work sooner by decreasing
the exhaust temperature required for operation. Untreated exhaust emitted at the start
of the legislated emissions test and on short journeys in the real world is curtailed.
Changes to the thermal capacity of substrates and type and composition of the active
precious metal catalyst have together affected big improvements.
b).More thermally durable catalysts with increased stability at high temperature
allow the catalytic converter to be mounted closer to the engine and increase the life
of the catalyst, particularly during demanding driving. Precious metal catalysts with
stabilized crystallites and washcoat materials that maintain high surface area at
temperatures around 1000C are needed. Improved oxygen storage components
stabilize the surface area of the washcoat, maximize the air:fuel 'window' for threeway operation and indicate the 'health' of the catalyst for On Board Diagnostic (OBD)
systems.
Fig.3
Evolution ceramic and metallic substrates with thinner walls and increased
catalyst surface
c).Hydrocarbon Adsorber Systems incorporate special materials, such as zeolites,
into or ahead of the catalyst. Hydrocarbon emissions are collected when exhaust
temperatures are too low for effective catalyst operation. The hydrocarbons are then
desorbed at higher temperatures when the catalyst has reached its operating
temperature and is ready to receive and destroy the hydrocarbons. This technology
has the potential to reduce hydrocarbons to less than half the levels emitted from a
three-way catalytic converter.
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d).Electrically Heated Catalyst Systems use a small catalyst ahead of the main
catalyst. The substrate, onto which the catalyst is deposited, is made from metal so
that, when an electric current is passed, it will heat up quickly. This brings the catalyst
to its full operating temperature in a few seconds.
Fig.4
Electrically heated catalysts work in seconds.
e).Lean combution :With the development of lean burning direct injection gasoline
engines and increased use of diesel engines, lean combustion is the big challenge for
automotive catalysis. Lean combustion is essential to limit carbon dioxide emissions
and to reduce fuel consumption. New diesel technologies with greater use of
electronic management and direct injection with unit injectors or common rail
injection, can achieve further fuel consumption improvements. The conventional
three-way catalyst technology used on petrol engines needs a richer environment with
lower air:fuel ratios to reduce NOx, so a radical new approach is required.
f).DeNOx (or Lean NOx) Catalysts use advanced structural properties in the
catalytic coating to create a rich 'microclimate' where hydrocarbons from the exhaust
can reduce the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, while the overall exhaust remains lean.
Further developments focus on increasing the operating temperature range and
conversion efficiency.
g).NOx adsorbers (NOx traps) are a promising development as results show that
NOx adsorber systems are less constrained by operational temperatures than DeNOx
catalysts. NOx traps adsorb and store NOx under lean conditions. A typical approach
is to speed up the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) using an
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oxidation catalyst so that NO2 can be rapidly stored as nitrate on alkaline earth oxides.
A brief return to stoichiometric or rich operation for one or two seconds is enough to
desorb the stored NOx and provide the conditions for a conventional three-way
catalyst mounted downstream to destroy NOx.
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2.AMMONIA INJECTION :
As a fuel, ammonia does not hold much promise, but if used as an exhaust
additives it can give excellent control for NOx emission . Ammonia and nitric oxide
interact to form nitrogen and water. Ford motor co. has been doing investigation with
injecting ammonia water in the exhaust manifold, downstream from the port.
For an effective utilization of ammonia injection, the exhaust gas temperature
has to be kept within strict limits and the injecting device has to be put sufficiently
down to bring the gas temperature to 165c.This also demands a very close tolerance
in air fuel ratio supplied by the carburettor . The present carburettors are incapable of
this and it might be necessary to adopt electronic injection system to keep close
control over fuel-air ratios.
3.ELECTRONIC INJECTION :
It is possible to develop an electronic injection system with sensors for air
temperature,manifold pressure and speed which will precisely regulate the fuel supply
giving only such air-fuel ratio as will give no HC or CO emissions .
The emissions on deceleration can be completely removed by shutting off the fuel
supply when the throttle is closed.But this system will still not be able to control the
NOx emission .Combination of electronic injection and ammonia as an exhaust
additives has an attractive future .
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shown a number of ways to mitigate this problem. No tailpipe emissions! This is the
number one benefit of owning an EV. Emissions that can be attributed to EV, would
be the emissions that are generated in the electricity production process at the power
plant.
Some types of CNG vehicles may reduce CO and NOx compared to some
conventional fuels but may increase HC emissions.
Conclusion :
The change in the design of engines (use of unleaded petrol with high octane
no.), alternate fuels like alcohol blended petrol, CNG etc., electricity driven vehicle
and phasing out of old vehicles could be the answer to the ion problem due to
automobile vehicular emission.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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www.diselnet.com
www.aecc.be
www.emissioncontrol.com
www.meca.org
www.corning.com
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