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Acknowledgment
The contents of these slides are mostly from
the material and slides of the book Wireless
Communication & Networks by William
Stallings
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A typical LAN
A typical WLAN
Its a hub without wires
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Wireless LAN
A WLAN typically extends an existing wired LAN
The access point (AP) is attached to the edge of the wired
network to built a WLAN
a wireless network adopter enables clients to
communicate with the AP
similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter
WLANs use the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5-GHz
frequency bands.
ISM (Industry, Scientific, Medical) license-free
(unlicensed) frequency bands
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Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays
Low
Low
High High High
Light violet
902928 MHz
26 MHz
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2.42.4835 GHz
83.5 MHz
(IEEE 802.11)
5 GHz
(IEEE 802.11)
HyperLAN
HyperLAN2
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Wireless LANs
How are WLANs Different?
They use specialized physical and data link protocols
They integrate into existing networks through access points
which provide a bridging function
They let you stay connected as you roam from one coverage
area to another
They have unique security considerations
They have specific interoperability requirements
They require different hardware
They offer performance that differs from wired LANs
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Bridge
used to connect multiple LANs (both wired and wireless) at the
Media Access Control (MAC) layer level
Used in building-to-building wireless connections,
wireless bridges can cover longer distances than APs (IEEE
802.11 standard specifies 1 mile as the maximum coverage range
for an AP)
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Antenna
It radiates the modulated signal through the air so that wireless
clients can receive it
Characteristics of an antenna are defined by
propagation pattern (directional versus omnidirectional),
Antenna gain
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Campus Antenna
Example
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After this revision, all of the previously published amendments and revisions
stand retired
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IEEE 802.11
In IEEE 802.11 std, the addressable unit is station (STA)
Station (STA): a device that has the capability to use the 802.11 protocol
STA may be fixed, mobile or portable
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It is possible for one device to offer both the functions of an AP and a portal (IEEE
802.11 2012)
The portal logic is implemented in a device such as bridge or router, that is part of
the wired LAN and that is attached to the DS
STA1
802.x LAN
BSS1
Portal
Access
Point
Distribution System
Access
Point
ESS
BSS2
STA2
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802.11 LAN
STA3
Station (STA)
terminal with access mechanisms
to the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
Basic Service Set (BSS)
group of stations using the same
radio frequency
Access Point
station integrated into the wireless
LAN and the distribution system
Portal
bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
interconnection network to form
one logical network (EES:
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
5.33
802.11 LAN
STA1
STA3
IBSS1
STA2
IBSS2
STA5
STA4
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802.11 LAN
5.34
mobile terminal
server
infrastructure network
access point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
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802.3 PHY
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BSS transition
Station moving from one BSS to another BSS in same ESS
Delivery of data to the station requires that the addressing
capability be able to recognize the new location of the
station
ESS transition
Station moving from BSS in one ESS to BSS within another
ESS
Association-Related Services
Association
The identity of address of a STA must be known before it can
transmit or receive frames on a wireless LAN
Establishes initial association between station and AP within a
particular BSS
The AP can then communicate this information to other APs
within ESS to facilitate routing and delivery of addressed frames
Reassociation
Enables transfer of association from one AP to another, allowing
station to move from one BSS to another
Disassociation
Association termination notice from station or AP
A STA gives notification before leaving ESS or shutting down
MAC management facility protects itself against STAs that
disappear without notifications