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Department of Lake and River Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
arti cl e i n fo
abs tract
Article history:
Received 13 March 2014
Received in revised form
19 July 2014
Accepted 31 July 2014
Available online 7 August 2014
This study sought to determine the effect of water temperature on the effectiveness of articial
reproduction of dace brooders under laboratory and eld conditions. Three temperatures were tested
in the laboratory: 9.5, 12 and 14.5 C ( 70.1 C). The water temperature under eld conditions was
11.07 0.3 C (Czarci Jar Fish Farm) and 13.27 1.4 C (Janowo Fish Farm). The study showed that articial
reproduction of dace is possible in all the temperature ranges under study and an embryo survival rate of
over 87% can be achieved. Dace has also been found to be very sensitive to rapid temperature changes,
even within the temperature ranges optimal for the species. Such changes have an adverse effect on the
outcome of the reproduction process, such as a decrease in the percentage of reproducing females, a
decrease in the pseudo-gonado-somatic index (PGSI) and a decrease in the embryo survival rate.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Temperature uctuations
Dace
Reproduction
Spawning effectiveness
1. Introduction
Temperature is one of the most important environmental
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.07.011
0306-4565/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
63
Fig. 1. Temperature distribution during the dace reproduction process under laboratory (A) and eld conditions on the Czarci Jar Fish Farm and the Janowo Fish Farm (B).
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3. Results
3.1. Experiment I
Present studies have shown that if water temperature is slowly
increased before hormonal stimulation in dace (Fig. 1A), the sh
can reproduce at temperatures of 9.5 C, 12 C and 14.5 C. The
latency time was related to the water temperature in which the
spawners were kept and was 3648 h, 4260 h and 4872 h in
T14.5, T12.0 and T9.5 groups, respectively (Table 1; Fig. 2A). The
percentage of ovulating females was high (over 89%) in all groups.
The highest percentage of ovulating females was found in group
T14.5 (100%) and the lowest (89%) was in group T12.0 (Table 1).
The highest percentage of ovulating females in all groups was
found between 19 and 26 degree-days (DD) (Fig. 2B). No signicant differences were found in the pseudo-gonado-somatic index
(P o0.05) (Fig. 3). The highest embryo survival rate (over 92%) was
recorded in the group T12.0 in females showing a latency time of
48 h (Fig. 4A). Converted to degree-days, the highest embryo
survival rate was recorded in all female groups in which the
latency time was 2326 DD (Fig. 4B). In each of the temperature
variants, the spawns of females ovulating between 28 and 30
degree-days showed both kind of oocytes: normal green-grey
coloured and some white coloured (dead oocytes).
3.2. Experiment II
Spawning was successful both at Czarci Jar Fish Farm and at
Janowo Fish Farm, where dace brooders were kept at different
temperatures. The average water temperature (mean 7 SD) on the
farms was 11.07 0.3 and 13.2 7 1.4 C, respectively, but it
in-creased and uctuated both before and after the
hormonal stimulation (Fig. 1B). At Czarci Jar, 100% of females
ovulated within 2642 h after the second injection. In Janowo
(where the tem-perature uctuated more), only 75% of females
ovulated and the latency time was 3660 h (Table 2, Fig. 5A).
Converted to degree-days, the latency time in both farms
was 1933 degree-days (Fig. 5B). The value of PGSI (mean7 SD)
and the embryo survival rate were signicantly higher (P o 0.05)
in the females at Czarci Jar (Table 2) than at the Janowo Fish
Farm. Additionally, the correla-tion between female weight and
PGSI was found for female spawn at Czarci Jar, which was
contrary to the sh spawn in the second farm (Fig. 6A and B).
Signicant differences between both farms were observed for
the embryo survival to the eyed-egg-stage when the latency
time was evaluated in hours and degree days (Fig. 7) The
survival of females during the both experiments was excellent.
Table 1
The outcome of dace reproduction under laboratory conditions at three temperao
tures: 9.5 C, 12.0 C and 14.5 C. The data are presented as a mean 7 SD. The data
denoted with different letters were statistically different (Po 0.05).
T9.5
Initial BW [g]
BWI [%]
Ovulating females [%]
Latency time [h]
PGSI [%]
Embryo survival rate to eyed-eggstage [%]
T12.0
T14.5
102.4 7 1.6
100
3648
18.0 7 4.3
b
87.5 76.0
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Fig. 2. The relationship between the percentage of ovulating females kept at three temperature ranges (9.5 C, 12.0 C and 14.5 C) and the latency time in hours (A) and
degree-days (B).
Fig. 3. The gonado-somatic index depending on the latency time, converted to hours (A) and degree-days (B) during the dace reproduction period at three temperatures
(9.5 C, 12.0 C and 14.5 C). The data are presented as a mean 7 SD.
Fig. 4. Embryo survival rate depending on the latency time, in hours (A) and degree-days (B) during the dace reproduction period at three temperatures (9.5 C, 12.0 C and
14.5 C). The data are presented as a mean 7 SD. The data in rows denoted with different letters were statistically different (Po 0.05).
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Table 2
The outcome of dace reproduction under eld conditions in the Czarci Jar Fish Farm
and Janowo Fish Farm. The data are presented as a mean 7SD. The data denoted
with different letters were statistically different (Po 0.05).
Temperature [C]
Initial BW [g]
BWI [%]
Ovulating females [%]
Latency time [h]
PGSI [%]
Embryo survival rate to eyed-eggstage [%]
11.0 70.3
122.8 721.
1
102.1 7 1.7
100
4260
a
28.0 7 5.5
a
86.2 7 4.2
13.27 1.4
116.0 7 21.
9
101.6 7 1.4
75
3660
b
22.3 7 4.0
b
63.9 7 16.0
4. Discussion
To date, reproduction of dace under controlled condition has
been conducted at 12 C (Kucharczyk et al., 2008; Kupren et al.,
2011; Cejko et al., 2012, Targoska et al., 2013). The spawning
of dace in this experiment was conducted at 9.5 C, 12 C and 14.5
C (experiment I) and the embryo survival rate was high
(above 87.5%) at all temperatures under study after hormonal
treatment. Moreover, the percentage of ovulating females was
the highest at the highest temperature (14.5 C). These results
show
that
dace might
reproduce
successfully
at
temperatures much higher (14.5 C) than previously observed
(1012 C). But this raises the question: is the spawning of dace
really possible at such a high
temperature or is it merely an adaptation to changes in the
environment? Since dace live in a huge area in Eurasia
rate
(Tadajewska, 1986), probably this species might be able to adapt
to the changes in environment if they happen very slowly? During
the rst experiment, no spawning disruption, e.g. egg resorption,
was found in any tested constant temperatures (9.5 C, 12.0 C and
14.5 C). This indicates that the abnormal FOM under natural
conditions in dace observed in Sawica and Marzka River at
temperatures of 1115 C was not only caused by temperature
level. On the other hand, at temperatures of 13.2 71.4 C
(mean 7 SD) on the Janowo Fish Farm, 25% of females did not
ovulate. The difference between the two farms was the uctuating
temperature observed in Janowo. This suggests that rapid temperature uctuations below 14.5 C during FOM might impair
normal gamete development. Manipulating the water temperature
in sh breeding is used in order to precipitate spawning, although
uncontrolled changes in water temperature may cause various
disturbances in the reproductive cycle, or even inhibit spawning,
Fig. 5. The relationship between the percentage of ovulating females and the latency time in hours (A) and degree-days (B).
67
Fig. 6. The relationship between the pseudo gonado-somatic index and the body weight of a female dace on the Czarci Jar Fish Farm (A) and the Janowo Fish Farm (B).
Fig. 7. Embryo survival rate depending on the latency time, in hours (A) and degree-days (B) during the dace reproduction period at the Czarci Jar Fish Farm and the Janowo
Fish Farm. The data are presented as a mean 7 SD. The data in rows denoted with different letters were statistically different (P o0.05).
Acknowledgements
This study was nanced by Innovations in nsh aquaculture
with special reference to reproduction, Operational Programme
Sustainable Development of the Fisheries Sector and Coastal Fishing Areas 20072013 (OR14-61724-OR1400003/09/10/11).
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, it appears that dace is not as strongly stenothermic (in its reproduction) as previously observed. This study has
shown that it can be reproduced successfully under controlled
conditions not only in the temperature range from 10 C to 12 C,
but also at 14.5 C, with a resulting 100% ovulation and an embryo
survival rate of over 87%. Dace has also been found to be sensitive
to rapid temperature changes, even within the temperature ranges
tested in this study: uctuations in water temperature after the
administration of ovulation-inducing hormones had a negative
effect on reproduction. Such changes adversely affected the
percentage of ovulating females and the quantity and quality of
gametes; thereby, they may affect the natural recruitment. Since
dace is a sh with a short life cycle, any spawning disruption might
strongly inuence the natural population.
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