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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy
Renewable Energy Research Group (RERG), Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
School of Environment Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 April 2009
Received in revised form 11 August 2009
Accepted 11 August 2009
Available online 3 September 2009
Keywords:
Hybrid solarwind energy system
Feasibility study
Modelling
Optimization
a b s t r a c t
Solar and wind energy systems are omnipresent, freely available, environmental friendly, and they are
considered as promising power generating sources due to their availability and topological advantages
for local power generations. Hybrid solarwind energy systems, uses two renewable energy sources,
allow improving the system efciency and power reliability and reduce the energy storage requirements
for stand-alone applications. The hybrid solarwind systems are becoming popular in remote area power
generation applications due to advancements in renewable energy technologies and substantial rise in
prices of petroleum products. This paper is to review the current state of the simulation, optimization
and control technologies for the stand-alone hybrid solarwind energy systems with battery storage. It
is found that continued research and development effort in this area is still needed for improving the systems performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating
them with other renewable or conventional power generation sources.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meteorological data generation for feasibility study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
Time-series meteorological data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
Statistical meteorological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Simulation modelling of hybrid solarwind system components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Modelling of photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Modelling of wind energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.
Modelling of battery storage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Criteria for hybrid solarwind system optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Power reliability analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
System cost analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optimum sizing methods for hybrid solarwind system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Simulation and optimization software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Optimization techniques for hybrid solarwind system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1.
Optimization scenarios based on different meteorological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.
Optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.
Brief summary of the optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 2766 4559; fax: +852 2774 6146.
E-mail address: w.zhou@polyu.edu.hk (W. Zhou).
0306-2619/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.012
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1. Introduction
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has
necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources to cater to the present days demand. Another key reason to reduce our
reliance on fossil fuels is the growing evidence of the global warming phenomena. Therefore, it is imperative to nd alternative energy sources to cover the continuously increasing demand of
energy while minimise the negative environmental impacts. Solar
and wind energy systems are being considered as promising power
generating sources due to their availability and topological advantages for local power generations in remote areas. Utilization of solar and wind energy has become increasingly signicant, attractive
and cost-effective, since the oil crises of early 1970s.
However, a drawback, common to solar and wind options, is
their unpredictable nature and dependence on weather and climatic changes, and the variations of solar and wind energy may
not match with the time distribution of load demand. This shortcoming not only affects the systems energy performance, but also
results in batteries being discarded too early. Generally, the independent use of both energy resources may result in considerable
over-sizing, which in turn makes the design costly. It is prudent
that neither a stand-alone solar energy system nor a wind energy
system can provide a continuous power supply due to seasonal
and periodical variations [1] for stand-alone systems.
Fortunately, the problems caused by the variable nature of
these resources can be partially or wholly overcome by integrating
these two energy resources in a proper combination, using the
strengths of one source to overcome the weakness of the other.
The use of different energy sources allows improving the system
efciency and reliability of the energy supply and reduces the energy storage requirements compared to systems comprising only
one single renewable energy source. With the complementary
characteristics between solar energy and wind energy for certain
locations, the hybrid solarwind power generation systems with
storage banks offer a highly reliable source of power [2], which is
suitable to electrical loads that need higher reliability [3].
In the past, the hybrid systems have been considered as preferred for remote systems like radio telecommunication, satellite
earth stations, or at sites far away from a conventional power system [47]. Today, there is a trend to update the existing one source
system (PV, wind or hydro) into hybrid system for grid-connection
applications [8].
Of course, with increased complexity in comparison with single
energy systems, the optimum design of a hybrid system becomes
complicated through uncertain renewable energy supplies and
load demand, non-linear characteristics of the components, high
number of variables and parameters that have to be considered
for the optimum design, and the fact that the optimum conguration and optimum control strategy of the system are interdependent. This complexity makes the hybrid systems more difcult to
be designed and analyzed.
In order to efciently and economically utilize the renewable
energy resources, one optimum sizing method is necessary. The
optimum sizing method can help to guarantee the lowest investment with full use of the PV array, wind turbine and battery bank,
so that the hybrid system can work at the optimum conditions in
terms of investment and system power reliability. This type of
optimization includes economical objectives, and it requires the
assessment of the systems long-term performance in order to
reach the best compromise for both reliability and cost.
Different sizing methods, such as graphical construction method, probabilistic approach, iterative approach and articial intelligence method, can be applied to reach a techno-economically
optimum hybrid renewable energy system. Whichever sizing and
optimization technique are used, they must ultimately search for
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Wind Turbine
PV Module
Dump Load
DC Load
Inverter
AC Load
Battery
cells by using eight parameters which can be identied by regression with the Amoeba Subroutine or Downhill Simplex Method
from experimental data. Accuracy of this model was validated by
experimental data with good tness.
Jones and Underwood [37] developed an efciency model of PV
module power output based on an adaptation of the established PV
ll factor method, and attempts are made to take into account the
solar radiation and temperature characteristics in the established
theory in order to make a general PV power efciency mode. The
AC power output from a PV array was estimated from the product
of a single PV module power output, the number of PV modules Nm
in the array, and the inverter efciency ginv :
G
lnk1 G
To
PArray FF Isco
V oco
Nm ginv
Go
lnk1 Go T module
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Net Present Cost is dened as the total present value of a time series of cash ows, which includes the initial cost of all the system
components, the cost of any component replacements that occur
within the project lifetime and the cost of maintenance. The system lifetime is usually considered to be the life of the PV modules,
which are the elements that have a longer lifespan. A more detailed
description of its calculation can be found [70,71], and some costs
may depend on the control strategy selected amongst those possibilities [70]. The HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable) uses the total Net Present Cost to represent the life-cycle cost of the system, assumes that all prices escalate at the same
rate and takes the annual real interest rate rather than the nominal interest rate. This method allows ination to be factored out
of the analysis [72]. The Net Present Cost also takes into account
any salvage costs, which is the value remained in a component of
the system at the end of the project lifetime. The HOMER assumes
a linear depreciation of components, meaning that the salvage value of a component is directly proportional to its remaining life. It
also assumes that the salvage value is based on the replacement
cost rather than the initial capital cost.
The Levelised Cost of Energy is dened as the ratio of the total
annualized cost of the system to the annual electricity delivered
by the system [2]. It has been extensively used as an objective term
to evaluate the hybrid solarwind system congurations [73].
Other economical approaches, such as the Levelised Cost of System
[1] and life-cycle cost are also widely used [74].
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Table 1
Detailed design parameters of the pilot hybrid solarwind power generation project.
Design parameters
Load
PV array
Wind turbine
Battery capacity
1500 W (+24 V)
MBFP100
100 W 78 = 7.8 kW
(29.5 inclination)
WT6000/024
6 kW 2 = 12 kW
GFM-1000 (2 V)
5000 Ah (24 V)
387
system. Some researchers have used different conventional controlling technique [98] for different combination of hybrid energy
systems. Park et al. [99] presented the power compensation system
for controlling energy ow through hybrid energy system according to load demand. Valenciaga and Puleston [100] and Onar
et al. [101] developed controller for hybrid power systems.
Valenciaga and Puleston [100] developed three modes of operation
and they used sliding mode control methods [102] for controlling
the hybrid system.
Beside the conventional approaches, some advanced controlling
techniques exist, which can remove the power uctuations caused
by the variability of the renewable energy sources that may affect
the quality of the power delivered to the load.
El-Shater et al. [103] discussed the energy ow and management of a hybrid solarwindfuel system. Each of the three energy
sources is controlled so as to deliver energy at optimum efciency
by Fuzzy Logic control technique which is employed to achieve
maximum power tracking for both solar and wind energies and
to deliver is maximum power to a xed DC voltage bus. Chedid
and Rahman [104] presented controller design that monitors the
operation of the stand-alone or grid-connected systems. The controller determines the energy available from each of the system
components and environmental credit of the system. The model
developed can give production cost, unmet and spilled energies,
and battery charged and discharged losses. Some new approaches
based on Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithm techniques [105,106]
are also proposed for the scheduling of the battery and the diesel
generator of a hybrid solarwinddiesel system.
5.2.2.6. Multi-objective design. Whenever we wish, in any engineering eld, to carry out a design, it is likely that we wish to have in
mind several objectives simultaneously, being typical that some
of them conict with each other [107]. In the optimum sizing of
hybrid solarwinddiesel systems, we wish to carry out the design
considering simultaneously at least two objectives (costs and pollutant emissions). These two objectives are in conict, since a
reduction in design costs implies a rise in pollutant emissions
and vice versa.
Therefore, the task of getting good results in problems of this
kind (multi-objective) is complicated. Given the complexity of this
kind of problems, because of the large number of variables that are
usually considered and of the mathematical models applied, classic
optimization techniques may consume excessive CPU time or even
being incapable of taking into account all the characteristics associated to the posed problem. In the specialised technical literature
[27,70,108] the design of these systems is usually done by search-
ing the conguration and/or control that yields the lowest total
cost through the useful life of the installation. However, the environmental issues associated to this type of installations should also
be taken into account during the design process. Until now, usually, the pollutant emissions have been calculated after obtaining
the design that minimises costs. In some cases, as in the HOMER
program, it is possible to consider the pollutant emissions by economically valuating them, and therefore becoming a part of the
costs objective function. This mapping of costs to emissions is subjective, and decisively inuences the results of the design. The
method that HOMER uses for the multi-objective design is known
as the method of the weights [1].
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) stand out in
the multi-objective design task, being applied in numerous papers.
Pelet et al. [109] carried out an application of MOEAs for the optimization of system cost and CO2 emissions for a stand-alone hybrid system in which three hotels and a town in the Tunisian
Sahara were thermally and electrically supplied. Bernal-Agustn
et al. [71] present a multi-objective optimization (NPC versus
CO2 emissions) for hybrid a solarwinddiesel system with battery
storage based on MOEAs. Dufo-Lpez and Bernal-Agustn [110]
presented a triple multi-objective optimization to minimise simultaneously the total cost throughout the useful life of the installation, pollutant emissions (CO2) and unmet load. For this task, a
MOEAs and a Genetic Algorithm have been used in order to nd
the best combination of components and control strategies for
the hybrid system.
Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm was also applied to the
multi-objective design of hybrid systems. The design is posed as an
optimization problem whose solution allows obtaining the conguration of the system as well as the control strategy that simultaneously minimises both the total cost through the useful life of the
installation and the pollutant emissions.
5.3. Brief summary of the optimization techniques
Based on the detailed illustration given above, Table 2 shows a
summary of the relative merits and demerits of different optimization software and techniques for better identication.
6. Conclusion
The stand-alone hybrid solarwind power generation system is
recognized as a viable alternative to grid supply or conventional
fuel-based remote area power supplies all over the world. It is generally more suitable than systems that only have one energy source
Table 2
Simple summary of the relative merits and demerits of different optimization methodologies.
Merits
Software tools
HOMER
HOGA
HYBRIDS
Optimization
techniques
Graphic
construction
method
Probabilistic
approach
Iterative technique
Articial
intelligence
methods
Multi-objective
design
Demerits
Cannot enable the user to intuitively select
appropriate system components
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for supply of electricity to off-grid applications. However, the design, control, and optimization of the hybrid systems are usually
very complex tasks.
This paper has reviewed the up-to-date progress of this technology, which includes the feasibility study, component simulations,
system optimization and control technologies of the hybrid systems. The feasibility study is carried out on both time-series meteorological data bases and statistical meteorological data bases.
Most of the commonly used criteria that evaluate the system
power reliability and system cost are investigated. Various optimization techniques have been reviewed including the graphic construction methods, probabilistic approach, iterative technique,
articial intelligence methods, multi-objective design etc.
According to the review carried out in this paper, a detailed
renewable energy resource analysis at rst stage of the design
for optimum sizing of a hybrid solarwind energy system and for
optimum resource allocation based on load demand is essential
for reducing the hybrid systems initial cost and operation cost.
Furthermore, the inclusion of articial intelligence as part of the
energy management system in the future can denitely help operators reduce the systems cost further.
Acknowledgements
The work described in this paper is supported by a grant from
the Sun Hung Kai Properties Group (Project No. ZZ1T) and a research grant from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Project
No. Z02T).
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