Osh Magazine

BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGIES: FRESH GROUND LEADERSHIP
NOVEMBER 2014
VOL. 83 NO. 11 | www.ohsonline.com
CONFINED SPACE:
Managing Entrants
Exposures 16
CHEMICAL SAFETY:
Using the Hierarchy of
Controls 28
FALL PROTECTION:
Fine-Tuned Training 46
Fit Testing
Industry
Professionals
Can Trust
www.3M.com/quickrelease
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800-955-6887
CIRCLE 13 ON CARD
10/2/14 4:26 PM
the best meal of the year

I have a lot to be grateful for but most
of all, its a full stomach before relaxing
in front of the television for a feast of
football. Wearing the flame-resistant
textiles from the American workers of
TenCate Protective Fabrics gives me the
confidence to completely relax.
CIRCLE 25 ON CARD
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FROM THE EDITOR
The Worlds Ebola Response
big development occurred in in providing for nearly $1 billion in critical

September as I sat down to write needs the UN has identified for the next six
this: 193 members of the United months. The fact that the U.S., U.K., China,
Nations General Assembly unani- Cuba, and other countries are using a variety
mously adopted a key resolution, and the of assets, including military assets, speaks
to the complexity of the chalUN Security Council declared
lenge, she said.
the Ebola outbreak in west AfThis is not just a public
rica a threat to international
health crisis. This is a social
peace and security. UNs seccrisis, a humanitarian crisis, an
retary general, Ban Ki-moon,
economic crisis, and a threat
announced a new United Nato national security well betions Mission for Ebola Emeryond the outbreak zones, she
gency Response (UNMEER)
told the Security Council. For
would be deployedmarking
these reasons, Mr. secretary
the first time that the UN has This is a social
and I are calling for a
created a mission for a public
crisis, a humani- general
UN-wide initiative that draws
health emergency. This came
together all the assets of all relonly six months after the first tarian crisis, an
evant UN agencies.
case was reported to the World economic crisis,
Dr. David Nabarro, the secHealth Organization, yet in
that period more than 2,500 and a threat to na- retary generals senior coordivictims had died of the disease. tional security well nator for the Ebola response,
said confirmed cases had douBan directed UNMEER ad- beyond the outbled in the affected countries
vance teams to deploy to the
mission headquarters in Accra, break zones, WHO during the three weeks prior
to the councils vote. To get
Ghana, and to Guinea, Liberia, Director-General
front of this, the response
and Sierra Leone, by Sept. 22.
Dr. Margaret Chan in
must be increased 20-fold
Dr. Margaret Chan, WHOs
from where it is today, he said.
director-general, has said the told the Security
outbreak is likely to be the Council.
greatest peacetime challenge
the United Nations has ever faced and has JERRY LAWS
called on nations around the world to help jlaws@1105media.com
www.ohsonline.com
VOLUME 83 NUMBER 11
EDITORIAL STAFF
Jerry Laws
EDITOR
Brent Dirks
E-NEWS EDITOR
Lindsay Page
SENIOR EDITOR
Matthew Holden
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
ART STAFF
Dale Chinn
ART DIRECTOR
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DIRECTOR, PRINT AND ONLINE PRODUCTION
David Seymour
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INTEGRATED MEDIA REPRESENTATIVE-EAST
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SECURITY, SAFETY, AND HEALTH GROUP

Kevin OGrady
PRESIDENT & GROUP PUBLISHER
Margaret Perry
GROUP CIRCULATION DIRECTOR
Susan May
GROUP MARKETING DIRECTOR
Scott Newhouse
GROUP WEBSITE MANAGER
Tammy Renne
GROUP WEBINAR ADMINISTRATOR
Ginger Hill
GROUP SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR
Neal Vitale
PRESIDENT & CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT &
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Richard Vitale
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT
Michael J. Valenti
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APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Erik A. Lindgren
VICE PRESIDENT, EVENT OPERATIONS
David F. Myers
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD
Jeffrey S. Klein
REACHING THE STAFF

Editors can be reached via e-mail, fax, telephone, or mail. A list of
editors and contact information is at www.ohsonline.com.
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10/8/14 1:06 PM
Life of the Garment

Limits FR Protection wear tencate
Inherent Flame Resistance Never Washes Off Or
Wears Away with TenCate Protective Fabrics
When selecting a fabric for a
flame-resistant clothing program,
safety managers are often confronted with a lot of promises.
It can sometimes get really
confusing, says Celina Green, an
FR education specialist with TenCate Protective Fabrics. All the
standards like 70E and 2112. Then
theres the OSHA rules. A safety
manager is forced to digest a lot in
a little amount a time.
Ms. Green explains that it can
get even more murky with some
of the claims made by chemically
treated cotton manufacturers.
I think the most misleading
phrase [for chemically treated
cotton and cotton blend garments]
has to be life of the garment,
Ms. Green says.
This refers to the fire protection
promises often added to cotton
and cotton blends that have a fire
retardant chemical added after the
fabric has been made.
Because that chemical can wear
off over time and with every laundering especially when washed
improperly the exact moment
when that chemical dissipates
from the fabric is rather imprecise.
Chemically treated cotton
and cotton blends like 88/12 dont
come with an indicator on their
protection, Ms. Green says. You
cant see when the protection is
Untitled-7 1
gone or even at a less than ideal

percentage.
On the other hand, one need
never worry about FR protection
with textiles from TenCate Protective Fabrics.
All of our textiles are inherently flame resistant, Ms. Green says.
Like in TenCate Tecasafe Plus,
our fiber blend is flame resistant
before we even make yarn. No
chemicals needed!
If a scrap of TenCate Tecasafe
Plus fabric is found in a future
archaeological dig, it would still
wouldnt catch on fire.
TenCate Protective Fabrics
only makes inherently flame
resistant textiles, Ms. Green says.
The protection never washes off
or wears away.
While one should never use
fabric softener because its flammable and assuring its completely
rinsed from the fibers is impossible, many TenCate fabrics can be
laundered like most of other colored clothing without any special
care instructions.
Even TenCate Tecasafe Plus
Knit Fabric can be washed at
home but its also strong and durable enough for industrial laundering. Ms. Green explains.
Incredible comfort and multihazard protection all within

an easy-care fabric.
Request your own sample to
feel it for yourself. Visit
TenCateFabrics.com/Touch
and TenCate P rotective
Fabrics will send you out
a sample of the softest,
most comfortable FR fabric
available today
CIRCLE 29 ON CARD
Learn more by visiting the webs at

TenCateFabrics.com/GarmentLife.
10/10/14 3:47 PM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOVEMBER 2014 | Volume 83, Number 11 | www.ohsonline.com
40
Get the Cut Resistance Your Workers Require

Why do you need to know what is in your cut-resistant glove
and how it works? by Griff Hughes
44
No Easy Answers on Vibration Gloves

The most accurate method to determine the actual vibration
magnitude exposure of workers is to perform on-site vibration analysis, which can vary significantly from the values
declared by the tool manufacturers. by Jennifer Choi
SPECIAL SECTION: FALL PROTECTION 45

46
Laying the Groundwork

Heres how to create and execute a reliable fall protection
and rescue plan. by Jim Hutter
49
Fall Protection vs. Fall Prevention:

A New Approach to Ladders
Everything else has improved with technology; its time we
started improving ladders. by David Francis
51
What You Need to Know About

Fall Protection Training
Hands-on practice helps to instill confidence and increase
competence in users. by Marty Breimhurst
24
features
TSI INCORPORATED
SLIP & FALL

52
Identifying Same-Level Slip and

Fall Hazards in the Workplace
Taking the time to identify floor safety hazards in all areas
in and around a facility is the first step toward avoiding
common injuries. by Karen D. Hamel
54
Staying on Your Feet in the Winter

This winter, make ice traction as important as coats, gloves,
and hats, because keeping you safely on your feet in snow and
ice is as important as staying warm. by John Milburn
HEAD & FACE PROTECTION

14
Rules of the Road

OSHAs regulation and consensus standards are guideposts
for keeping your program on track. by Fred Elliott
CONFINED SPACES
16
Confined Space: Managing Exposures

There is a data gap with the instruments usedintermittent
or continuousas well as the records resulting from these
devices. by Jeffrey Lewis
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
55
SPECIAL SECTION: RESPIRATORY PROTECTION 19

20
24
Powered Air Purifying Respirators:

Versatility Beyond Respiratory Protection
Recent advancements are driving a renewed interest by
health and safety professionals to evaluate these systems
as a potential solution for a variety of on-the-job hazards.
by Karen Cuta
Fit Testing Industry Professionals Can Trust
At minimum, OSHA requires that respirator fit testing occurs
on an annual basis. However, fit testing must occur in other
notable instances, as well. by Molly Doran and John Morton
CHEMICAL SAFETY
28
Employee Protection: The Hierarchy of Controls

At the top of the hierarchy is elimination or substitution.
by Barry R. Weissman
SPECIAL SECTION: HAND PROTECTION 33

34
Gloves Are PPE and More

They actually help us work faster and better, thanks to
amazing new designs and materials. by Joe Milot III and
Anthony Di Giovanni
1114ohs_006_008_TOC_v2.indd 6
Revving Up V2V
Vehicle-to-vehicle technology represents the next great
advance in saving lives, U.S. Transportation Secretary
Anthony Foxx has said. by Jerry Laws
departments
4
10
56
62
63
64
64
65
66
From the Editor

Newsline
New Products
Practical Excellence
by Shawn Galloway
Product Spotlights
Classifieds
Literature Library
Advertiser Index
Breakthrough Strategies
by Robert Pater
Find OHS on:
Twitter
http://twitter.com/OccHealthSafety
Facebook http://facebook.com/ohsmag
Safety Community http://www.safetycommunity.com/profile/
OHSMagazine
www.ohsonline.com
10/14/14 11:17 AM
CIRCLE 20 ON CARD
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10/7/14 3:01 PM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOVEMBER 2014 | Volume 83, Number 11 | www.ohsonline.com
www.ohsonline.com
Big changes are coming in
the NFPA 70E-2015 standard, and there are important compliance deadlines
in January 2015 and April
2015 for OSHAs power
generation, transmission, and
distribution final rule, which
changes the electrical protective equipment requirements
for construction and general
industry and also includes
requirements for fall protection and arc flash protection.
Our websites new electrical safety portal, http://ohsonline.com/portals/electrical-safety.aspx, offers a wealth of
information to help safety professionals understand and
comply with these and other key standards, conduct electrical hazard assessments, access training courses, and keep
their workers safe on the job.
COPYRIGHT OBERON COMPANY
New Electrical Safety

Portal Stocked with
Great Resources
The Personal Side of Lean Manufacturing

The Manufacturing Process Optimization Program at the Jabil
Shanghai plant paid dividends on many levels, including
improving efficiency, cutting waste, and eliminating human
error, plant managers reported. As a result, the initiative is being
implemented at other Jabil Circuit sites.
November Webinars:
Effective Hearing Protection, FR Apparel,
New OSHA 10 and OSHA 30 Training Options
This months free OH&S webinars kick off Nov. 6 with Effective
Management of Hearing Conservation Programs. Presenters
Victor DAmato and Amanda Archer will discuss strategies for
focusing resources to reduce work-related hearing loss. Next up
on Nov. 12 is a webinar on the topic of flash fire and electric
arc protection, followed on Nov. 13 by a webinar announcing
the arrival of OSHA 10 and 30 hour training from the American
Red Cross. With more than 70,000 injuries occurring each
year in the construction industry, theres a serious need for a
better educational offering for workers and employers, presenter
Thomas Heneghan says.
KeeLine Roof Lifelines
Kee Hatch Safety Railings
KeeGuard Safety Railing Systems
Kee Walk Roof Walkways
Stay on Top of OSHA-compliant

Rooftop Fall Protection
We make it easy for you to meet safety standards with
a complete line of durable, easy-to-install fall protection
products and modular guardrail systems.
Kee Safety, Inc.
1-800-851-5181
www.KeeSafety.com/OHS
Request
a Free
Catalog
Separating People from Hazards SM
Circle 4 on card.
1114ohs_006_008_TOC_v2.indd 8
Working Safe Everyday.

For information
Call: (800) 229-2233
www.go-phc.com
Email: info@go-phc.com
Circle 12 on card.
www.ohsonline.com
10/14/14 11:17 AM
MORE AIR. MORE WEAR. MORE SMART.

AirWave the next wave in respiratory protection. A
revolutionary step forward from todays disposable
respirators. Its patented wave technology allows easier
breathing for all day comfort and protection.
AirWave is made to last. Our exclusive DuraMesh shell resists
collapsing in heat and humidity, and it keeps the filter
cleaner looking longer.
AirWave is made smart. Our exclusive SmartStrap allows the
respirator to hang around the neck when not in use, last
longer, and reduce waste. Plus, SmartStrap is also adjustable
to allow for a comfortable custom fit.
AirWave delivers the Moldex commitment once again:
Products designed for comfort and durability to increase
compliance and decrease costs.
For more information please visit:
http://www.moldex.com/airwave/
Or call 1-800-421-0668
Samples are available to qualified users.
Adjustable
Hangable
e
Foam
Fo
oam Face Cushion
4200 N95
4600
600 N95
95
4800
800 N95
95
4700N100
700 00
4300P95
300 95
Plus Nuisance OV
CIRCLE 27 ON CARD
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10/7/14 3:08 PM
NEWSLINE
On the Move
Haws Corporation recently added three
people to its staff and promoted two others. Hollie Tracy-Ochoa joined the Sparks,
Nev.-based company as executive assistant
for sales and marketing, Melanie Mayer
joined as safety supervisor/ISO coordinator, and Mike Damon joined as Haws Integrated sales engineer. Jeanene Fisher and
Kim Courtney were promoted to Haws
Integrated inside sales specialists. . . .Jose
Varela is now vice president and general
manager of 3Ms Personal Safety Division,
overseeing 3Ms global safety business and
more than 40 major platforms, including
respiratory protection, hearing protection,
fall protection, protective eyewear, head
and face protection, and reflective materials. He previously served as managing director of 3M Brazil. Were excited to see
the commitment that safety managers from
around the world are making to improving
worker safety, said Varela. In my new role,
I look forward to leveraging 3Ms decades
of safety experience and its entrepreneurial spirit to create a safer world. . . . Sheila
Eads, president and CEO of ERB Industries, recently was elected to the ISEA
Board of Trustees. She is serving a one-year
term and filling a vacancy on the board.
Sheila is respected in the safety equipment industry and brings a wealth of experience that we can draw from, said ISEA
President Daniel K. Shipp. We appreciate her willingness to serve on the Board
a second time and to share her expertise
so that ISEA can continue its mission of
protecting worker health and safety worldwide. . . . JLG Industries, Inc. opened an
expanded, 15,000-square-foot customer
training center in McConnellsburg, Pa.,
earlier this year. It features a significantly
JLG INDUSTRIES INC.
The 15,000-square-foot customer training center

is located in McConnellsburg, Pa.
larger bay for training and a ground course

for hands-on driving and operating skills,
according to the company. The customer
10
training center will be a world-class facility

where we can engage with our customers
from all over the world, provide training
and education, and share best practices
for the lift and access industry, said Frank
Nerenhausen, Oshkosh Corporations executive vice president and president of JLG
Industries. We want to help customers get
the most out of their investments in JLG
equipment and services to help them improve their business performance. . . . .All
Star Incentive Marketing announced that
Kristie Galonek, a third-generation family
member, has joined its sales team. She was
fast-tracked through the Executive Development Program at Macys corporate headquarters in New York City but had worked
part time throughout her collegiate years
in the family business under the guidance
of her father, Gary Galonek. . . . Sue Horvath joined Ergodyne as chief financial
officer and vice president of finance, the
company announced Aug. 27. . . . North
Dakota Gov. Jack Dalrymple appointed
North Dakota Assistant Attorney General
Troy Thomas Seibel to commissioner of
the North Dakota Department of Labor
and Human Rights on Sept. 5. Seibel replaced Bonnie Storbakken, who is now
serving as legal counsel to the governors
office. Troy is a very skilled attorney, having gained broad legal experience in both
private practice and as an assistant attorney
general, Dalrymple said. Among his many
responsibilities in the attorney generals office, Troy has served as legal counsel for the
Department of Labor and Human Rights.
Troys proven legal skills and his experience
with the Department of Labor and Human
Rights will provide for a smooth transition
and serve as a strong foundation in leading the departments mission to protect
the rights of North Dakota citizens. Seibel
leads a state agency with 12 staff members
and a two-year budget of $1.96 million. . .
. Atlas Copco Construction Equipment
recently appointed Michael Sagermann
as its business line manager in the United
States for portable energy products and
John Garcia as regional channel manager,
generators, for the western United States.
In addition, Odie Baca accepted the position of product development specialist,
central United States. Atlas Copco Dynapac appointed Jerry Hackett to regional
sales manager, south central United States
and Pat Burnham as product manager,
heavy compaction.
1114ohs_010_012_Newsline_v4.indd 10
www.ohsonline.com
ADVISORY BOARD
Leo J. DeBobes, MA (OH&S), CSP, CHCM,
CPEA, CSC, EMT
Stony Brook University Medical Center
Stony Brook, NY
Scott Lawson
The Scott Lawson Companies
Concord, N.H.
Angelo Pinheiro, CSP, CRSP, CPEA
Senior HES Professional
Marathon Oil Company
Houston, Texas
William H. Weems, DrPH, CIH
Director, Environmental & Industrial Programs
University of Alabama College of Continuing Studies
Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Barry R. Weissman, MBA, REM, CSP,
CHMM, CHS-V, CIPS
Corporate Manager Health & Safety
Benjamin Moore Paint Co.
Flanders, N.J.
Henry Wright, MBA, CFPS
Senior Vice President & Director Risk Solutions
BB&T Insurance Services Inc.
Charlotte, N.C.
Business Moves
Industrial Supply Company broke
ground in September 2014 on an expansion
in Salt Lake City that will connect two existing warehouses. Construction is expected to be completed by March 2015. This
represents a major commitment to ensuring that we have the resources needed to
improve our operations and strengthen our
ability to succeed in growing our business,
says Randy Evans, president and grandson
of the MRO distributors founder, Rudy Orlob. The company was almost 50 years old
when it moved from downtown Salt Lake
in 1964. Two of our three warehouses were
built in the late 70s. This new project represents a very significant milestone in our
history. During all those years, one simple
concept has served us well: Focus on our
customers.
Industrial Supply (www.indsupply.com)
has eight locations in Wyoming, Nevada,
and Utah.
Grainger recently announced that
its data center in Lake Forest, Ill., has been
certified as the worlds first Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
facility of its type. The center features an
advanced cooling system, with the energy
used for cooling the facility controlled by
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:06 PM
SAFETY
IN EVERY
STITCH.
Designed to meet electric arc ash standards, Dickies FR
garments protect against hazardous conditions on the toughest jobs.
Dickies. Standing in harms way since 1922.
Shop at Dickies.com/FR
CIRCLE 21 ON CARD
Untitled-9 1
10/7/14 3:05 PM
NEWSLINE
GRAINGER
The data center has been certified as the worlds

first LEED facility of its type.
strictly managing the air flow, using outside air to cool it. This allows the data center to use as much as 50 percent less energy
for cooling than similar data centers. Our
goal is always to build the most sustainable
facility possible, said Gail Edgar, vice president of Grainger Real Estate and Facilities Services. One of the most important
components of the project was to realize
significant energy savings by maintaining a
low Power Usage Effectiveness, which measures the energy used beyond the IT load.
WinWholesale Inc. in September
announced the opening of Northwest Arkansas Winwater in Bentonville, Ark. The
company, in which WinWholesale is the
majority shareholder, will provide general,
municipal, and utility contractors with
PVC pipe, valves, water hydrants, drainage systems, and other products. There are
560 WinWholesale locations in 45 states.
The companys headquarters are located in
Dayton, Ohio.
Draeger Releases Oil & Gas

State of Safety Report
On the eve of the 2014 NSC conference,
Draeger released the findings from its firstever survey on oil & gas workers and safety
managers perspectives on safety within
their industry. The survey included 129
self-identified current and former safety
managers and front-line workers, and
Draeger reported that they felt the leading
challenges in maximizing the industrys
safety potential are complacency, lack of
training, communication, and a bottomline focus. While 69 percent of workers
and 61.9 percent of safety managers said
they feel their current or previous employers often considered their safety, as well as
provided the necessary training and equipment, respondents agreed there are opportunities for improvement: 66.6 percent
of safety managers ranked their current or
previous safety culture as medium, while
12
one-third identified it as strong. As for

complacency, part two of the survey asked
79 safety managers and front-line workers
whether they bump test their gas detection devices prior to each days use, in accordance with the recommended OSHA
guideline. Only 28 percent of the workers
said they conduct it once a week, 8.7 percent said twice a month, 6.5 percent said at
their discretion, 28.3 percent didnt know,
and 4.3 percent said they never perform a
test. Most of the safety managers (61.9 percent) said they conduct bump tests prior to
each days use, despite monitoring workers
who often do not follow this practice.
and every glove is stamped. We try to move

as quickly and aggressively as we can. There
are a lot of moving parts, he added.
SHOWA employees embraced the
change, and the impact at NSC was gratifying, Alico said. Ive been in the glove business 30 years, and that to me was the most
rewarding reception weve gotten from the
end users, from our distributors, and quite
frankly from our competitors, he said of
the conference. We got a lot of wows, we
really did. . . . I think what you saw at the
NSC was a lot of innovation; our style of
booth was different than anything youd
seen at that show before.
SHOWA Introduced at
2014 NSC Conference
More Effort Needed to Meet

Climate Change Target, UN Reports
Showa Best Glove, Inc., a leader in the

hand protection industry, has changed its
corporate name to SHOWA and showcased
its new brand mark and corporate identity
during the 2014 National Safety Council
Congress and Expo, held in San Diego.
Showa Best Glove was born when
Showa Glove Japan acquired Best Manufacturing in 2007. The company, based in
Menlo, Ga., states that it is the only glove
company that manufactures disposable
gloves in the United States.
Asked in an interview about the timing of this change, SHOWA President and
COO Bill Alico answered, You know, really, I guess I would say it was time. You had
this long history of using these two brand
names. Weve been operating for some
time using both original trademarks and
various branding. Were a global company,
and really it became time for us to do it to
make things easier on our end users, our
distributors, our marketing spend, to focus
everything in one direction.
SHOWA operates eight production
facilities. Two are in Guatemala, one in
Georgia, one in Alabama, one in Quebec,
one in Malaysia, one in Vietnam, and one
in Japan. We have a really big portfolio of
hand protection, Alico said. Over 60 years
we acquired various brand names, and
when youre trying to market on a global
scale and, as an end user, youre trying to
get technical support and advice, I think
the benefit is it really makes us easier to do
business with. It allows you to get the technical support that you need.
To be honest, it is not a flip of the
switch. You dont wake up on Sept. 26,
when we sent the release, and every case
The United Nations on Oct. 6 released the

Global Diversity Outlook 4 report, which
examines how much progress has been
made toward reaching 20 targets, known
as the Aichi Targets because they were
agreed upon in 2010 in the Japanese city of
Nagoya in Aichi prefecture. Much more efficient use of land, water, energy, and materials is needed to meet the targets by 2020,
the Montreal-based Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity said in it.
The report said progress has been made
toward achieving targets 11 (Protected
Areas), 16 (Access and Benefit Sharing of
Genetic Resources), and 17 (Biodiversity
Strategies and Action Plan), but more
effort is required to reach several others,
including targets about reducing pollution
and easing pressures on ecosystems vulnerable to climate change.
1114ohs_010_012_Newsline_v4.indd 12
Awards &
Milestones
Janie Ritter, director of the Wisconsin
Safety Council, recently delivered a Wisconsin Corporate Safety Award flag to
Wausau Window and Wall Systems (www.
WausauWindow.com) and presented an
award plaque to Jim Waldron, the companys president, and Safety Manager Doug
Janz. Safety is at the top of the list of our
core values, and we have a great team of
associates that made this recognition happen, Waldron said during the award ceremony. The company had been honored
for five consecutive years as an award finalist and this time was selected as one of
13 winners in the state.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:06 PM
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CIRCLE 34 ON CARD
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HEAD & FACE PROTECTION
Rules of the Road
Additional Head & Face Protection Standards
OSHAs regulation and consensus standards

are guideposts for keeping your program
on track.
BY FRED ELLIOTT
OSHA
ccording to OSHA, thousands of people are

blinded every year from preventable, workrelated eye injuriesinjuries that using eye
and face protection properly could have
prevented. Eye injuries cost more than $300 million
annually in lost production time, medical expenses,
and workers compensation, according to the agencys
online tool about eye and face protection (https://
www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html).
The hierarchy of controls comes into play, of
course, beginning with elimination as the optimal
step, with engineering controls secondary and administrative controls and PPE after that.
You make decisions about the need for eye and
face PPE and the types of PPE to purchase based on a
hazard assessment. OSHAs 29 CFR 1910.132(d) says
employers must carry out an assessment to determine
whether hazards that necessitate the use of eye and
face protection are present or are likely to be present
before they assign PPE to employees.
OSHA advises that your hazard assessment should
determine employees risk of exposure to eye and face
hazards, including hazards that could be encountered
in an emergency, and also that employers should be
aware of the possibility of multiple and simultaneous
hazard exposures and be prepared to protect against
the highest level of each hazard.
14
1114ohs_014_eyeface_v2.indd 14
The International Safety Equipment Association

recently received American National Standards Institute approval for ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014, American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection.
The standard was prepared by members of ISEAs
Head Protection Group as a revision to the 2009 edition and was approved by a consensus review panel.
While its core performance requirements are unchanged, updates in the new version incorporate an
optional preconditioning at higher temperatures of
60C 2C (140F 3.6F). This would offer added
protection for users working in especially hot environments. Head protection meeting the product performance criteria after having been exposed to these
higher temperatures will bear a unique mark: HL.
The revised standard provides flexibility and allows for the inclusion of emerging and state-of-the-art
manufacturing materials for higher-temperature protection. Joann Kline, chairman of the Head Protection
Group and safety products, standards, and regulations
leader for Kimberly-Clark Professional, said ISEAs
next step is to encourage and assist OSHAs recognition of this updated standard in its PPE regulations
for head protection.
The other consensus standards of importance in
this area include:
ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010, American National
Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection Devices. It establishes performance
criteria and testing requirement for eye and face PPE,
including eyewear, faceshields, welding helmets, and
full facepiece respirators. The standard is organized
according to the hazards workers may encounter
such as dust, impact, and droplet and splashrather
than according to PPE type.
ANSI/ISEA Z358.1-2009, Emergency Eyewash
and Shower Equipment. This standard addresses
plumbed and self-contained emergency showers
and emergency eyewash equipment. Just last month,
OSHAs Chicago North office cited a Michigan truck
repair company for allegedly failing to have an eyewash station readily accessible to workers were using
hazardous chemicals at its Hillside, Ill., facility, in addition to failing to train workers on safe handling of
the chemicals. The agency classified the five safety violations as repeat violations because a similar citation
was filed in 2011 after an inspection of the facility.
For information about both of these standards or
to order a copy, visit www.safetyequipment.org.
Fred Elliott is a freelance author in Austin, Texas,
who writes frequently about occupational safety and
health topics.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:07 PM
To see our full line of fall protection gear and nd a dealer near you,
call 800.785.6865 or visit rigidstore.co/ohslaunch today.
CIRCLE 7 ON CARD
Untitled-1 1
9/26/14 3:59 PM
CONFINED SPACES
Confined Space: Managing Exposures

There is a data gap with the instruments used
- intermittent or continuous as well as the
records resulting from these devices.
BY JEFFREY LEWIS
ichael Grabell1 writes that, across America, temporary workers have become the
mainstay of the economy. He states that
the Labor Department reported in June
2013 that there were more than 2.7 million temporary
workers and that temps represent almost one-fifth of
the total job growth since the recession ended in mid2009. According to the American staffing industry, 47
percent of all jobs are temporary blue collar ones, with
an upward trend for this category.
The temp system insulates the host companies
from workers compensation claims, unemployment
taxes, union drives and the duty to ensure that their
workers are citizens or legal immigrants. In turn, the
temps suffer high injury rates, according to federal officials and academic studies, and many of them endure hours of unpaid waiting and face fees that depress their pay below minimum wage. A ProPublica
analysis of millions of workers compensation claims
shows that, in five states representing more than a
fifth of the U.S. population, temps face a significantly
greater risk of getting injured on the job than permanent employees.2
Production helpers represent the highest percentage of temporary workers (29 percent).3 There
is cause for concern because the trend represents the
willingness to cut corners, resulting in the stated risk
of injuries. In confined space, contracting is part of
the landscape and temporary/transient workers are
becoming the likely source of labor. Companies need
to look beyond the savings on workers compensation and other costs when contractors use temporary
workers. They need to recognize that if contractors
use temporary workers, they are still liable for the
long-term toxic exposures of the workers injured on
the job at their facility.
Types of Injuries
In the current practice with permit-required confined
spaces, there is the potential for short-term and longterm gas-related injuries:
Short term
During the course of confined space activity, injury
to the entrant may occur. Typically, treatment is provided by standby crews (required by the confined space
regulations) or fire departments. According to Michael
P. Wilson, et al.,4 57 percent of employers call a fire de16
1114ohs_016_018_Lewis_v3.indd 16
partment out when confined space incidents occur.

In July 2013, the City of Portland, Ore., was granted a SAFER grant5 of $1.04 million by the Department
of Homeland Security for developing a specialized
confined space rescue crew.
Even as first responders suffer injury in attempting rescue,6 there is no means to identify the status
of the gas condition on a continuous basis before the
rescuers entry into the confined space. Continuous
gas meters, where used, are in the confined space with
the entrant and do not help first responders. Records
of intermittent gas readings do not provide a trend of
information to indicate continuously safe conditions,
which may have caused the incident in the first place.
Long term
There are types of gas injuries that are not immediate; it is typical for confined space rescue that injury
can occur sometime in the future.
Some VOCs are acutely toxic at low concentrations and most are chronically toxic, with symptoms
that may not become fully manifest for years. Exposure can be via skin or eye contact with liquid or aerosol droplets, or via inhalation of VOC vapors.
Inhalation can cause respiratory tract irritation
(acute or chronic), as well as effects on the nervous
system, such as dizziness, headaches, and other longterm neurological symptoms. Long-term neurological symptoms can include diminished cognition,
memory, reaction time, and hand/eye and foot/eye
coordination, as well as balance and gait disturbances. Exposure also can lead to mood disorders, with
depression, irritability, and fatigue being common
symptoms. Peripheral neurotoxicity effects include
tremors and diminished fine and gross motor movements. VOCs have also been implicated in kidney
damage and immunological problems, including increased cancer rates.7
Because of the likelihood of manifested injuries
at a later date, statutory prescribed bearable conditions are defined to avoid the threat of these gases. The
engineering methodology to manage the personnel
within the limits is a challenge.
Exposure Challenges
The entrants permissible limits on exposure are
listed under the OSHA enforceable Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)8/Occupational Exposure Limwww.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:08 PM
its (OELs), which provide for Long Term

Exposure Limits (LTEL), Short Term Exposure Limits (STEL), and Ceiling Limits.
The instantaneous concentrations may
exceed the STEL value as long as they never
exceed the ceiling and the 15-minute running average never exceeds the STEL limit.
If the STEL alarm is reached, the worker
must be removed from STEL level exposure for at least one hour. Workers can be
exposed to a maximum of four STEL periods per eight-hour shift, with at least one
hour between exposure periods.9 Records
are established during the period of the
confined space exercise.
Records are needed by companies to
verify that the exposure limits are maintained by their representatives. These records need to be kept over the long term of
30 years as required by law (1910.1020), for
potential redress on the long-term impact
of exposure. Records are also important
to companies to ensure their execution of
confined space management is within the
law. They may need to prove that personnel
were managed within the prescribed exposure limits.
meter does not enable the attendant to have

the information to manage the entrants
exposure and rest time. Moreover, management cannot determine or prove from
recordssay, 20 years into the future
whether the alarms were on or not.
The data logging provided by entrants
gas meters is reviewed after the fact at a later
time, if an analysis is done, to record the
alarm start/stop timesthe exposure time.
It does not offer the attendant an opportunity to manage the exposure times with
records on an ongoing basis, during the
course of managing the space for exposure
est. 1964
Design and Service Excellence
time. The damage is already done to the

entrant when the data logs are downloaded
at a later time. The data log may record the
readings, but confirmation that alarms are
set at critical PEL concentrations for logging
is not ensured. More importantly, traceability between records and a specific entrant is
unlikely in the present or in later years.
Singly or combined, forms or continuous gas detectors are not suitable as an effective strategy for preventing and/or proving that an entrant or rescue team member
did not experience the effects of short- or
long-term gas exposure.
Full Face
Protection
Recordkeeping Methods
Two recordkeeping methods are practiced,
form permitting and attendant records.
A review of any number of confined
space paper permits shows many do not
record prescribed requirements because
there are no fields in which to input exposure/rest time information on the form by
the attendant. For example:
NASA C-199C (December 11)
JPL 2 2702 7/09
CALTRAN Confined space 2013 Form HS0040
These forms are typically used industrywide. They do not record entry/exit times
to calculate exposure times at concentration levels for the entrant or rest periods
by the attendant. Generally, these forms are
driven by intermittent gas detection readings. There is no direct correlation at the
time of the intermittent gas readings and
the instant the critical gas concentrations
are reached for measuring STEL.
Continuous Gas Detectors

These are fitted with alarms and log events.
They support regulatory values of PELs,
LTELs, and STELs and are worn by the
entrant. Although sounding the alarm, the
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aceshields aand
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Copyright Encon Safety Products, Inc. 2014
Circle 10 on card.
17
10/8/14 1:08 PM
PERFORMANCE
PROTECTION
ENDURANCE
FOR BEST RESULTS,
APPLY HEAT
CONFINED SPACES
Toxic Torts
A toxic tort is a lawsuit in which the injured party claims that exposure to chemicals caused his injury or disease. Organizations
require a systematic method to protect workers from the consequences of the exposure dangers. Proof from records is needed to
demonstrate that at the organizations facility, the employee always
worked under the prescribed PEL safe conditions. The required records need to demonstrate:
Named entrants did not exceed the recommended STEL
limits, with real-time continuous gas detection.
Named entrants were afforded the recommended rest period.
Named entrants did not have entry on more than the prescribed number of occasions.
There is a data gap with the instruments usedintermittent or
continuousas well as the records resulting from these devices.
This gap can be exploited because of a lack of evidence to demonstrate OSHA compliance, as it pertains to an individual worker.
This can result in liability or citations if OSHA inspects records
any time during the 30-year period. The attendant, under current
methods, does not have tools with the capability to manage the entrants exposure time and rest periods in order to facilitate records
for the years ahead. The practice needs to be upgraded to capture
the respective parameters. Companies need assurances that entrants are protected over the long term.
Conclusion
Companies are bound by regulations to protect employees on their
premises. With a shift to transient workers, indications are an upward trend of injuries will occur due to the influx of inexperienced
temporary workers. When confined space workers are transient,
over the long term there is no evidence where exposure occurred
for chemical exposure diseases. Because workers do not have records, the mandatory 30-year records by companies are required to
prove compliance. The present type of records does not enable the
attendants management of the confined space to demonstrate that
long-term regulatory requirements are met. Companies need protection through proper records to prove compliance to be absolved
from potential toxic tort issues.
For information, visit kovenex.com
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18
Circle 9 on card.
Jeffrey Lewis (jlewis@shecentral.net) is the founder and CEO of

Safety In Your Hand, Inc. a SaaS company providing mobile (U.S.
patent 6994258) permit-required confined space management with
attendant wireless service from gas detectors to provide verifiable
confined space records.
REFERENCES
1. June 27, 2013, ProPublica.
2. Michael Grabell, Olga Pierce, and Jeff Larson, ProPublica, Dec. 18, 2013.
3. June 27, 2013, ProPublica.
4. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Feb 2012, page 126.
5. http://www.portlandoregon.gov/fire/article/473388.
6. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/05/
rescuers_turning_into_victims_lessons_from_first_responders_on_saving
_people.html.
7. Robert Henderson, then vice president, business development for
BW Technologies, stated in an article, Measuring, Solvent, Fuel and VOC Vapor.
8. https://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/pel/.
9. RAE Systems TN 119 rev 2 wh.11-05.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:08 PM
NOVEMBER 2014
VOL. 83 NO. 11| www.ohsonline.com

Fit Testing Industry

Professionals Can Trust
19
1114ohs_019_RespCover_v3.indd 19
www.ohsonline.com
10/15/14 10:54 AM

Recent advancements are driving a renewed interest by health and
safety professionals to evaluate these systems as a potential solution
for a variety of on-the-job hazards.
By Karen Cuta
3M PERSONAL SAFETY DIVISION
anaging personal protective equipment (PPE) programs can be challenging. To help reduce injuries,
drive down costs, and increase the efficiency of
managing programs, some companies are looking
at traditional types of PPE in new ways. Take respiratory protection, for example. Powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs)
have been widely used for years to help reduce worker exposure
to airborne respiratory hazards. Recent innovations, however,
are causing even more companies to take a second look at this
increasingly versatile type of PPE.
PAPRs utilize a battery pack and motor blower unit to deliver
filtered air into a facepiece or head covering. One common con20
1114ohs_020_022_Cuta_v3.indd 20
figuration is a belt-mounted style, where the surrounding air is

passed through a high-efficiency filter or chemical cartridge into
a breathing tube and finally up into a hood, helmet, or other type
of loose-fitting headgear. Loose-fitting headgear forms a partial
seal with the wearer through a neck collar, inner shroud, or an
elasticized faceseal, depending on the product design. Alternatively, some systems will connect to a half or full facepiece tightfitting respirator.
Belt-mounted PAPRs are typically worn around the waist,
though some systems have an optional backpack that allows
the system to be worn on the back. These systems run off battery power and will have a specified run time before the battery
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:09 PM
CIRCLE 6 ON CARD
Untitled-5 1
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The employer needs to conduct a full hazard assessment to

determine what protection is required for the application and
review the manufacturers User Instructions for the specific
system being considered.
will need to be recharged. Battery run
times vary by system, configuration, and
use conditions.
PAPRs traditionally have been considered by health and safety professionals when high levels of exposure reduction are needed for airborne hazards, or
in some cases as a solution for respirator
wearers with facial hair. Depending on
the systems regulatory approval and the
specific configuration, PAPRs have a U.S.
assigned protection factor (APF) of up
to 1,000. Consult the OSHA Respiratory
Protection Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134,
for additional information on APFs. For
workers with beards or other facial hair,
systems using a hood, helmet, or other
loose-fitting headgear option may accommodate various amounts of facial
hair. Wearers must be clean shaven to
wear tight-fitting respirators, even when
theyre used as part of PAPR system.
Consult the manufactures User Instructions for the specific system model being
considered for information regarding use
with facial hair.
Protecting Against
Multiple Hazards
Advancements in PAPR system design
are driving many health and safety professionals to take a fresh look at this traditional type of PPE. Many companies
are integrating PAPRs into their sites
health and safety programs to help solve
challenges beyond respiratory exposures.
Two examples of the expanded use of
PAPR systems being explored by some
companies are: 1) for workers needing
protection from multiple types of hazards, and 2) as a potential way to help reduce the number of eye injuries.
In todays workplace, it is not uncommon for workers to be wearing respiratory protection in addition to other types
of PPE, such as a hard hat, eye protection,
and hearing protection. This can add
complexity to health and safety programs
because different types, makes, and mod22
els of PPE are not always compatible with

each other. For example, a half facepiece
respirator may not be compatible under
a welding helmet, or ear muffs may interfere with use of a respirator. An alternative
to using multiple pieces of PPE together
is to consider products that integrate protection for multiple types of hazards into
one streamlined product, as some PAPR
systems do. There are systems available
in the market that combine respiratory
protection with other types of protection,
such as head protection, eye protection,
and hearing protection. Companies may
have overlooked these PAPR systems in
the past because of various challenges,
including batteries and run times, cleaning and maintaining systems, perceived
complexity, and overall bulk and system
weight. Innovations in battery chemistry,
materials, and electronics are giving way
to systems that are more compact, longer
running, and easier to use and maintain.
In addition, many of these systems offer user-adjustable features, allowing the
wearer more control to customize the
system for his or her wearing comfort.
In light of these advancements, many
employers are turning to these systems as
favorable options for protection against
multiple types of hazards. The potential
benefits could include not only built-in
compatibility and enhanced wearer comfort, but also reduced downtime adjusting PPE; less PPE to stock, manage, and
maintain; and increased productivity.
Using PAPRs to
Prevent Eye Injuries
The second emerging trend is using certain types of PAPR systems to help solve
certain eye injury issues. When trying to
solve challenges with eye injuries, companies often look to find a selection of
protective safety glasses, goggles, and
faceshields. However, in some cases, despite requiring these types of eye protection, health and safety professionals and
supervisors are still being challenged
1114ohs_020_022_Cuta_v3.indd 22
with significant numbers of eye injuries.

A number of eye injuries occur due to
foreign debris landing in the hair and on
the head during processes such as sanding and cutting, and this debris later may
fall into the eyes. One option some are
now exploring is leveraging the total
head coverage offered by PAPR systems
with hoods, helmets, and other loosefitting headgear. Hoods, helmets, and
loose-fitting headgear completely cover
the head and can provide relief from
injuries caused by falling debris. In addition, many helmets and certain styles
of loose-fitting headgear have visors that
meet the requirements of the American
National Standards Institute standard
for eye and face protection (ANSI Z87.1)
and can be used to help protect against
impact hazards.
As always, the employer needs to
conduct a full hazard assessment to determine what protection is required for
the application and review the manufacturers User Instructions for the specific
system being considered.
Finally, the flowing air offered by
these systems can add to all-day worker
comfort.
Prevent Blindness America (www.preventblindness.org) estimates about 2,000
eye injuries occur per day in the United
States, and about 10-20 percent of those
will be disabling because of temporary
vision loss. This translates into an annual cost exceeding $300 million in lost
production time, medical expenses, and
workers compensation. While PAPR systems are a more expensive solution, they
can be potentially justified when looking
at the reduction of just one instance of an
eye injury.
Powered air purifying respirators are
becoming increasingly lighter in weight,
more efficient, and more ergonomically
designed. These advancements are driving a renewed interest by health and
safety professionals to evaluate these systems as a potential solution, not only for
respiratory protection but also a variety of
other on-the-job hazards.
Karen Cuta, CIH, is a Technical Service
Manager for the 3M Personal Safety Division in St. Paul, Minn.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:10 PM
IN A CONFINED SPACE,
THERES NEVER ROOM FOR ERROR.
LETS WORK.
CO N F I N E D S PAC E P R OT E C T I O N , S I M P L I F I E D.
To stay safe in confined spaces, you need a simple solution to keep you focused
on the job. For respiratory protection, our Ska-Pak AT features automatic air
transfer. For air supply, our TRC-1 air cart supplies air for up to eight respirators.
And for gas detection, our compact Protg multi-gas monitor is the easiest to
operate. Together, they help manage risks in any confined space.
T O L E A R N M O R E , V I S I T : S COT T S A F E T Y.CO M /CO N F I N E D S PAC E
F I RE | O I L & GAS | I N D U ST R I A L
2013 Scott Safety. SCOTT, the SCOTT SAFETY Logo and Scott Health and Safety, Ska-Pak AT, TRC-1 and Protg are registered and/or unregistered marks of Scott Technologies, Inc. or its afliates.
CIRCLE 33 ON CARD
Untitled-2 1
12/9/13 11:15 AM
Fit Testing Industry Professionals Can Trust

At minimum, OSHA requires that respirator
fit testing occurs on an annual basis.
However, fit testing must occur in other
notable instances, as well.
By Molly Doran and John Morton
TSI INCORPORATED
the most important step in the protection from occupationally

induced cancers, lung impairment, diseases, or even deathbut
only if your respirator fits properly.
General industry can encompass a broad range of workplace
settings with different levels of occupational exposure to harmful dusts, fogs, smokes, mists, gases, vapors, and sprays. These
settings include:
Confined or enclosed spaces
Oxygen-deficient environments
Toxic substance environments
What Are Respirators?

There are two basic types of respirators:
Air Purifying Respirators (APRs) that filter contaminants
from the air
Supplied Air Respirators (SARs) that supply clean air from
an external source (i.e., a compressor or high-pressure cylinder)
Supplied Air Respirators are available in loose- or tight-fitting styles, while Air Purifying Respirators are typically tightfitting masks. Loose-fitting respirators are basically hoods that
cover the workers head, with the fit not dependent upon facial
features. Tight-fitting respirators are designed to form a seal to
a persons face, requiring the fit to be accommodating to individual facial features. This means that each individual wearing
this type of respirator needs to be fit tested to confirm proper
donning and fit, ensuring maximum protection while on the job.
Why Fit Test?
s an industry professional:
Do you work in an environment where the air

is unfit to breathe?
Does your workplace have a plan for and provide you with the assurance youll be safe while at work?
What can you do to ensure youre protected from lung
damage or occupational disease?
These are important questions to ask to safeguard your occupational safety and health. Respiratory protection use can be
24
1114ohs_024_026_TSI_v3.indd 24
Working in any of the industry settings described above, workers

are susceptible to aerosolized particles that contain impurities or
hazardous compounds; many remain suspended in the air for
extended periods of time. Many times, these particles are generated when a worker performs his assigned job responsibilities,
exposing him to respiratory hazardsincluding, but not limited
to, toxic dust from cutting cement or mining, metal fumes from
welding, solvent vapors from adhesives and paints, chemical
hazards from petroleum refining, and chemical contaminants
during pharmaceutical production. Transmission or spread occurs when these aerosols are inhaled and/or come into direct
contact with the surface of the hands, eyes, nose, or mouth.
Proper implementation of an organization-wide Respiratory
Protection Program (RPP) is a huge undertaking, but it is the
most important factor in keeping workers safe while on the job.
Worth the effort, an effective Respiratory Protection Program is
essential in order to comply with strict federal OSHA and state
OSHA respiratory protection standards, as well as to instill trust
in industry workers that their respirators work.
Because each workplace is different, it is essential that employers have robust programs that reflect their specific workplaces.
Know Youre Protected

Respirators come in various types, shapes, and sizes. Most imwww.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:10 PM
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Untitled-8 1
CIRCLE 23 ON CARD
10/3/14 4:33 PM
portant, a respirator must be selected to

provide the best face fit and seal. A proper
seal inhibits the flow of air between the
users face and respirators sealing surface,
in turn ensuring that the air inhaled either passes through the filter media or
originates from the supplied-air system,
maximizing worker protection. To safeguard a proper seal, it is very important
that the wearer knows how to properly
don (put on) and wear the respirator. Employing a respirator fit test is the only way
to determine whether it is being worn
correctly and providing optimal fit and
the rated level of respiratory protection.
At minimum, OSHA requires that
respirator fit testing occurs on an annual
basis. However, fit testing must occur
in other notable instances, as well. This
includes when an organization changes
to a different respirator model or the
worker experiences facial changes of any
kind, possibly due to significant weight
loss or gain, etc.
The style of respirators used in industry settings can vary from half- to fullface masks, with each offering different
levels of protection. Each will vary with
the utilization of different types of filters,
cartridges, or canisters, depending upon
the type and amount of airborne contaminant in the workplace and the atmospheric characteristics. In addition, the
scheduling of maintenance or replacement of the above noted components is a
very important consideration in the optimal functioning of the mask.
When a respirator is required, employers must provide NIOSH-certified
respirators to workers as required per industry regulations. The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, in a
lab setting, is responsible for testing different respirator models to ensure they meet
certain minimum performance standards.
This includes filter efficiency testing of the
filter media used with a respirator to determine its suitability for a particular use.
All are designed to keep you safe from
your particular workplace hazards.
Fit Testing Methods

OSHA-approved fit testing of respirators
can be done using two different methods: Qualitative Fit Testing (QLFT) or
26
Quantitative Fit Testing (QNFT). QLFT

is a low-cost, subjective pass/fail test that
manually exposes the respirator wearer
to a chemical stimulant that is assumed
to be detected only if the respirator leaks
unacceptably. QNFT is an objective test
that involves the use of testing instrumentation to numerically measure how
well the respirator fits. Because the QNFT
method uses actual measurements taken
during the fit test, it is not dependent
upon a persons voluntary response.
Qualitative Fit Testing (QLFT)
There are four types of QLFT methods currently accepted by OSHA: Isoamyl
Acetate (banana tasting), Saccharin Solution Aerosol (sweet tasting), Bitrex Solution Aerosol (bitter tasting), or Irritant
Smoke. All too often, QLFT methods are
compromised by well-meaning test operators who skip some of the important
steps and thereby unknowingly invalidate
the fit test. This temptation exists when
the same test operator rushes to fit test
many people in a limited amount of time,
day after day, or when the fit test protocol is prone to problems. There is also the
potential for deceitful responses from the
person being fit tested in an attempt to
hurry the test process along.
Quantitative Fit Testing (QNFT)
There are two aerosol-based, OSHAaccepted QNFT methods: Generated
Aerosol (complex and lacks portability)
or Ambient Aerosol (simple and portable). Both methods measure an aerosol
challenge agent outside of the respirator
(Cout) as well as from inside of the respirator (Cin), as the wearer performs a series
of exercises that approximate conditions
of use while the results are recorded. The
ratio of the two measurements (Cout/Cin) is
called a fit factor. OSHA requires full-face
respirators to have a fit factor of at least
500 to pass the fit test. This means that the
air inside of a properly donned respirator
must be at least 500 times cleaner than
the air outside of the respirator.
QNFT methods have a technological
advantage in that they can use computers
with software specially designed to conduct and adhere to the fit test protocol,
maintain records, and facilitate printing
of fit test certification cards that individual workers can carry. Its virtually im-
1114ohs_024_026_TSI_v3.indd 26
possible to make mistakes or erroneously

pass a fit test and eliminates negative tendencies that plague QLFT.
Being simpler to operate and portable,
the Ambient Aerosol method of QNFT is
the most economical QNFT method and
is industry preferred. The challenge agent
used is the ambient microscopic particles
that are present at all times in the air we
breathe. These particles cant penetrate
the respirator filter, so any particles measured inside the respirator are attributed
to a face seal leak.
Conclusion
Without a fit test, there is absolutely no
way to know that a workers respirator
is providing the expected/maximum
protection. Studies show that respirator
wearers who undergo respirator fit testing achieve far greater protection than
those who have not. This was confirmed
by a study performed by NIOSH in
2007. The study compared the protection offered to wearers by N95 respirators with and without fit testing being
performed, according to each of the fit
test methods used. It concluded that any
fit test method significantly improves
respirator protection, and that QNFT is
particularly beneficial.
All too often, companies look at fit
testing as just another annual requirement
that must be checked off an already
long regulatory to do list. Yet study after
study has shown that taking the time to do
respirator fit testing properly ensures the
respirator users are getting the expected
protection from their respirators because
they know how to use it and they know
it fits. A formal Respiratory Protection
Program, along with a verifiable fit testing
method, is the only way to achieve this optimal protection.
Located in Shoreview, Minn., Molly Doran
and John Morton are part of the TSI Health
& Safety Product Marketing Team responsible for the respirator fit test product line.
Doran is a Marketing Communications
Specialist who joined TSI nearly two years
ago. Morton is an Applications and Training Specialist with more than seven years
experience working with respiratory protection instrumentation.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:10 PM
CIRCLE 3 ON CARD
Untitled-1 1
9/25/14 10:30 AM
CHEMICAL SAFETY
Employee Protection: The Hierarchy of Controls
BY BARRY R. WEISSMAN
28
1114ohs_028_030_Weissman_v3.indd 28
What about face protection?

I would need some safety glasses, Jerry said, but
Im not sure if I need a faceshield.
Respiratory protection?
Replace the methylene chloride with

any of the newer paint strippers that
are less toxic, and your employees
are able to work safely.
Yes, definitely, because ammonium hydroxide has
a strong odor.
Okay, but what type of cartridges or filters? I
asked.
Im not sure. How about the pink ones?
I said, We can stop right here. Do you see how
confusing it is for the employee? We need some very
specific instructions in the form of an SOP that tells
the employees exactly what PPE to use and when.
Then they need to be trained before they use it, and
that training has to be kept current.
Lets look at our machine, and lets say that Im the
operator. You already told me that I am exposed to the
smoke, noise, heat, and vibrations that the machine
puts out while I am operating it. How are you going
to protect me?
BARRY R. WEISSMAN
ello, Barry. I have another question

for you, said Jerry Laws, editor of
Occupational Health & Safety magazine.
Hello to you, too, I said. What can I do for you?
Jerry explained that he was talking to a group of
students, and one said that giving an employee a respirator was the best way to protect him from a chemical
hazard. He said he remembered my telling him something about controls and employee protection, but he
could not remember what it was. What should he tell
the student?
Sure, Jerry, it is rather easy to explain. Your employees have a task. Let us say they have to work on a
machine that makes smoke, a lot of heat, some noise
and vibrations. What are they exposed to? I asked.
I would guess that it is what the machine is putting outsmoke, heat, noise, and vibrations.
Correct, my friend. Now, how would you protect
them from each of those hazards?
What if you give them some PPE? Jerry said.
What PPE would that be? Do they need anything else?
PPE may sound good but it is not the best way
to protect them. OSHA has something called the hierarchy of controls. This hierarchy provides different
levels of protection, depending upon the work the
employees have to do. At the top of the hierarchy is
elimination or substitution. If you can eliminate the
smoke, heat, noise, or vibration, there is no exposure
to any hazard. If you were using methylene chloride,
for example, as a paint stripper, you would be exposing your employees to a carcinogen. Replace the
methylene chloride with any of the newer paint strippers that are less toxic, and your employees are able
to work safely.
For our machine, they need to work around it, so
we cant eliminate the machine and its hazards. What
else can we do? I continued. OSHA has given us the
answer with this hierarchy thats on their website.
The next step in the hierarchy is engineering controls. With engineering controls, we are making physical changes to the workplace to protect the employees
without them having to think about what has to be
done for their protection. When we talk about using
PPE, the employee has to think about what they need.
Can you imagine that your boss said, Jerry, I want you
to make a solution of ammonium hydroxide. One part
of the concentrate to 10 parts of water. What type of
PPE do you need?
Lets go from the top down . . . hard hat?
Probably not, Jerry said.
Jerry hesitated, then asked, Are we going to have

to physically change the machine?
Partly correct. We are going to change something,
but it is not the whole machine. We really cannot stop
it from making the smoke, noise, heat, and vibrations
because that is how it functions. What we are going
to change is how I operate the machine. If we move
the controls away from the machine, we can put them
into a small, environmentally controlled booth. That
way, I am protected from all of the smoke, noise, heat
and vibrations, but I can still see the operations of the
machine. In addition, I do not have to think about
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:11 PM
Do cut tests indicate protection?

There are two parts to this answer with the rst being the cut tests themselves.
The second relates to the applications.
Cut Tests:
Currently, our industry is using the following cut tests: ASTM F1790-97, ASTM F1790-04, and ASTM F1790-05 which are multiple blade tests
with varying weights, and EN388 (The European Norms Standard), which uses a circular blade with a constant weight. In addition, there are
two different machines (TDM and CPPT) used for the ASTM tests. These combined variations mean that there can be a wide variety of test
results for the same glove.
To illustrate, our style 4200 TriMax tested at 3200 grams on ASTM F1790-97 with a CPPT machine, but only tested at 1730 grams
on ASTM F1790-04 with a TDM machine. Same glove vastly different results.
Consequently, cut tests should be used as a guideline, not as an absolute.
Applications:
Applications are different from cut tests because cut tests are performed with a clean edge knife blade and applications can include edges
as varied as sheet metal or glass.
Knife blades cut, sheet metal tears. Gloves with a dulling action are used to stop knife blades, while gloves with tensile strength are used
to protect against sheet metal. Glass, as the hardest substance, requires entirely different cut resistance features.
For example, the glove on the right (cut test 600) uses high
tensile strength to resist a cut through from rough edged
metal (1), but lacks the dulling action to prevent the cut from
a knife (2). (Note: a protective liner is worn underneath in
photos 1 through 4)
In this second example, the gray glove on the right

(cut test 1135) prevents a knife cut with its dulling action (3),
but tears when exposed to the rough metal edge due to
its lack of tensile strength (4).
In these cases, the level of cut resistance does not correlate
to the actual protection.
In this next group of photos, the glove on the left (cut test
4289) sustains a cut from sheet glass (5), while the glove
on the right (cut test 1794) shows only minor damage after
repeated passes along the same edge (6).
In Conclusion:
Sheet metal edges require gloves with high tensile strength
yarns that will resist breaking when exposed to their rough edge.
Knife blades require gloves that will dull a blade before it can cut through to the hand.
Glass core gloves protect best against glass and stainless steel core gloves protect best against stainless steel.
The most effective way to evaluate a potential hazard is to expose the test glove to the edge itself and WITHOUT anyones hand in the glove.
Cut tests can have wide variances for the same glove and may not indicate the proper protection for any given application.
Malvern, PA USA | Mississauga, Canada

Monterrey, Mexico | Brussels, Belgium
So Paulo, Brazil
banom.com
B
Banom 2014
CIRCLE 17 ON CARD
Untitled-2 1
10/9/14 10:14 AM
CHEMICAL SAFETY
BARRY R. WEISSMAN
We need some very

specific instructions in
the form of an SOP that
tells the employees exactly
what PPE to use and when.
what type of protective equipment, if any, I
need to use. The second picture here shows
me at the new controls.
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1114ohs_028_030_Weissman_v3.indd 30
Circle 22 on card.
In my control room, I am protected

from all of the hazards, I said.
Our last section is administrative controls or work practices. These are not as
protective as the two above, because it is
up to outside influences to protect the employees, I added. For example, it is going
to take several weeks to put those controls
on the machine, but the company wants to
protect us now. So they set up an administrative control: Jerry works the morning
hours and I work the afternoon hours.
When we are not working on the machine,
we are filling in the rest of our time working in other departments. In addition, they
want us to stay hydrated because of the
heat, so they post signs that say, Hydration
Station/Hydrated = Happy & Healthy. This
is a work practice.
At the bottom of the hierarchy is personal protective equipment and we have already talked about why it is last. There you
have it, Jerry,
Barry R. Weissman, REM, CSP, CHMM,
CHS-V, CIPS, is the Corporate Safety
Manager for a major consumer product
company and a member of the OH&S editorial advisory board. He is a past president of the New Jersey Section of the AIHA
and the New Jersey Chapter of ASSE. He is
a professional member of ASSE, ACGIH,
and NFPA. He is a Fellow of the Institute
of Hazardous Material Professionals. He is
owner and moderator of RegulatoryPost, a
Yahoo! Group that publishes information
about updates to the Federal Register, and
provides safety tips, job openings, and links
to free EHS information. You can subscribe
by sending a blank email to: RegulatoryPost-subscribe@yahoogroups.com.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:11 PM
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CIRCLE 30 ON CARD
Untitled-4 1
9/5/14 12:37 PM
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CIRCLE 16 ON CARD
Untitled-7 1
10/10/14 3:59 PM
Get the Cut Resistance

Your Workers Require
No Easy Answers on
Vibration Gloves
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_033_HandCover_v2.indd 33
NOVEMBER 2014 |
Occupational Health & Safety
33
10/8/14 1:13 PM
HAND PROTECTION
They actually help us work faster and better,

thanks to amazing new designs and materials.
e often think of gloves aswell, just

gloves. But theyre more than that.
Gloves have become one of the most
important pieces of PPE that one can
wear on the job. Typically, they help protect our hands
against scrapes and scratches. More specialized gloves
help protect us from cuts and others against chemicals
or contaminants. But gloves are much more than that:
They actually help us work faster and better, thanks to
amazing new designs and materials.
Before going further, lets take some time to review
gloves and what theyre all about.
First, you have three basic glove technologies:
seamless knit, polymer, and cut and sewn. Some may
argue that there are more, but for simplicity weve divided them into three types. Each has very commonly
important features that a user will need to do the job.
However, it is important that users consult with hand
protection specialists to consider all factors and determine which glove will do the best job.
Intuitively, one would be tempted to choose gloves
solely by technology, but that would be too easy. The
real determining factor to start with is risk/hazard assessment in light of clear objectives. It is important
that all factors be considered because there are so
many gloves available that there is a likelihood a glove
can be found that protects and also actually makes
people work better and faster.
Lets take a few minutes to understand some
glove basics: Gloves begin with a liner. The liner is
the form and support body for any coatings or reinforcements. With the exception of disposable gloves
and some chemical gloves, most gloves are of the
supported type. Some are coated or dipped for en-
34
1114ohs_034_038_Milot_v3.indd 34
PROTECTIVE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
BY JOE MILOT III AND ANTHONY DI GIOVANNI
hanced grip or resistance to liquid or chemicals.
Most manual jobs involve material and

parts handling or operation of heavy
equipment, and the most common risks
are contact with sharp edges or heavy
abrasive areas.
Choosing the Right Glove
As we mentioned, any glove selection process should
begin with an assessment of the risk/hazard factors.
An overwhelming number of manual jobs involve
material and parts handling or operation of heavy
equipment, and the most common risks are contact
with sharp edges or heavy abrasive areas. Seamless
knit technology gloves have become the glove of
choice for applications associated with this type of job.
For the purposes of this article, we will concentrate on
cut-resistant seamless knit gloves because they are so
often misunderstood.
Too many times, we get caught up with levels of
protection and ANSI vs. EN standards. While it is important that we understand this, it does not make selection any easier. What is most critical is understanding the users particular situation so that they can feel
comfortable with the decision they are making. Basic
questions such as: Is the risk of cut from something
razor sharp or rougher edged? Followed by: Is the
contact potential a light brushing or one with pressing
force? A high cut level may help protect you from a razor-sharp edge, but it has less relevance to the force of
contact. Liner density or gauge will do more for this.
www.ohsonline.com
10/15/14 10:55 AM
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CIRCLE 19 ON CARD
Magid Glove & Safety Mfg. Co. LLC. *Exclusions may apply.
Untitled-16 1
10/9/14 4:03 PM
HAND PROTECTION
Grip and fit are just as important as the glove

material, cut level performance, and density.
But There is More
If we choose a glove with a high density or gauge, they will be

comprised of a higher count per inch of thinner yarns. Lower density or lower gauge gloves contain fewer yarns per inch, but with
yarns that are significantly thicker. That extra thickness will help
when the force of the cutting edge is higher. It also helps in preventing abrasion cuts on rough-edged, heavier items.
Grip and fit are just as important as the glove material, cut level
performance, and density. Grip is a bit of a double-edged sword.
On one hand, it helps to grasp and securely position sharp objects during handling. This helps to prevent items from slipping
and slashing hands. However, all coatings will slice easily when in
contact with razor-sharp edges. Once sliced, the edge will quickly
come in contact with yarns that are now embedded and unable
to move or roll with the cutting edge. The result is actually less
cut resistance.
So what does this all mean? It means that it is important to
choose the right grip that is compatible with the material and
conditions you are working with so there is no slipping. Choosing the right liner/grip combination will not only provide better
protection, but also likely improved productivity because parts
are handled more securely, quickly, and with better dexterity than
bare hands.
All of the benefits described above disappear if the fit is not
right. Too tight, and the yarns of the liner will dangerously separate
Circle 35 on card.
36
www.ohsonline.com
10/15/14 10:55 AM
CIRCLE 11 ON CARD
Untitled-10 1
9/30/14 3:45 PM
HAND PROTECTION
when clenching. This may expose skin to a razor-sharp edge. Too
loose, and the glove is now working against you. While it may not
slip at the interface of the glove and item being handled, it will most
certainly shift at the hand/ glove interface, not to mention potentially becoming snagged on sharp or abrasive edges.
Often Overlooked
Contusions are a kind of close wound caused by blunt force trauma
to the skin. Liner density and coating may not be enough to protect
the hand. This is where TPR (Thermo Plastic Rubber) reinforcements are useful. More and more seamless knit gloves are offering
TPR as added protection when there is risk of impact-related injuries on the fingers, knuckles, or the back of the hand.
It is obvious that cut protection is more than just about cut level;
its about understanding the risk and matching it to the right glove
type. This is the reason for taking the time with a hand protection
specialist to properly assess the type of protection that is best suited
for your job.
Joe Milot III is Senior Product Manager for Protective Industrial
Products. He has 10 years of experience in hand protection, both in
product management and sales. During the course of this career, he
has done more than 100 on-site assessments with major organizations. Anthony Di Giovanni is Director of Global Marketing for Protective Industrial Products. He has nearly 20 years of international
experience in sales and marketing industrial products, which includes
some of the larger multinationals as well as his own consulting firm.
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www.ohsonline.com
10/15/14 10:55 AM
CIRCLE 8 ON CARD
Untitled-1 1
6/12/14 10:26 AM
HAND PROTECTION
Get the Cut Resistance Your Workers Require
Why do you need to know what is in your

cut-resistant glove and how it works?
BY GRIFF HUGHES
BANOM, INC.
40
1114ohs_040_042_banom_v3.indd 40
ecently, I visited a plant

that was stamping large
pieces of metal. Each
had a sharp edge with
lots of burrs. Judging by the severity of the edge, we started application testing with ANSI level 4
gloves. All cut very quickly as we
moved them along the edge with
pressure.
When we tried ANSI level 2
gloves, they did not cut. Why?
First, we have to look at the
ANSI standard as compared to
edges in the real world. Then we
can draw a logical conclusion.
Both test methods recognized
by ANSI (ASTM F1790-97 and
ASTM F1790-05) utilize a metal
knife blade. Gloves with components such as glass or stainless
steel that act as dulling agents perform well in these tests by curling
the blade edge before it can cut
through the fabric of the glove
thus providing blade cut resistance.
Several years ago, I watched a
customer take a knife blade and
stroke it several times across the
palm of a cut-resistant glove that
contained glass. Under magnification, we could clearly see that
the blade edge had actually been
curled. This is how dulling agents
such as glass and stainless steel protect against knife blades and perform very well on both the ANSI
tests, as well as EN388, which uses
a circular rotating blade.
If your hazard is a knife blade,
these tests will give you an indication of the level of protection that
they will provide. There is a known
variance for test results preformed
by different labs, so you can also
perform a practical test as previously mentioned to get a more
accurate reading of the protection provided. Just remember to
change your knife blades with each
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:22 PM
CIRCLE 18 ON CARD
Untitled-5 1
7/22/14 12:29 PM
HAND PROTECTION
Any masquerading equals should go through the
same evaluation process so that they can be considered
legitimate contenders.
pass across the glove.
Many applications involve handling
machined or stamped metal or sheet glass.
These applications are different. Knife
blades cut. Sheet metal tears and glass is
harder than metal, so how can a metal knife
blade test relate to these hazards?
Sheet metal and machined metal have
burrs along their edge, which cannot
be dulled. In these applications, tensile
strength is needed. The strength of the filament is so strong that the metal burr cannot
tear through it. Glass is harder than metal,
so metal knife blade test results should not
be considered an accurate indication of cut
protection in glass applications.
Given the lack of correlation between
the ANSI and EN388 test methods and
sheet metal and glass applications, how can
we evaluate proper protection? In these situations, the best way is to expose the glove
only to the edge in what can be termed an
application test.
Factors to consider in performing an application test and evaluating its results are:
Edge sharpness.
Length of the edgelonger edges require stronger gloves.
Thickness of the metalthicker metal has bigger burrs.
Weight of the objectmore weight
can increase the force of the cut.
Surface textureoily and wet surfaces require gloves that can grip.
Keeping an edge from moving is as important as the cut resistance itself.
* Type of edgerazor sharp or abrasive
sharp (having burrs).
Composition of the material steel,
glass, stainless steel.
Most importantly, the frequency
with which the edge is going to be handled.
For sheet metal and glass, stretch the
glove across the edge and run it along a
length comparable to that by which the
hand may be exposed and with enough
pressure to reflect the weight of the object.
This should be done repeatedly until the
glove has either been cut or shown to hold
up sufficiently.
No glove is cut proof. It is up to the safe-
42
ty professional to determine the exposure,

the potential length of the edge, the weight
of the object, and the frequency with which
it is being handled. Remember that the
higher the frequency of contact, the greater
the exposure to wear. As gloves wear, their
cut resistance is reduced.
Drawbacks of Stainless Steel and

Glass Composites
In general, our industry uses stainless steel
and glass composites as dulling actions and
continuous filaments for tensile strength.
Each has its drawbacks. Most continuous
filaments lack any dulling action, and they
come in different levels of tensile strength,
which can create a wide variance of protection in sheet metal and glass applications.
Stainless steel composite yarns can make
the user potentially conductive, so it is important that you know where the gloves
may be used.
Glass may become friable. If inhaled,
glass fibers of a certain thickness are known
to be carcinogenic, so it is important to
know their content and whether the application can cause them to become friable. Also,
look at the surface of the knit. Many times,
the glass will break during the knitting of
the glove and appear on the surface as shiny
white fibers. This is an indication that the
glass was not properly encapsulated.
Additionally, the surfaces should be
evaluated for the type of lubricant being
used or if it is a dry surface. If they contain
lubricants, then the type needs to be identified. This will help to determine the proper
coating of the glove. Nitrile works best in
hydrocarbon-based lubricants but can become slippery in water-based solutions.
Latex (natural rubber) provides excellent
abrasion and puncture resistance on dry
surfaces. PVC cuts very easily, so it is less
likely to be used in cut hazard applications.
Every manufacturer has its own secret formula for coatings, so each should be treated
as unique.
Ensuring Employee Acceptance

At this point, it is necessary to understand
the stakeholders: the actual customer who
1114ohs_040_042_banom_v3.indd 42
is the user, the safety professional who

needs to protect them, and purchasing,
who is there to protect the companys assets. Each has priorities, and a successful
glove selection must satisfy all needs.
After application testing, a pre-selection of approved items can be made. These
should then be evaluated for sizing, comfort, fit, dexterity, and cost. This section of
the glove selection now involves employee
acceptance. If the user will not wear a product due to improper fit or discomfort, then
any level of protection and cost effectiveness will be rendered useless.
In order to ensure acceptance, features to look for are a broad size range. If
the gloves selected cannot fit your entire
population, then you will be unable to
standardize your hand protection program.
The hand form that the gloves are dipped
on should be ergonomic in design to allow
for proper hand function. If grip and ease
of hand flexion are compromised, then you
will be contending with ergonomic problems later on. If the gloves lack the necessary fingertip touch and dexterity, then
productivity will be compromised, especially in highly repetitive operations. If the
grip fails to give positive contact, then the
edge will move, reducing the very cut resistance that you are trying to provide.
Lastly, gloves should not be so stretchy
that users can downsize, as this will reduce
the surface area of the fabric and thus reduce its cut resistance. Gloves that stretch
too much cannot hold objects safely because the fingers and palms will stretch
with the weight of the object. There is a
delicate balance between stretch and flexibility for hand dexterity. Having too much
stretch reduces hand safety.
Now comes the hard part. Having
spent all of this time to select approved
items by individual glove brand, another
supplier will arrive claiming that his product is identical and lower priced. Despite
the urge to switch, one must realize the
time that was spent to get the correct
product. Any masquerading equals should
go through the same evaluation process
so that they can be considered legitimate
contenders.
Griff Hughes is President of Banom, Inc.
(www.banom.com), which is based in Wayne,
Pa. To contact him, call 800-227-7694.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:22 PM
CIRCLE 1 ON CARD
Untitled-3 1
7/7/14 10:38 AM
HAND PROTECTION
No Easy Answers on Vibration Gloves
BY JENNIFER CHOI
nti-vibration gloves are a hot topic in industrial safety, but the development of the
industry surrounding it has been around
since the symptoms of Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) were first diagnosed in 1911.
Roughly 1.5 million to 2 million U.S. workers are
regularly exposed to hand-arm vibration through
regular use of pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, or
gasoline-powered hand tools as a part of their jobs.
This exposure often leads to the incurable, irreversible HAVS, originally called Raynauds Phenomenon
or Vibration White Finger. It happens so often, in fact,
that the Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine has predicted 50 percent of exposed workers will develop symptoms. Common symptoms of
HAVS include blanching of fingers, spasms, numbness, and loss of coordination and dexterity. These
symptoms are exacerbated by cold temperatures and
can culminate in attacks that can last 5-15 minutes.
This progressively debilitating condition can disable
workers over time and even lead to amputation.
Anti-vibration gloves aim to absorb and dampen
the vibrations emitted by these tools that can affect the
central nervous system long term. There are several
variations of these gloves in the marketplace today
that use different methods of reducing sonic repetitive
injury, ranging from simple foam padding to air pockets and gels. The effectiveness of these materials varies
by glove manufacturer as much as it does by material.
Vibration Glove Testing

In an effort to protect workers on job sites around the
world and create a uniform playing field, the PPE industry has made inroads in developing a suitable vibration-reducing glove testing standard that measures
a gloves ability to help dampen a portion of the vibrations unavoidably transmitted by impact and power
tools. The ANSI S2.73/ISO 10819 tests have been both
blessing and curse to manufacturers and end users.
Changes in the Anti-Vibration Glove Testing
Standard: ISO 10819 in 2013 were not highly publicized and made adjustments to the way the handle
and adapter readings were calibrated and measured
from the original 1996 standard. ISO 10819 aims to
gauge the vibration transmissibility of a glove with
a vibration-reducing material that covers the palm,
fingers, and thumb of the hand. The basic setup of
this test involves a person wearing a glove gripping
a vibrating handle with load cells to gauge the transmissibility of the vibrations through the glove. An
anti-vibration glove must not amplify the vibration
in the medium frequency range (1.5Hz to 200Hz);
in the high frequency range (200Hz to 1250 Hz), the
glove must reduce the frequency weighted vibration
44
1114ohs_044_Choi_v2.indd 44
by at least 40 percent.
The most accurate method to determine the actual
vibration magnitude exposure of workers is to perform on-site vibration analysis, which can vary significantly from the values declared by the tool manufacturers. In-use vibration, where the operator is using a
tool in a real work situation in a specific workplace,
depends not only on the vibration produced by the
tool, but also on variables such as the condition and
quality of the inserted tool, type of product, the state
of maintenance of the power tool, the design of the
process, the workers posture and technique, etc. Multiple tests should be performed accounting for all variables, using the tests average as the vibration value.
An independent study funded by the U.S. Navy
found while many gloves that were submitted for testing passed vibration transmissibility criteria specified
by the standard, none could be classified as an AV
glove because none of the gloves met the standards
criterion for thickness of the glove fingers.
Applications where workers must maintain a
steady grip on a potentially dangerous power tool are
relatively ignored by the standard that requires gloves
to maintain a uniform thickness of vibration-dampening material between the thumb and finger as in the
palm. The resultant lack of dexterity has many glove
makers scratching their heads. We were floored by
the requirements of the vibration standard, said Elli
Choi, president of Cestus Gloves. Our company motto, Work in Comfort was really stretched to the limit
by the standards requirement of anti-vibration material in the saddle of the glove. Luckily, we were able to
overcome the design obstacle, but it was no easy feat.
Dexterity and flexibility are top-rated concerns of
any end user or safety manager. They know flexible,
ergonomic gloves reduce hand strain, and industrial
accidents directly related to hand strain and hand
fatigue can often have serious consequences. Lamar
Hutchinson, a seasoned safety consultant for the oil
industry in Louisiana, reported, Many injuries occur
towards the end of the shifts, when workers let their
guard down. Add fatigue and muscle strain, and you
see the severity of incidents spike.
You have only two ways to control HAVS risk:
Lower the vibration value or decrease the exposure
time. Time can be reduced by changing to a more efficient process or by introducing job rotation. Modern
tools with vibration control are often more efficient
and show considerably lower vibration values. Paired
with vibration-reducing gloves, the exposure to HAV
transmission is lowered even further.
Jennifer Choi (jennifer@cestusline.com) is vice president of glove manufacturer Cestusline, Inc.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:14 PM

Laying the
Groundwork
Fall Protection vs.
Fall Prevention
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_045_FallCover_v4.indd 45
NOVEMBER 2014 |
45
10/15/14 10:53 AM
FALL PREVENTION
CAPITAL SAFETY
Laying the Groundwork
Heres how to create and execute a reliable fall

protection and rescue plan.
BY JIM HUTTER
all protection is one safety area where achieving 100 percent compliance is an ongoing
challenge. Most companies have employees
who follow safety regulations to the letter, but
there are still some who bypass the rules or disregard
the fact that their employees are endangered by ineffective training, the leading cause of injury even when
proper PPE is available. Unlike simple safety precautions, such as donning a hard hat, safety glasses, or
gloves, fall protection is more specialized, requiring
training to learn how and when to use equipment.
Although there is not one all-encompassing
policy that applies to the entire range of industries
requiring fall protection equipment and training,
there are common characteristics exhibited by companies with extremely high compliance rates and exceptional safety records. They not only provide their
workforces with reliable, job-specific equipment, but
also they develop and maintain a comprehensive fall
protection and rescue plan.
To continually protect all employees engaged in
work activities that expose them to height safety risks,
its crucial to establish structured guidelines within a
written fall protection and rescue planas opposed
to just talking about them. As a safety manager, its
your responsibility to analyze and prepare for any fall
hazards your workers may encounter before the actual
work begins. By developing a plan in advance, you can
evaluate how to best prevent a fall, train workers on
the ground to ensure they are fully prepared in the
event of a fall, and determine appropriate fall protection equipment.
When you create a new plan for work at heights
or modify an existing one, there are several core elements you need to include. Specifically, a formal plan
should identify fall hazards on a job site, how they
can be eliminated or minimized, and how to respond
to a suspended worker after a fall to reduce the risk
of serious injury. As you build and customize your
own site-specific plan, use these five components as
a framework.
46
Frequency and duration of exposure to the
Height of the potential fall

Sketch of the hazard configuration
Fall protection and rescue equipment needed
Environmental conditions
Method to be used to control the hazard
Clearance available (the most important and
the most overlooked aspect)
Remember, each fall hazard on a job site must be
analyzed individually and thoroughly documented.
Although standard hazards present in many job environments are similar in nature, be sure to do an individual site assessment prior to each new project to
evaluate any new or unique hazards that may be present. Additionally, consider reevaluating the control
method for any standard fall hazards you identified
in the analysis. Are there better ways of controlling the
hazard since the assessment was conducted? Are there
newer, safer products that should be used instead?
1. Fall Hazards in the Work Area
2. Method of Fall Arrest or Fall Restraint
One of the first steps in developing a fall protection

and rescue plan is to perform a comprehensive fall
hazard survey. This involves identifying all potential
fall hazards and their characteristics, which include:
Exact location and dimensions
Type of hazard
Next, a properly developed plan should indicate how

the identified fall hazards can be eliminated or minimized. This entails listing appropriate equipment,
including specific product details and manufacturer
information, and detailing compatible connections to
enhance worker safety.
1114ohs_046_048_Hutter_v2.indd 46
hazard
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:17 PM
required on all job sites where workers are

exposed to overhead hazards. If this applies to your project, identify what types of
warning signs workers will encounter on
site, what they are cautioning against, and
where they will be present. If a hazard warrants additional protection, such as a debris
net, detail the extra safety precautions.
Active fall protection gear, such as a
harness or a self-retracting lifeline (SRL),
can mitigate the risk of serious injury if
workers learn how to properly wear and
use the equipment and how to conduct
regular inspection and maintenance of the
equipment. A passive fall protection system, such as guardrails, permanent netting,
or barriers, can help to eliminate injuries by
preventing workers from coming into contact with the fall hazard.
Choose durable, user-friendly equipment outfitted with advanced features that
help workers remain safe at all times and
allow for timely rescue in the event of a
fall. Modern equipment is becoming more
comfortable, more intuitive, and more affordable than ever. Educate yourself on how
these advances can improve the way your
company operates and consider reassessing your equipment inventory before new
work begins. Dont just rely on information
from the Internet, but explore hands-on
demonstration opportunities from fall protection experts or manufacturers.
4. Training & Instruction Program

Consistently train employees on the procedures and best practices within the fall
protection plan to help prepare them to
work safely at heights. Specifically, combine
hands-on and classroom instruction to discuss issues such as regulations; assigning

responsibilities; identifying, eliminating,
and controlling hazards; implementing the
tenets of the written plan on the job; and
how to select, use, inspect, store, and maintain fall protection equipment.
Before your employees begin work,
give them time to review the written fall
protection plan. Then, collectively discuss
any area of confusion, answer questions or
concerns, and remedy any information gap.
Additionally, provide them with detailed,
easily accessible instructions for all fall pro-
3. Equipment Assembly, Inspection

& Storage, and Overhead Protection
Refer to and specify the manufacturers recommended procedures for proper assembly, maintenance, inspection, and disassembly of all equipment you plan to deploy
on the job. Additionally, include copies of
manufacturer data for each specific type of
equipment used.
A visual inspection of all safety equipment should be completed daily, or before
each use, to check for any defective equipment. Be sure to designate who will be
responsible for each taskwhether its inspecting the equipment or tagging and removing faulty equipment. Then, indicate
specific methods for handling, storing,
and securing all equipment. For example,
note if toe boards are installed on scaffolding to prevent tools and other materials
from falling.
Finally, remember that hard hats are
www.ohsonline.com
From cargo theft, to unwanted points of entry, to interruptions in the cold and
supply chain, your loading dock is being targeted. Whats at stake? Your business,
its reputation and the safety of your employees and customers. Rite-Hites success
is driven by a focus on innovation and a constant dedication to providing quality
customer solutions. When it comes to safety, productivity, security and energy
savings at the loading dock and beyond, Rite-Hite is Always Looking Ahead.
RiteHite.com/KnowYourRisks
Circle 5 on card.
47
10/8/14 1:17 PM
FALL PREVENTION
tection devices that will be used and, once
work begins, schedule weekly safety meetings to reexamine equipment and discuss
any unforeseen hazards. Your ultimate goal
is to ensure that, prior to permitting employees to work in areas where fall hazards
exist, your entire crew is properly trained
and fully informed.
Keep in mind that OSHA requires retraining of employees if new systems are
introduced, workplace changes occur, or if
the employee displays inadequate knowledge. Also, ANSI Z359.2 requires that an
employer implement safe fall protection
and rescue procedures and provide annual

hands-on training of all employees exposed
to fall hazards.
5. Rescue Plan
The rescue plan, a crucial but often neglected extension of a well-developed fall
protection plan, offers organized strategy
and procedures to safely retrieve a person who has fallen from an elevated work
surface and is suspended in a full body
harness. It includes both self-rescue and
mechanically aided rescue instructions. If
you equip workers with personal fall arrest
No smoke
and mirrors
Great design.
Great protection.
Reduce your risk of
injury with the
latest and greatest.
#S13FRNE
For glove samples call 800.265.7617 or
email customerservice@superiorglove.com.
Qualifying companies only; no personal requests.
48
Circle 24 on card.
systems, you must ensure employees can be

promptly rescued or can rescue themselves
should a fall occur.
Rescue plans are rarely comprehensive,
if they exist at all, because many contractors believe emergency services will easily
be able to retrieve a suspended worker or
that the worker will be able to pull himself
or herself to safety. As you develop a rescue
plan specific to your job site, address the
following questions:
Who will perform the rescue?
What equipment will he/she use?
Where is the equipment located?
What is the incident reporting
procedure?
Who will ensure the equipment
involved is taken out of service and properly replaced?
Within this section, designate who
should perform first aid procedures in an
emergency situation, such as a foreman
or other certified individual, and detail
emergency services information, including phone, first aid, and crane or elevator
locations.
A fall protection and rescue plan is
evidence that your company is doing everything it can do to prevent injuries and
facilitate compliance, which is something
both employees and regulatory bodies will
noticeand appreciate. It reminds your
workers that you are genuinely concerned
about their safety and well-being.
Be adamant about updating and regularly rehearsing your plan so workers can
respond in a timely manner in the event of
a fall. Planning ahead allows you and your
employees to proactively prevent falls and to
conduct a successful rescue, should a fall occur. You should do all that you can to maximize the safety of your workers by drafting
a robust, easily accessible fall protection and
rescue plan as soon as possible.
Jim Hutter, Senior Training Specialist for
Capital Safety, has been a full-time trainer
for the company since 2002. He has issued
more than 8,500 training certificates for fall
protection, rescue at heights, and confined
space. He has written more than 100 articles
and is a known speaker at national trade
shows. While his primary role at Capital
Safety is to provide quality training in North
America, he believes strongly in the motto
Anytime, Anywhere, and his services have
been requested across the globe.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:17 PM
FALL PREVENTION
Fall Protection vs. Fall Prevention:

A New Approach to Ladders
BY DAVID FRANCIS
LITTLE GIANT LADDER SYSTEMS
very day in the United States of America, two

thousand people are injured while using a
ladder. One hundred of those people will experience a long-term or permanent disability
from that injury. And every daytoday, in factone
person will die from a ladder accident. For most industrial companies, ladder-related incidents account
for the single largest injury-related expense. The financial burden can be staggering, but it does not add
up to the terrible human cost. What is the cost to the
individual who never works again or to the family of
a lost loved one?
I have visited several companies that have actually
put restrictions on the use of ladders, forcing supervisors and operators to seek better options. One of the
largest general contractors in the world has created
and is promoting a new Ladders Last program requiring operators to get written permission before using a ladder on the job, forcing them to look for a safer
option first. Such a policy is sure to slow production,
but in this companys estimation, thats better than a
serious injury.
Recently, industrial companies have begun to
apply tie-off rules to portable ladders, even though
OSHA and MSHA currently do not. Standards vary
from company to company, but most of them follow
a basic rule: Operators working at a height of 6 feet
or more must tie off to a suitable fall-arrest anchor
point. If such an anchor point is not available, the operator must work in an approved, enclosed power lift
or scaffolding. Ive visited several companies that have
reduced the height limit even more, to 4 feet.
What About Fall Prevention Instead?

Trends such as Ladders Last and fall protection
requirements should be a major concern to the major
players in the ladder industry. The fundamental design of traditional ladders hasnt changed in centuries,
and its no coincidence that the rate of ladder injuries
has increased over the past decade. The true leaders
of the industry will focus on designing fall prevention
into their products.
When it comes to safety equipment, the highest
form of design is to design out all dangers. This is
outlined in the hierarchy of controls. Simply put, engineer the danger out. If you cannot engineer the danger out, guard against it. If you are unable or unwilling to adequately guard against it, then warn, train,
and provide personal protection equipment. Unforwww.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_049_050_Francis_v3.indd 49
NOVEMBER 2014 |
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10/8/14 1:23 PM
FALL PREVENTION
tunately, long ago someone decided that

the traditional design of a ladder couldnt
be improvedthat they couldnt or would
rather not engineer the danger out. So they
just put a lot of warning labels on them and
force safety professionals to hold countless
training meetings where they tell people
not to do the things we all know theyre going to keep doing anyway.
Everything else has improved with
technology; its time we started improving
ladders.
Understanding the Causes of Injury

Understanding how people use ladders
and, more importantly, how they get injured using ladders are the keys to designing new, safer climbing products. Studying
the statistics, we can divide ladder accidents into three categories:
1. Repeated handling of heavy, traditional equipment. Strains and sprains result
from unloading, carrying, and setting up
a heavy, traditional ladder. Almost half of
the reported injuries involving ladders are
caused by their awkward size and weight.
Two easy solutions to this problem are to
make the ladder lighter and add wheels to
limit the need to carry it.
2. Using the wrong type or size of ladder
for the job. A lot of times, this cause is born
out of the first cause. The right size ladder
is too heavy, so we grab the smaller one and
try to make it work by climbing too high on
the ladder. A lot of really sad stories have
started with, He was just trying to reach
that last thing. We are trained to keep our
bodies between the side rails to prevent
us from over-reaching, however, we know
this doesnt always happen. Too often, we
stretch to reach that one last thing instead
of climbing down and moving the ladder.
No matter how much we train people, its
human nature.
3. Over-reaching and improper set-up.
Falls from height due to over-reaching or
improper set-up result in the most catastrophic, life-altering injuries. Another
factor in side-tip accidents is how level the
ground is in the set-up. To give you an idea
of how much level ground can affect tipping, if a 28-foot extension ladder is 1 inch
off at the base, the top of the ladder will be
19 inches off. That puts the top of the ladder
completely out of the footprint of the ladder.
When faced with uneven ground, most
50
people use a brick or a board to build up the

low side of the ladder. OSHA recommends
digging out the high side of the ladder instead, but almost nobody does. You can
add after-market leg levelers, but they have
two major problems: They add extra weight
to an already heavy ladder, and they do not
provide any extra stability.
The next time youre on a job site, stop
for moment and look at all of the heavy
aerial equipmentexcavators, power lifts,
etc. Youll notice they all have outriggers
or stabilizers of some kind. Seems to make
sense, right? Why not apply the same to
extension ladder? By adding outriggers to
an extension ladder, we can increase the
side-tip stability by more than 600 percent.
Because level ground is such a big factor in
most side-tip accidents, designing the outriggers to also adjust to the terrain will also
greatly reduce the possibility of a tip due to
over-reaching.
Extension Ladder Positioning Systems

Some of the most catastrophic falls occur
when an operator uses an extension ladder
to access a roof or an upper level or when
working on utility poles. A new innovation
called an extension ladder positioning system allows an operator to securely fasten
the top of an extension ladder to a suitable
anchor point, scaffolding crossbar, or utility pole strand before ascending the ladder.
A patented claw mechanism is activated by
the weight of the ladder and becomes even
more securely fastened when bearing the
weight of the operator.
The positioning system also includes a
fully contained, integrated rope system and
a positioner, or rope grab, which the operator can connect to an approved safety harness. If the operator loses his balance or the
ladder is destabilized, the clamp holds tight
to the anchor point and the positioner immediately halts the operators fallessentially impact with the ground is eliminated.
When used correctly with a properly rated
safety harness, this new extension ladder
positioning system can prevent an operator
from ever hitting the ground.
Stepladders vs. Aerial Safety Cages

Stepladders present different problems.
People still fall because they over-reach,
but now they also have to comply with
well-intentioned rules about maintaining
1114ohs_049_050_Francis_v3.indd 50
three points of contact and tying off above

a certain height. And what about working
on uneven surfaces or over stairs?
You should always maintain three
points of contact when ascending and descending a ladder (two feet, one hand or
two hands, one foot) but what do you do
when you have stopped climbing and start
working? Most safety people say you should
still maintain three points of contact. Most
workers will say its hard to get the job done
using just one hand.
Aerial safety cages are not really a ladder
and not really a power lift or scaffold. Aerial
safety cages allow an operator to work in a
fully enclosed, height-adjustable platform
that complies with all guardrail and tie-off
rules. This new kind of access equipment
is more versatile than a traditional ladder
or a powered lift. They are able to adjust
to work on stairs or uneven surfaces and,
unlike most lifts and scaffolds, aerial safety
cages are constructed with nonconductive fiberglass rails, so they are approved
for use around live electrical circuits. For
some industrial companies, this innovation
couldnt have come soon enough.
It has been challenging, said Jason
Cuskelly, a safety manager at Big-D Construction, a leading western states contractor. We have found ourselves on jobs where
tying off was very limited, using a lift was
not always possible, and alternate methods
were very expensive and time consuming.
It made maintaining compliance, keeping
employees safe, and maintaining work flow
very difficult. We needed a better solution.
To find that solution, Cuskelly worked with
the manufacturer to develop the product.
Fence vs. Ambulance

Would you build a fence at the top of a
cliff or would you park an ambulance at
the bottom? Training will always be a huge
part of keeping our people safe and getting
them home to their families every day. In
this effort, fall protection will always have
its place, but when it comes to ladders and
aerial access equipment, fall prevention is
the future.
David Francis is the national safety director for Little Giant Ladder Systems. For more
information on ladder safety or to schedule
a free safety training, visit his blog at www.
laddersafetyhub.com.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:23 PM
TRAINING

BY MARTY BREIMHURST
SHA requires that organizations provide

training to all employees exposed to fall
hazards. Yet falls consistently are a leading
cause of workplace fatalities, which begs the
question, Are workers receiving the right training?
To ensure your organization is offering the right training program, here are a few key questions to ask.
1. What level of training

should my employees have?
There are four levels of fall protection trainingawareness, authorized-user, competent person, and qualified-person training. Regardless of the training level,
training helps workers recognize the hazards of falling
and the steps required to minimize these hazards.
Awareness-level training generally consists of
brief, on-site sessions that provide an overview of fall
hazards, fall protection equipment, and how it should
be used. Many experts do not consider this training
because it often lacks hands-on practice with equipment and verification of a participants knowledge.
Authorized-user training is the second level. A
best practice to keep employees safe and comply with
OSHA is to have any worker exposed to fall hazards
undergo authorized-user training. This training is
specialized for the type of job and specific fall hazards
employees will be exposed to.
The third level is competent-person training. This
covers a wider breadth of fall hazards because this employee, typically a supervisor, should understand all
types of fall hazards and methods of protection, as well
as applicable standards. The competent person needs
a higher level of training and knowledge because he or
she should be able to address any fall hazard situation
in the organization, evaluate it, and recommend solutions. This employee also needs to recognize whether
other workers are misusing equipment or working in
unsafe conditions, such as on an elevated platform (4
feet for general industry and 6 feet for construction)
with no form of fall protection.
The highest level of training is qualified-person
training. This person typically has a specialized degree or training that qualifies him or her to address
technical situations, such as making certified anchorage points or designing horizontal safety systems. The
employer should designate someone who has sufficient training and a reasonable level of knowledge in
fall protection in order to be dedicated as the on-site
qualified person.
The same goes for the competent and authorized levels. The employer must designate who should
be trained at what level and ensure the employee gets
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_051_Breimhurst_v3.indd 51
the training needed to do his or her job safely while

helping other workers do the same.
2. How do I select the right trainer?

Once youve reviewed your applicable local, state, and
federal regulations and determined what level of training your employees need, you must find a reputable
organization to deliver it. Referrals from a professional
organization or an industry peer can be especially
helpful at this stage.
Once youve narrowed it down to two or three
options, read the course descriptions and make sure
there are clear and decisive training objectives that
meet your needs. The trainer should have a measurable standard you can use to evaluate the training,
such as At the end of this course, employees will be
able to perform product inspections, set up fall protection equipment, identify anchorage points, and explain OSHAs fall protection regulations.
Then, ask the vendors about the training experience they can deliver. The ideal training situation is on
site or at a training facility that provides ample room
for hands-on practice. Generally, a small student-toinstructor ratio is best for this level of training because
employees get ample interaction and hands-on time
with equipment and techniques.
3. What records do I need to keep?

Recordkeeping is important in the event of an on-thejob injury or lawsuit. A court may ask what criteria
made an employee a competent person or authorized
user. Employers must cite the training for designated
workers and the objectives for the instruction. A court
also may look at whether this meets general best practices, as well as OSHA requirements.
4. How often do workers need training?

Retrain employees whenever the environment or
equipment changes. If a worker does not appear to
understand how a fall protection system or particular equipment works, he requires further training.
ANSI Z359 recommends retraining every two years,
but employers have discretion to shorten or lengthen
the time between instruction. After initial training,
OSHA considers an employee trained unless he
demonstrates incompetence or the environment or
equipment changes.
5. How should I prepare for training?

If you have questions about specific fall hazards on
your site, take a picture and give it to the trainer. Bring
your fall protection plan to the training class and review it with the trainer, going through it step by step.
Ask for advice regarding equipment options, anchorage, or specific roles within the plan.
Marty Breimhurst is a senior training manager with
3M, a leading manufacturer of fall protection equipment. For more information, call 800-328-1667.
NOVEMBER 2014 |
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10/8/14 1:24 PM
SLIP AND FALL
Identifying Same-Level Slip and

Fall Hazards in the Workplace
Taking the time to identify floor safety hazards in all areas in and
around a facility is the first step toward avoiding common injuries.
BY KAREN D. HAMEL
NEW PIG
Unlike chemical or process hazards that are specific to an industry sector, same-level slip, trip, and fall
hazards are similar in nearly every facility. Because
slips, trips, and falls can happen anywhere, its best to
take a facility-wide approach to identify not only the
obvious hazards, but also the hazards that may not
have surfaced yet.
Consider absorbent and anti-fatigue

matting and employee footwear in
production areas and look at housekeeping and daily cleaning routines
to see whether they are adequate.
Its never a bad idea to review past injury reports to
look for specific problem areas, but because slips and
falls are embarrassing, many people are reluctant to
tell anyone about a slip or fall that doesnt result in an
injury. So injury reports should not be relied upon as
the sole indicator of where floor safety problems may
be located.
Walkway Audits
ob hazard analyses (JHAs) are used to identify

a variety of safety hazards. Theyre a proactive
means of preventing many different types of
workplace injuries and illnesses. One area that
often escapes a JHA is floor safety. Although slips,
trips, and falls to the same level are the second-leading
cause of workers compensation claims and lost worktime injuries (sprains and strains are number one),
much of what happens with floor safety programs in
the workplace is still very reactive.
Same-level slip, trip, and fall hazards can exist anywhere at a facility. This means that unless these hazards are identified, every step that is taken throughout
the work day could hold a potential risk. Slips, trips,
and falls arent limited to the production area or a wet
process. They can occur anywhere, can happen any
time, and can injure anyone from an executive with
30 years of service to a newly hired janitor.
52
1114ohs_052_053_Hamel_v2.indd 52
A formal walkway audit is one way to determine

which walking surfaces may contribute to a slip and
fall injury. To perform an audit, a walkway auditor
uses a device called a tribometer to measure the
Coefficient of Friction (COF) of walking surfaces
throughout the facility. The results provide a quantitative analysis that helps determine which areas may
need more attention to improve the COF and lower
the likelihood of an incident.
Less formal audits can be conducted internally.
The main tools that are needed are a floor plan or diagram of the facility that includes outdoor areas (parking lots, sidewalks, porticos, etc.), a notepad and pen
to take notes, a camera, and a ruler.
Outdoors
Deep cracks, potholes, and parking blocks are some
of the hazards that are easy to spot in parking lots and
other paved outdoor areas. Height variations in a sidewalkespecially at seams or where there are cracks
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:18 PM
Even though same-level slips, trips, and falls dont seem to receive
the same attention as other workplace injuries, the results can be
just as debilitating.
may be a little harder to spot but are worth
checking out, because a height difference of
as little as inch is enough to cause a tripping hazard. This is where the ruler comes
in handy for measurements.
Consider landscaping, including trees.
Bushes, shrubs, flowers, or other items that
encroach upon sidewalks can create hazards because they encourage people to walk
in areas other than the designated sidewalks. When landscaping elements are low
to the ground, they can also be an unseen
tripping hazard for people carrying large
items or not paying attention to where they
are walking. Trees that shed their foliage in
the autumn or that shed fruit, nuts, berries,
or blossoms throughout their growing season need to be included in routine housekeeping operations to ensure that whatever
falls from the tree doesnt present a slip hazard on sidewalks, parking lots, or outdoor
common areas.
Snow and ice removal is another facet
of outdoor walkway safety. Whether it is
done by in-house staff or by a hired contactor, determine what plans are in place to
remove snow and ice in a timely manner
before employees arrive the for the day and
before they leave at the end of the day.
Look at the lighting in the parking lot
and around the building late in the evening
or early in the morning. Lighting enhances
security, but it is also important in walkway
safety because it makes it easier to identify
hazards that can be hidden in shadows or
by dim light.
Entrances and Other

Transition Areas
A transition area is any area where the
walking surface changes. It may be from a
concrete sidewalk to tiled entrance foyer,
a carpeted office to an epoxy-coated production floor, a diamond-plated catwalk
to a wooden staircaseor any other combination of surfaces. Transition areas are a
common place for slips and falls, especially
when the transition is drastic and when
someones attention is diverted.
Good lighting in transition areas, especially entrances, is important because it
helps people to see the difference and adwww.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_052_053_Hamel_v2.indd 53
just their gait, if necessary, to accommodate

the new surface. Note all transition areas
on the floor plan and take pictures as a reminder of what floor surfaces are on each
side of the transition.
If it can be arranged, audit entrances
on a rainy or snowy day because it is a
lot more common for people to slip and
fall on wet floors than on dry ones. Most
common entrance flooring, such as stone,
wood, and tile, is not a problem when the
weather is dry but can become very slippery when wet.
Where mats are used, review any plan
that may be in place for replacing mats that
become saturated with rain or snow, those
that are buckled, warped, or frayed, and
mats that are too short to completely dry
a persons feet before they step off the mat.
Cafeterias and Coffee Bars

Flooring in cafeterias, break rooms, and
drink service areas is often smooth and
easy to clean because food and drink spills
are somewhat expected in these areas. Like
entrances, these smooth surfaces are most
often fine when they are dry but become
slippery when wet.
Count the trash cans in these areas.
Are there an adequate number, or are discarded items piled on top of or beside the
cans? Is there a good stock of paper towels or napkins to wipe up small drips and
spills? Review the cleaning schedule for
common areas. If the floors are mopped
during the day, adequate time should be
left for the floor to dry completely between shifts or breaks so that employees
arent walking on wet floors.
Housekeeping and
Floor Maintenance
Floors can become more slippery as they
age. Slippery floors also can result from
improper cleaning techniques. Obtain the
instructions for floor cleaning chemicals
that are used throughout the facility and
determine whether or not they are being
used correctly. It is not uncommon for the
wrong type of cleaner to be used on a floor,
mixed in the wrong ratio, or with the incorrect water temperature. This can lead to
floors that are inadequately cleaned or left

with residues that make the floor more slippery over time.
Production Areas
Even OSHA acknowledges that not every
floor can be perfectly clean and dry all of
the time. Machines leak and many processes involve liquids that overspray or spill.
Where walkways are slippery, employees
who regularly work in these areas usually
accommodate the conditions by adjusting their gait and taking deliberate steps to
avoid slips and falls.
Note all transition areas on the

floor plan and take pictures as
a reminder of what floor surfaces are on each side of the
transition.
Consider absorbent and anti-fatigue
matting and employee footwear in production areas and look at housekeeping and
daily cleaning routines to see whether they
are adequate to help prevent slips and falls.
Floor Safety in a New Light

Taking the time to identify floor safety hazards in all areas in and around a facility is
the first step toward avoiding common injuries. Even though same-level slips, trips,
and falls dont seem to receive the same attention as other workplace injuries, the results can be just as debilitating, especially as
the workforce continues to age. Identifying
floor safety hazards and creating a plan to
proactively prevent slip, trip, and fall incidents can help lower insurance premiums
and, more importantly, avoid one of the
most common causes of lost work-time injuries.
Karen D. Hamel is a technical specialist for
New Pig Corp. She has more than 20 years
of experience helping environmental, health,
and safety professionals find solutions to
meet EPA, OSHA, and DOT regulations.
She is a hazmat technician, serves on the
Blair County, PA LEPC, is a CERT trainer,
and has completed a variety of hazmat response and NIMS courses, including Planning Section Chief. She can be reached at
1-800-HOT-HOGS (468-4647) or by email
to karenh@newpig.com.
NOVEMBER 2014 |
53
10/8/14 1:18 PM
SLIP AND FALL
STABILGEAR.COM
Staying On Your Feet in the Winter
make for a lot of transition from

This winter, make ice traction as
and snow to gravel or paveimportant as coats, gloves, and hats, ice
ment, which can be slippery if you
because keeping you safely on your have only metal cleat traction.
feet in snow and ice is as important
Gaining Traction
as staying warm.
The key to transitional traction
BY JOHN MILBURN
utdoor winter work can

be quite difficult because
a variety of challenges
present themselves that
need to be addressed in order for
the days tasks to be accomplished
safely and comfortably. The first
priority is basic warmth; there is
nothing worse than working outside and being cold. When you are
cold, productivity plummets and
mistakes tend to increase. The next
priority is personal traction on ice
and snow.
Slips and falls are a primary
cause of work loss and workers
compensation claims. Most of
them happen unnecessarily. The
good news is that ice and snow
traction is easy and inexpensive
and should always be available to
those who are out in the elements,
whether all day or from time to
time. Today, most companies are
smart enough to know that providing ice traction devices saves
on all fronts. The pain of injury
and recovery time, lost work time,
and increased workers comp premiums are all reasons to make sure
employees can safely stay on their
feet and complete the tasks the job
requires without slips and falls.
The Polar Vortex of this past
winter found employers as far
south as Alabama and Louisiana
coping with icing conditions that
required ice traction for employees working outdoors. The conditions were particularly difficult because these events were dominated
by wet snow and ice with temperatures that would be low enough at
night to create icing conditions,
which would melt a bit during the
day and then freeze again the next
night. These kinds of conditions
54
1114ohs_054_Milburn_v2.indd 54
is having both good metal cleat

traction and a well-designed rubber or rubber-like compound
outsole tread. The best products
on the market are those that have
both a good metal cleat and a
tread that meets or almost meets
the cleat, so that when you walk
off ice and snow onto pavement
or concrete, you are not creating
a new slipping condition.
Finding the appropriate traction product really depends on
the environment the individual
is working in and the traction
required to adequately keep that
person from slipping. Most slips
on ice and snow happen on the
heel as we walk forward and the
heel of the foot hits ice or snow,
causing us to fall backward. All
of us have had this experience;
sometimes injury can occur even
if we recover without falling as we
catch ourselves, possibly causing
neck and back injuries that are
difficult to treat.
We do also slip on the forefoot,
but that tends to happen when we
are either running or walking uphill. Traction on the forefoot therefore is important and helpful, but
it is not as critical as heel traction
to stability on our feet. At the end
of the day, the best traction is good
overall traction coverage, but there
are jobs where that is not possible.
In the last few years a new heelonly traction device has been introduced by a number of companies. It is especially welcomed by
those who have to drive in the winter for their work. Metal cleats on
the forefoot are not recommended
due to the obstruction they create when using the gas and brake
pedals of the vehicle. Most vehicle
surfaces are also metal, so metal
on metal can cause slips when getting into and out of a vehicle. Thus,
the new heel-only concept allows
drivers to leave the cleat on while
they are driving, and it gives them
that vital heel traction when out of
the vehicle.
Choosing the Best Product

for Your Needs
So review the type of environment
in which your employees work
during the winter and determine
what type of product works best
for you. If they or you are outside
for long periods of time, not needing to take off your ice cleats and
put them back on regularly, there
are some very durable products
with full bindings, some of which
have replaceable cleats (which is
a nice option to help save money
when the cleats wear out).
If you are in and out of doors
regularly, heel-only products are
great, as are those that simply pull
over your shoe or boot. They come
in the full size range, and some
even come in a variety of colors.
This winter, make ice traction
as important as coats, gloves, and
hats, because keeping you safely
on your feet in snow and ice is as
important as staying warm.
John Milburn is the president of
STABILgear.com, A 32north, Inc.
Company. Its offices are located in
Biddeford, Maine. All of its products
are made in Maine.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:19 PM
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
Revving Up V2V
Vehicle-to-vehicle technology represents the next

great advance in saving lives, U.S. Transportation
Secretary Anthony Foxx has said.
BY JERRY LAWS
f the National Highway Traffic Safety

Administrations timetable holds, the
agency will issue a Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking within the next 14 months
to create a new Federal Motor Vehicle
Safety Standard, No. 150, requiring vehicleto-vehicle (V2V) communication capability for new passenger cars and light trucks.
NHTSA took comments on an advance notice of proposed rulemaking this year and
released a related research report, Vehicleto-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of
V2V Technology for Application.
In the report, NHTSA outlines the results of its initial research and includes a
very preliminary estimate of V2V costs
and the benefits for two V2V-based safety
applications, Intersection Movement Assist
and Left Turn Assist, for addressing intersection crashes and left-turning crashes.
IMA and LTA could prevent up to
592,000 crashes and save 1,083 lives per
year, the report estimates, and it describes
additional applications that could also help
drivers avoid imminent danger by providing forward collision, blind spot, do not
pass, and stoplight/stop sign warnings. The
report cites NHTSAs estimate that about
5 million vehicle crashes occur each year
and explains both why DOT is enthusiastic about V2V and why this rulemaking is
different from other crash avoidance technologies DOT has embraced up to now:
Previous technologies, such as electronic
stability control, helped vehicles react to imminent crash situations, but V2V technologies will help drivers react ahead of time.
The report discusses technical, legal,
security, and privacy issues related to the
technologys implementation. The agency
intends to mandate V2V technology in all
new vehicles but not require specific safety
applications, out of the belief this will facilitate market-driven R&D and the introduction of a variety of safety applications.
Safety is our top priority, and V2V
technology represents the next great advance in saving lives, U.S. Transportation
Secretary Anthony Foxx has said. This
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_055_transport_v3.indd 55
technology could move us from helping

people survive crashes to helping them
avoid crashes altogethersaving lives, saving money, and even saving fuel thanks to
the widespread benefits it offers.
A model deployment was accomplished
with relatively few problems given the magnitude of this first-of-its-kind demonstration project, the reports authors stated.
By the time V2V technology has spread
throughout the entire U.S. fleet, it will have
prevented as many as 728,000 propertydamage-only crashes, they reported.
Privacy, Cost, and Liability Concerns

Not that the technologies are perfectly
ready. They hold the promise of substantially reducing crashes, injuries, and traffic
fatalities, but the authors reported some
must be better tailored to the safety problems they are meant to solve. They cited
Left Turn Assist, which currently triggers
only when the driver uses a turn signal,
meaning it wont help the many drivers
who dont use a turn signal when in a dedicated turn lane.
The report explained that NHTSA has
the legal authority to mandate V2V technology in new light vehicles and even could
require its installation in commercial vehicles already on the road.
As for the cost, it says based on preliminary information, NHTSA estimates the
V2V equipment and supporting communications functions, including a security management system, would cost only about $341
to $350 per vehicle in 2020 and could fall to
$209 to $227 by 2058.
These costs include an added $9 to $18
per year in fuel costs caused by the equipments added weight.
Automakers have expressed concerns
that V2V technologies will increase their
liability more than other safety technologies, because the warning systems rely on
information from other vehicles and communication systems they dont control; the
report argues such concerns are unfounded. This is because NHTSA is considering
warning technologies, not control technologies, and its legal analysis indicates that,
from a products liability standpoint, V2V
safety warning technologies, analytically,
are quite similar to on-board safety warnings found in todays motor vehicles.
Privacy concerns also are off the mark
because the system wont collect or store any
data that identifies individuals or individual
vehicles, nor will it allow the government to
do so.
There is no data in the safety messages
that could be used by law enforcement
or private entities to personally identify a
speeding or erratic driver. The systemoperated by private entitieswill not enable
tracking through space and time of vehicles
linked to specific owner or drivers. Third
parties attempting to use the system to track
a vehicle would find it extremely difficult to
do so, particularly in light of far simpler and
cheaper means available for that purpose,
the report stated.
Eventually, DOT envisions having every vehicle on the road (including trucks,
buses, and motorcycles) equipped to communicate with other vehicles. At the time
the report was written, NHTSA anticipated
that private entities will create, fund, and
manage the necessary security and communications components to ensure the system
operates safely, but private entities had not
yet committed to participate.
The safety benefits DOT envisions will
materialize only if consumers buy into
these new technologies and their benefits.
One potential issue with consumer
acceptance is maintenance, the reports
executive summary stated. If the security
system is designed to require consumers
to take action to obtain new security certificatesdepending on the mechanism
needed to obtain the certificatesconsumers may find the required action too onerous. For example, rather than return to the
dealership periodically for a download of
new certificates, consumers may choose
instead to live with non-functioning V2V
capabilities. The agency is exploring ways
to make such downloads automatic, but
more research is needed to understand this
issue fully.
For more information about V2V,
visit www.its.dot.gov/research/v2v.htm and
www.safercar.gov/v2v/index.html.
Jerry Laws is editor of Occupational Health
& Safety.
NOVEMBER 2014 |
55
10/8/14 1:20 PM
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Brady has released the BMP21-LAB

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WORK FOOTWEAR
ENERGY-EFFICIENT FAN
MANUAL-INFLATING SAMPLE BAG
Wolverine debuts new comfort technology in the Wolverine Cabor boot: Wolverine EPX. Wolverine EPX takes comfort
closer to the foot to return energy and
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The Serco ATEC HVLS fan features

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56
1114ohs_056_061_NP_v3.indd 56
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www.ohsonline.com
10/10/14 2:46 PM
BULK LIFTER
WATER JET LANCE
WELDING JACKETS AND SLEVES
The Vestil Bulk Bag Lifter eliminates

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NCG24-535 water jet lances from NLB

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The new lances reduce stress on the
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These welding jackets and sleeves

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They go a step above to provide comfort, while providing protection against
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www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_056_061_NP_v3.indd 57
NOVEMBER 2014 |
57
10/10/14 2:46 PM
NEW PRODUCTS
COOLING PRODUCTS
FALL PREVENTION GATES
SAFETY KNIFE
Radians new Arctic Skull product line

includes cooling headbands, cooling
head shades, and a cooling towel. Their
new cooling products are made with
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to keep users cool for up to five hours.
The patent-pending utility and design
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to move with the body, not against it,
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color palette for the cooling products
line includes blue, high-vis green, red
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Industrial facilities, warehouses, and

factories can choose two gate types
from the Garlock Safety Systems complete line of fall prevention products.
Two gate modelsa single opening
and a split unitprotect workers from
accidental falls in-plant. Single opening
gates are available for up to 12 foot
openings and split gates guard wider
openings up to 25 feet. A cantilever
style gate provides protection even with
low overhead restrictions. SentryGuard
meets OSHA 1910.23(c) regulations
regarding fall protection. Gates may be
operated manually or with optional pneumatic power operating off of 50 psi air
supply with quick connections.
The Easy Cut 4000 from ADCO Industries is a safe way to open boxes quickly
and efficiently without damaging the
product inside. Features include three
precise blade-depth settings for single,
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ohsonline.com
Whats on the OH&S Site this Month
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58
1114ohs_056_061_NP_v3.indd 58
www.ohsonline.com
10/10/14 2:46 PM
HAND-HELD GAS ANALYZER
CUT-RESISTANT FABRIC
FIBERGLASS FISH TAPE
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IDEAL Industries, Inc. now offers a

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S-Class fish tape now features a new
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1114ohs_056_061_NP_v3.indd 59
NOVEMBER 2014 |
59
10/10/14 2:46 PM
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BUILDING ARCHIVE SERVICE
LIGHTWEIGHT HARNESS
ARC FLASH HARNESS
BuildingReports has launched

LiveArchive, a service that provides
inspectors, building owners, and
managers immediate electronic access
to a buildings compliance documentation and other historical data from
any smartphone. Through a QR Code,
LiveArchive provides secure access to
critical reports and historical compliance
data on fire, life safety, security, and
other critical systems. The LiveArchive
label can be placed in multiple locations
within a facility to create redundancy if
equipment with a QR Code is moved.
The Workman harness from MSA Safety

provides arch flash protection in a sleek,
black design thats lightweight and
comfortable. The high-strength nylon is
designed to maintain its integrity after
exposure to an arc flash and in the
event of a fall. The harness is a costeffective option for safety managers and
contractors who need to be compliant
to the latest electrical requirements
without breaking the budget.
The MSA Safety Evotech Arch Flash Harness provides arc flash protection for
people who work at heights. Its rugged
design is more comfortable because it
is 30 percent lighter than comparable
harnesses. It is made from 100 percent
Kevlar webbing and is fire-resistant.
The harness inherent properties help
maintain its color, making formal inspection easy. The should padding has no
binding edge, providing more comfort
for the user while a horizontal leg-strap
design conforms to the users body for
increase support.
CIRCLE 316 ON CARD
CIRCLE 315 ON CARD
CIRCLE 317 ON CARD
FLAME-RESISTANT APPAREL
SHADOW BOARDS
WORK-POSITIONING SOLUTION
National Safety Apparel announces its

newest line of flame-resistant garments:
CARBONCOMFORT FR WorkWear for
men and women. This premium FR
Carbon fabric technology is constructed
from a soft, flame-resistant fabric that
will not melt, drip, or ignite. CARBONCOMFORT features high breathability
and drying rates, bringing advanced
moisture-management FR garments to
the industry. This new line goes a step
beyond to ensure the comfort of wearers
by featuring tagless shirt collars and FR
exterior labeling that cannot be removed
from the garment. All styles are HRC 2,
meet OSHA 1910.269, comply with NFPA
70E, and are UL Certified to NFPA 2112.
Bradys new durable shadow boards

improve workplace organization and reduce non-value-added time by indicating
where equipment, tools and janitorial
supplies belong with professional-looking graphics. The shadow boards feature protected graphics printed on the
back and sealed with a water-resistant
coating to withstand frequent tool use,
washdowns, and temperatures up to
140 degrees F. The transparent thermoplastic material (polyethylene terephthalate) is laminate-free to avoid peeling
and bacteria collectiona concern in
many processing environments.
The Ergo Control heavy-duty 3-axis

programmable work positioner from
Ergotech Inc. is a trusted solution for
stable, safe positioning of heavy and/
or oversized loads.Facility managers in
industries ranging from aerospace to
automotive to military to farm and construction equipment have turned to the
Ergo Control to make their production
lines safer, more productive, and more
efficient while manipulating loads up to
13,300 pounds. The Ergo Control allows
for easy, repeatable, fast, and programmable positioning and repositioning of
large, heavy work product without the
infrastructural installation costs and lost
work time of overhead cranes, pulleys,
or other mechanisms.
CIRCLE 319 ON CARD
CIRCLE 318 ON CARD
CIRCLE 320 ON CARD
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www.ohsonline.com
10/10/14 2:46 PM
municate simultaneously just like on

a regular telephone. These headsets
are not voice activated and there is no
delay when transmitting. They enhance
industrial job site productivity and safety
by providing instantaneous, hands
free voice communications within
an 800-yard range. The XTreme is a
specialty hard hat-compatible ComSTAR
headset that features miniaturized wireless circuitry and antenna installed right
inside the ear cup. ComSTAR operates
within the DECT, 19201930 MHz band
allocated by the FCC for voice communications only. No FCC licensing required.
CIRCLE 322 ON CARD
DRAINING STATION
ERGONOMIC VACUUM LIFTER
New Pig has introduced thePIG Draining Station for Solvent-Contaminated

Wipes to help facilities conveniently
store and manage exempted disposable and reusable solvent-contaminated
wipes. Designed to help facilities that
are collecting solvent-contaminated
wipes for laundering or disposal, the
Draining Station includes the components necessary to properly store
solvent-contaminated wipes in a
closed, labeled container while allowing
drainage of any free liquids from the
wipes.The system contains a latching
drum lid, a durable 55-gallon open-head
steel drum, an elevated draining screen,
and hi-vis self-adhesive Excluded
Solvent-Contaminated Wipes.
The Cynergy Ergonomics vacuum lifter

has proven to reduce back strain and the
workers comp claims that accompany
them. The purpose-designed lifter allows
an operator to lift the 10-pound box,
open it, and then position it over a water
softener that is already fastened to a
CIRCLE 321 ON CARD
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
ComSTAR is a new generation of full

duplex wireless headsets from Eartec
that allow up to eight users to comwww.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_056_061_NP_v3.indd 61
CIRCLE 323 ON CARD
Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
a.
b.
FULL DUPLEX HEADSETS
pallet for final packaging and shipment.

Prior to installing the Cynergy vacuum
lifter, this process was completed
manually, and shoulder and back aches
and strains were common.
Publication Title: Occupational Health & Safety

Publication Number: 0362-4064
Filing Date: 9/30/14
Frequency of Issue: Monthly
Number of Issues Published Annually: 12
Annual Subscription Price: US $79, International $149
Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication: 9201 Oakdale Ave., Ste. 101, Chatsworth, CA 91311
Complete Mailing Address of the Headquarters of General Business Offices of the Publisher: Same as above.
Full Name and Complete Mailing Address of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor:
Kevin OGrady, President/Group Publisher, 14901 Quorum Dr., Ste. 425, Dallas, TX 75254
Jerry Laws, Editor, 14901 Quorum Dr., Ste. 425, Dallas, TX 75254
Lindsay Page, Senior Editor, 14901 Quorum Dr., Ste. 425, Dallas, TX 75254
Owner(s): Stevens Publishing Acquisition, Corp. (SPAC), 9201 Oakdale Ave., Ste. 101, Chatsworth, CA 91311. Listing of shareholders in SPAC.
Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or more of the Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities:
Nautic Partners V, L.P., 50 Kennedy Plaza, 12th Flr., Providence, RI 02903
Kennedy Plaza Partners III, LLC, 50 Kennedy Plaza, 12th Flr., Providence, RI 02903
Alta Communications 1X, L.P., 1X-B, L.P., Assoc., LLC, 28 State St., Ste. 1801, Boston, MA 02109
The tax status has not changed during the preceding 12 months.
Publication Title: Occupational Health & Safety
Issue date for Circulation Data Below: September 2014
Extent & Nature of Circulation:
Average No. Copies Each Month
No. Copies of Single Issue
During Preceding 12 Months
Published Nearest to Filing Date
Total Number of Copies (Net Press Run)
48,416
47,046
Legitimate Paid/and or Requested Distribution
1. Outside County Paid/Requested Mail Subscriptions
9,670
38,174
Stated on PS Form 3541
2. In-County Paid/Requested Mail Subscriptions
0
0
3. Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors,
48
48
Counter Sales, and Other Paid or Requested
Distribution Outside USPS
4. Requested Copies Distributed by Other Mail
0
0
Classes Through the USPS
Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation
39,718
38,222
Nonrequested Distribution
1. Outside County Nonrequested Copies Stated
8,187
8,108
on PS Form 3541
2. In-County Nonrequested Copies Distribution
0
0
3. Nonrequested Copies Distribution Through the
0
0
USPS by Other Classes of Mail
4. Nonrequested Copies Distributed Outside the Mail
343
598
Total Nonrequested Distribution
8,530
8,706
Total Distribution
48,248
46,928
Copies not Distributed
168
118
Total
48,416
47,046
Percent paid and/or Requested Circulation
82.32%
81.45%
16. Electronic Copy Circulation

a. Requested and Paid Electronic Copies
b. Total Requested and Paid Print Copies (Line 15c) + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies
c. Total Requested Copy Distribution (Line15f) + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies (Line 16a)
d. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Both print & Electronic Copies) (16b divided by 16c x 100)
I certify that 50% of all my distributed copies (electronic and paid print are legitimate request or paid copies.
17. Publication of Statement of Ownership for a Requester Publication is required and will be printed in the November 2014 issue of this publication.
18. I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete: David Seymour, Director, Print and Online Production
NOVEMBER 2014 |
61
10/10/14 2:46 PM
PRACTICAL EXCELLENCE
BY SHAWN GALLOWAY
Business and Safety:

Are the Strategies Aligned?
Strategy is primarily about choices. Its
never too late to align the most important
business objectives.
f culture eats strategy for breakfast, then business strategy eats

safety strategy all day long. How well aligned are your business
and safety excellence strategy?
Businesses require strategies to capture market share, create
shareholder value and provide competitive value for the consumer.
Safety, too, competes for market share in the discretionary attention and engagement of the workforce. Safety has both shareholders and customers, and safety excellence is only possible when there
is alignment in the belief that safety is less about cost-reduction and
more about how it provides competitive value and an improvement
in quality of life with the consumers of its efforts.
For years, safety leaders within organizations have attempted
to infuse safety thinking into the business. To accomplish this,
safety professionals need to infuse business thinking into safety
improvement efforts; for, as many successful clients have proven,
methodologies to accomplish success in safety and business are
one in the same.
Businesses create a hypothesis on how, when, where and why
they can win in the marketplace. A business case and value proposition are created for the prospective product or service that outlines
the value derived from the offering. Market trends and potential
competitors are studied to see how to best position the brand. Pilot
launches occur to test the market, and the voice of the customer
is collected to shape further decisions. Finally, measurements are
established to validate how, when, where, and why the business is
winning in the marketplace so confidence is created when future
results are forecasted.
Chances are your business has a strategy and you are currently
deploying some sort of strategic-decision process to shape safety
performance and measure its impact. How well aligned are the two
strategies? How do they complement or conflict with one another?
Does each member of the executive team agree with you?
Consider two extremes experienced in very recent consulting

62
1114ohs_062_Galloway_v2.indd 62
engagements. Company A has been

on a very aggressive acquisitions campaign during the past five years, and Businesses crefurther growth through acquisitions ate a hypothesis
remains a strategic priority for the next
few years. Company B has experienced on how, when,
a catastrophic disruption to its supply where, and why
chain, resulting in temporary idling of they can win in
portions of, or in some locations, the the marketplace.
entire workforce.
Company A reacted after several companies were purchased
that did not have a safety culture anywhere close to as advanced as
the one in the acquiring organization. The safety strategy was, at
best, in complete fire-fighting mode, leaving the safety professionals to mop up behind operational decisions. After careful analysis
determined how the organization was successfully aligning the operational culture, but not the safety cultures, methodologies were
deployed to turn things around. Now Company A is much more
proactive, precisely because the safety and business strategies complement, rather than conflict with, one another.
Company B, prior to the impact on its business, was investing significantly in capital expenditures within its locations. New
software, programs, and training initiatives (many with expensive
annual licensing fees) were deployed and starting to make a positive impact on performance. Once the business climate changed,
the aggressive safety strategy strangled the businesss ability to
keep the doors open. Difficult decisions were made that led to a
radical consolidation of efforts, and employee-involved choices
were made to stop certain safety improvement efforts. Thankfully,
Company B is recovering without any decline in safety performance rates. Interestingly, as a result of the strategic framework
deployed that directly involved the customers in safety in the
turnaround decisions, measurements, observations, and storytelling indicate a much stronger and more efficiency-focused
safety culture.
In any aspect of business performance, results are required and
cultures work with or against the methods to achieve them. As of
late, there is a visibly increasing amount of work being done to
align cultures with safety objectives to move both hands and feet
and hearts and minds. While this is admirable for its advanced
thinking, all progress could be distracted, diverted, or destroyed
should the business strategy change or be misaligned from the
start. Strategy is primarily about choices. Its never too late to align
the most important business objectives. In fact, those that do are
likely to discover it may well become the only sustainable competitive advantage.
Shawn M. Galloway is the co-author of STEPS to Safety Culture
Excellence and president of ProAct Safety. He has helped hundreds
of organizations within every major industry internationally, achieve
and sustain excellence in performance and culture. He is also the host
of the acclaimed weekly podcast series, Safety Culture Excellence.
He can be reached at 800-395-1347 or info@ProActSafety.com.
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:21 PM
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHTS
ENCON FULL FACE PROTECTION
You know Encon Safety Products

for quality protective safety eyewear
and chemical splash goggles, now
let us protect the rest of your face.
Introducing full face protection
equipment for demanding work
conditions from Encon. Your
protection and comfort is our top
priority. Face shields are made in
the USA to ANSI Z87.1-2010 and
CSA Z94.3-2007.
THINK SAFETY. THINK GRAINGER.
MORE AIR. MORE WEAR.
Count on Grainger for a complete

menu of safety products, services
and resources. Our comprehensive
safety solutions can help you avoid
injuries, ensure compliance, manage risk and increase productivity.
Visit grainger.com/safety to request
a free copy of our 2014 Safety
catalog. From personal protective
equipment and first aid to lockout/
tagout and ergonomics, its filled
with 664 pages of products to help
ensure your employees return home
safe and healthy every day.
Airwave is the next wave in

respiratory protection a revolutionary step forward from todays
disposable respirators. Its patent
pending wave technology allows
easier breathing for cool comfort,
providing the protection you need
all day long. Plus, it also delivers
on the Moldex commitment
comfortable, durable respirators
that increase compliance and
decrease costs.
For more information
call 1-800-421-0668, x550
or visit www.moldex.com.
http://enconsafety.com/face
Circle 56 on card.
Circle 57 on card.
Circle 58 on card.
SCOTT SAFETY AIR-PAK 75I SCBA
HELLBERG HEARING
PROTECTION MUFFS
PHC BLADE BANK AND

DISPENSER COMBO
The Scott Safety Air-Pak 75i SCBA is

a NIOSH-approved SCBA designed
with durability, dependability and
user-focus in mind. The Air-Pak 75i
SCBA features Scotts unique dualredundant pressure reducer coupled
with the innovative and patented
Scott Vibralert end-of-service indicator to provide dependable, peace-of
mind protection even in the most
demanding industrial applications.
PIP introduces its NEW line of

Hellberg Hearing Protective Ear
muffs. Engineered and designed
to block noise and manage sound
in all types of challenging work
environments. Hellberg offers a
comprehensive line of passive and
electronic ear muffs to suit your
needs. Available in headband,
neckband or cap mounted styles.
NEW from Pacific Handy Cutter, Inc.

Our innovative Blade Dispensers
now paired with our used blade disposal container. Unit mounts easily
to any workplace surface and safely
stores used blades. The PHC blade
dispenser reduces worker injury
by safely dispensing one blade
at a time with its revolutionary
dispensing lever.
Call 800-262-5755 to hear about

the difference.
www.go-phc.com
(800) 229-2233
SCOTTSAFETY.COM/Air-Pak75iSCBA
Circle 59 on card.
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_063_ProdSpot_v1.indd 63
Circle 60 on card.
Circle 61 on card.
NOVEMBER 2014 |
63
10/15/14 10:55 AM
OH&S CLASSIFIEDS
Personnel
Blow-Off Gun
STILL using compressed air for cleaning?
Re-engineered
for even better
performance
Also ideal for cleaning equipment & components
SAFE alternative to compressed air

Meets OSHA guidelines
Specialized Safety Products
Sp
S
sales@specializedsafetyproducts.com
Call us at 773.777.7100
www.specializedsafetyproducts.com
Manufactured & assembled in USA
Circle 52 on card.
Can Your Company Afford

a Cost of a Cut?
Protect your two most valuable
resources, your people and
your merchandise.
Whether youre cutting
cardboard, tape, strapping,
shrink or plastic wrap, or a
variety of other packing
materials, the Safety
Knife Company offers
protection for all your
cutting needs.
The Safety Knife Company

7948 Park Dr. St. Louis, MO 63117
Ph: 314-645-3900
email:sales@safetyknife.us.com
Circle 51 on card.
Circle 53 on card.
Circle 54 on card.
PRODUCT LITERATURE
TRAIN THE TRAINER

The Scaffold Training Institute
provides Train The Trainer
programs and on-site training
anywhere in the world. Training materials include 340-page manuals,
DVDs, a Powerpoint presentation,
videos, and Interactive Computer
Based Training on CD-ROM. Courses ranging from 8 hours to 40
hours in length are available. Visit
or call 1-800-428-0162 for details.
www.scaffoldtraining.com
Circle 55 on card.
64
1114ohs_064_Classified_v1.indd 64
*VTWSPLZ^P[O6:/(YLN\SH[PVUZMVYZHML[`NH[LZ
*DWHFRPHVIXOO\DVVHPEOHGDQGLQVWDOOVLQOHVVWKDQPLQXWHV
$YDLODEOHLQQRPLQDOVL]HVFRYHUVRSHQLQJVIURP}WR}
$YDLODEOHLQVDIHW\\HOORZJDOYDQL]HG VWDLQOHVVVWHHOILQLVKHV
7LH]L`9VHK*OHZRH45
;VSS-YLL! -H_!
^^^IS\L^H[LYTMNJVT
,THPS!PUMV'IS\L^H[LYTMNJVT
Circle 50 on card.
www.ohsonline.com
10/15/14 10:56 AM
FREE PRODUCT INFO
ADVERTISER INDEX
Quick, Easy and Direct...get the info you need NOW!

Go online to ohsonline.com/productinfo to request free information
from advertisers in this issue. Search by category or by company.
CIRCLE #
ADVERTISER
17 Banom
www.banom.com
11 Black & Decker Proto Tools
www.protoindustrial.com/safety
14 BlueWater Manufacturing
www.bluewater-mfg.com
22 BullEx Digital Safety
www.bullexsafety.com
20 BW Technologies by Honeywell
www.bwt@gasmonitors.com
35 Cestusline Inc.
www.cestusline.com
26 CPM Symposium
www.cpm-west.com
21 Dickies FR
www.dickies.com/FR
6
Draeger
www.draeger.com
10 Encon Safety Products
www.enconsafety.com
34 Grainger
www.grainger.com/safety
23 Health & Safety Institute
www.hsi.com/OHS
21 Honeywell Safety Products
www.honeywellsafety.com
3
Interactive Safety Products, Inc.
www.helmetsystems.com
4
Kee Safety
www.keesafety.com/OHS
9
Kovenex
www.kovenex.com
18 Little Giant Ladder Systems
www.LittleGiantSafety.com
19 Magid
www.magidglove.com/GPD800
13 MCR Safety
www.mcrsafety.com
27 Moldex-Metric, Inc.
www.moldex.com/airwave/
1
Newell Rubbermaid
www.newellrubbermaid.com
28 OH&S Online
www.ohsonline.com
12 Pacific Handy Cutter
www.go-phc.com
15 Plasteco, Inc.
www.plasteco.com
31 Protective Industrial Products
www.pipusa.com
PAGE #
29
37
38
30
7
36
59
11
21
17
13
25
68
27
8
18
41
35
2
9
CIRCLE #
ADVERTISER
PAGE #
7
Rigid Lifelines
www.rigidstore.co/ohslaunch
5
Rite Hite
www.RiteHite.com/KnowYourRisks
33 Scott Safety
www.scottsafety.com/confinedspace
16 SHOWA
www.ShowaGroup.com
8
Snap-on Industrial Brands
www.snapon.com/industrialbrands
24 Superior Glove
www.superiorglove.com
25 TenCate
www.tencateprotectivefabrics.com
29 TenCate
www.tencateprotectivefabrics.com
3M
www.3m.com/quickrelease
2
TSI Incorporated
www.tsi.com
30 Wolverine
www.wolverine.com
15
47
23
32
39
48
3
5
1
57
31
Product Spotlights
56 Encon Safety Products
http://enconsafety.com/face
57 Grainger
www.grainger.com/safety
58 Moldex-Metric, Inc.
www.moldex.com
61 Pacific Handy Cutter
www.go-phc.com
60 Protective Industrial Products
www.pipusa.com
59 Scott Safety
SCOTTSAFETY.COM/Air-Pak75iSCBA
63
63
63
63
63
63
Product Literature
55 Scaffold Training Institute
www.scaffoldtraining.com
64
Classifieds
43
58
8
38
67
50 BlueWater Manufacturing
www.bluewater-mfg.com
51 Rutgers School of Public Health
http://ophp.sph.rutgers.edu
53 The Safety Knife Company
www.safetyknife.net/
52 Specialized Safety Products
www.specializedsafetyproducts.com
54 VAC-U-MAX
www.vac-u-max.com
64
64
64
64
64
CIRCLE #
COMPANY
PAGE #
New Products
311 ADCO Industries
301 Brady
319 Brady
315 BuildingReports
323 Cynergy Ergonomics
322 Eartec
312 E Instruments
320 Ergotech Inc.
310 Garlock Safety Systems
314 IDEAL Industries, Inc.
302 Miller by Honeywell
316 MSA Safety
317 MSA Safety
308 National Safety Apparel
318 National Safety Apparel
321 New Pig
305 Nextteq
300 Nilfisk CFM
307 NLB Corp.
313 PPSS Group
309 Radians
304 Serco
306 Vestil
303 Wolverine
58
56
60
60
61
61
59
60
58
59
56
60
60
57
60
61
56
56
57
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58
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PRESIDENT & GROUP PUBLISHER | Kevin OGrady

972-687-6731 kogrady@1105media.com
South America
Asia-Pacific
Australia, New Zealand
India
INTEGRATED MEDIA REPRESENTATIVE-WEST | Barbara Blake

972-687-6718 bblake@1105media.com
Includes Canada (Western), South America/Mexico, Asia-Pacific including Australia, New Zealand and India.
United Kingdom
Europe
Puerto Rico & Caribbean
Africa
INTEGRATED MEDIA REPRESENTATIVE-EAST | Jenna Conwell

610-436-4372 jconwell@1105media.com
Includes the UK and Europe, Canada (Ontario and Quebec), Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, Africa.
www.ohsonline.com
1114ohs_065_AdIndex_v1.indd 65
NOVEMBER 2014 |
65
10/15/14 11:34 AM
BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGIES
B Y RO B E R T PAT E R
Fresh Ground Leadership
offee! Just the name sounds appealing, conjuring up tanSimilarly, for Safety leadership, more isnt always better. Authors
talizing aromas of beans grinding and java brewing, reas- of several coffee benefit studies emphasize moderation, stating
suring feelings of comforting warmth and moments of that only one or two cups a day appear to be beneficial. Similarly,
a needed timeout. Plus, of course, boosting energy and time and again, Ive seen diminishing organizational returns from
sharpening alertness.
too much Safety leadership (i.e., creating and disseminating an
Besides the obvious of awakening and motivating, there are sev- overload of Safety rules, policies and procedures). Or from upping
eral parallels between coffee and Safety leadership. For one, there the enforcement/punishment approach to those caught not folare likely just as many approaches to leadership as there are differ- lowing the rules, trying to force engagement, or broadcasting a
ent roasts, methods of preparation, and types of java.
hyped external motivation approach to Safety. So when it comes
Like coffee, Safety leadership is best when fresh ground. Be- to coffee and Safety leadership, moderation rules. For example,
cause if you let either sit on a burner too long without refreshing rather than attempting to drink too much from the leadership cup
or brewing something new, each can become stale or, at very least, yourself, try backing off some and making space for others to take
its flavor and appeal are reduced. And when allowed
on Safety leadership responsibilities; extensive expeto grow tepid, neither coffee nor leadership has the
rience has shown us that encouraging peer-to-peer
same draw.
leadership may be the most effective approach an ofAt their highest levels, coffee and sterling Safety
ficial Safety leader can make.
leadership have hidden, almost-magical effects. The
Second, ever wonder why it is that a company
latter elevates engagement, productivity, commitis often drastically disappointed after attempting to
ment, communications, as well as injury prevention;
mimic anothers successful intervention? Like cofthe latte (well, coffee in general) demonstrably profee, there are many substances involved in any sip
tects personal health in surprising ways.
of Safety, of which Ive written about throughout
Did you realize that coffee actually generates
the years. But just because these may be difficult
extensive positive outcomes? Recent research indito analyze (like the compounds in coffee) doesnt
When allowed
cates that its so much more than merely a caffeinmean they arent brew-able by others. Safety leadated boost. For example, coffee provides the biggest to grow tepid,
ers should look below the surface to sniff out hidsource of antioxidants for U.S. residents, according neither coffee nor
den contributors to injuries; for example, seeing
to scientists at the University of Scranton. And a joint
whether workers harbor deep suspicions about the
research team from Harvard Medical School and the leadership has the
policies that are passed down, as well as status quo/
University of Madrid found that those who drank same draw.
inertia/resistance to change.
more coffee were actually less likely to die within
Third, partake at the right time. Just as coffee conthe decades of the study because of a lower risk of cardiovascu- sumed late in the afternoon is more likely to disrupt sleep patterns,
lar disease. Even further, coffee has been found to protect against Safety interventions applied at the wrong time can backfire. For
gout, tooth decay, gallstones, type 2 diabetes, neurological damage, example, watch out for a common-but-unhelpful default toward
Parkinsons disease, inflammation, the most lethal form of pros- forcing new programs on those that need it most. Instead, often
tate canceras well as lowering the risk of liver cancer by about the best place to first try out something is with a more typical
40 percent (according to the Journal of the National Cancer Insti- group or business unit, rather than one with massive problems.
tute)and perhaps to protect against deteriorating eyesight and And even brief but well-percolated Safety timeouts can provide
even blindness (in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.) perspective, raise team spirit, and reduce stress.
These above are the studied effects of coffee, caffeinated or not.
Fourth, maximize change by enlisting the senses. Coffees apCaffeine in coffee further improves memory and brain information peal goes beyond taste to sounds, smell, and feel of cup in the
processing speed.
hand. The same is true when attempting to upsurge Safety skills,
Whats going on here? Many of the exact ways coffee impacts engagement, motivation, and involvement. Tasting, smelling, and
the body are not yet cleartheres a lot going on. Perhaps this is feeling generates believing. So, for example, make sure that those
because there are many ingredients in coffee that havent yet been you want to draw to new PPE actually get a chance to feel it and
fully studied. According to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cof- try it on themselves.
fee contains a tremendous number of chemicals, with over 1000
And, above all, drink your coffee and impart Safety leadership
aroma compounds.
fresh, rather than boiled over or stale. The almost magical benefits
But more isnt necessarily better. First off, drinking too much of java and leadership will waft your way with the right approach.
coffee can adversely affect sleep health and raise anxiety. Too
much caffeine use 1) has been associated with increased depression and 2) may reduce a womans likelihood of becoming preg- Robert Pater (rpater@MasteringSafety.com) is Managing Direcnant (according to researchers from the University of Nevada tor, Strategic Safety Associates and MoveSMART, www.Mastering
School of Medicine).
Safety.com.
66
1114ohs_066_pater_v2.indd 66
www.ohsonline.com
10/8/14 1:21 PM
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PROTECTION
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www.pipusa.com
CIRCLE 31 ON CARD
Untitled-7 1
10/10/14 3:45 PM
for every breath
SPERIAN
No matter your respiratory application,
Honeywell Safety Products offers a solution.
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Honeywell Safety Products has brought these leading brands together
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breath you take.
Sperian is now Honeywell.
For more information on our full range of respiratory solutions, visit honeywellsafety.com.
2014 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
CIRCLE 21 ON CARD
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BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGIES: FRESH GROUND LEADERSHIP

VOL. 83 NO. 11 | www.ohsonline.com

The Ninja BNF series offers

the best meal of the year

FROM THE EDITOR

The Worlds Ebola Response

big development occurred in in providing for nearly $1 billion in critical

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REACHING THE STAFF

Occupational Health & Safety | NOVEMBER 2014

Direct your Media Kit requests to:

Dallas Office: (weekdays, 8:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. CT)

This publications subscriber list, as well as

Life of the Garment

gone or even at a less than ideal

Incredible comfort and multihazard protection all within

Learn more by visiting the webs at

NOVEMBER 2014 | Volume 83, Number 11 | www.ohsonline.com

Get the Cut Resistance Your Workers Require

No Easy Answers on Vibration Gloves

SPECIAL SECTION: FALL PROTECTION 45

Laying the Groundwork

Fall Protection vs. Fall Prevention:

What You Need to Know About

SLIP & FALL

Identifying Same-Level Slip and

Staying on Your Feet in the Winter

HEAD & FACE PROTECTION

Rules of the Road

Confined Space: Managing Exposures

SPECIAL SECTION: RESPIRATORY PROTECTION 19

Powered Air Purifying Respirators:

Employee Protection: The Hierarchy of Controls

SPECIAL SECTION: HAND PROTECTION 33

Gloves Are PPE and More

From the Editor

Find OHS on:

NOVEMBER 2014 | Volume 83, Number 11 | www.ohsonline.com

COPYRIGHT OBERON COMPANY

New Electrical Safety

The Personal Side of Lean Manufacturing

KeeLine Roof Lifelines

Kee Hatch Safety Railings

KeeGuard Safety Railing Systems

Kee Walk Roof Walkways

Stay on Top of OSHA-compliant

Separating People from Hazards SM

Occupational Health & Safety | NOVEMBER 2014

Working Safe Everyday.

MORE AIR. MORE WEAR. MORE SMART.