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14
Mathematical Reasoning
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
(i)
p : Grass is green.
(ii)
(i)
p : He is a chemistry graduate
(ii)
q : It x and y are two positive integer then x y is always greater than zero.
Definition : If p is a statement, then the negation of p is also a statement and is denoted by ~p, and read as
not p.
Example : p : 4 32 is an irrational number
So, ~ p : 4 32 is not an irrational number
4.
5.
6.
(i)
p is false. In p basic connective and is used, and one component statement is false, so p is false.
(ii)
q is true. In q basic connective or is used and in this case statement is true if any one of its component
statements are true.
(i)
Inclusive OR
(ii)
Exclusive OR
7.
If a person cannot apply for post of P.O. then he has not a bachelor degree.
8.
9.
Volume of a cone is one third of cylinder if and only if base radius and height of cone and cylinder are same.
36
Mathematical Reasoning
p : There are 33 days in a month. We know that a month cannot have 33 days, so above sentence is
false, so we can say this sentence is statement.
p : The product of 5 and 6 is 30. This sentence is true so it is statement.
(iii) p : Sum of two positive numbers is always positive. This sentence is always true, so it is statement.
12. (i)
(ii)
x
is an integer. This sentence is sometimes true, sometimes false, so it
y
is not a statement.
(iii) Chandigarh is far from here. This sentence does not specify particular place, so it is not a statement.
13. (i)
(ii)
18. Compound statement using connective AND rational number follows commutative property for addition and
multiplication.
Compound statement using connective OR rational number follows commutative property for addition or
multiplication.
19. (i)
(ii)
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Mathematical Reasoning
37
(b)
24. (a)
p : If two circle touch other then we can draw three common tangents to both circle.
or
If three common tangent can be drawn to two circles then they touch each other.
(b)
If two chords are not diameter then they will not bisect each other.
If corresponding angles of two triangles are not equal then they are not similar.
If radius of two circles are equal then they are congruent.
If two polygons overlap each other then they are congruent.
28. In order to prove that p and q is true, we have to follow following steps.
Step-1 : Show that the statement p is true.
Step-2 : Show that the statement q is true.
In order to show that p or q is true, one must consider the following
Case-1: By assuming that p is false, show that q must be true.
Case-2 : By assuming that q is false, show that p must be true.
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Mathematical Reasoning
29. Numerical value of area of a circle and area of a triangle can be equal but they are not congruent.
30. x3 6x2 + 11x 6 = 0
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) = 0
So, given equation has three roots, so it will cut x-axis at three times.
Long Answer Type Questions :
31. Following are four types of sentences which are never considered as statement
Type-1 : Sentences involving variable time such as Today, tomorrow or Yesterday are not statements,
because it is not known what time is referred here.
Example : Tomorrow is Friday.
Type-2 : Sentences which are an order are never considered as statements.
Example : Bring a glass of water
Type-3 : Sentences which are exclamation are not considered as statements.
Example : Too smooth.
Type-4 : Sentences with pronouns unless a particular person is referred to.
Example : He is a football player
32. (a)
p contains pronoun here which refers to variable place, here it doesnot mention the place from which
we are measuring the distance of Hisar.
(b)
(c)
33. (i)
(ii)
34. Definition : A compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more statements. In this case,
each statement is called a component statement.
Examples are
(i)
(ii)
Mathematical Reasoning
39
Rule-2 : The compound statement with And is false if any of its component statements is false (This includes
the case that some of its component statements are false or all of its component statements are false).
Example, p : 110 is multiple of 2, 3 and 5
Component statements are
q : 110 is a multiple of 2 (True)
r : 110 is a multiple of 3 (Flase)
s : 110 is a multiple of 5 (True)
Since all the component statements are not true. So p is false.
36. We have the following rules regarding the connective OR
Rule-1 : A compound statement with an OR is true when one component statement is true or if both the
component statements are true.
Example, p : 15 is an odd or prime number.
Component statements of p are
q : 15 is an odd number (True)
r : 15 is a prime number (False)
One of the component statement is true, so p is true
Rule-2 : A compound statement with an OR is false when the component statement are false.
Example : p : 15 is an even or prime number.
Component statements of p are
q : 15 is an even number (False)
r : 15 is a prime number (False)
Since both component statements are false, so p is false.
37. When connective OR is used in the sense of statement p or q or both, i.e., at least one of the two alternatives
we call it inclusive OR.
Example : A person who is graduate or has an experience of five years can apply for post of sales executive.
Here, in above example, A person who is graduate p and has an experience of five years can also apply, as
well as a person who is only graduate or only having a experience of five years can apply for sales executive.
So, this type of statements uses inclusive OR.
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Mathematical Reasoning
Now, when connective OR is used in the sense of statement p or q but not both i.e., exactly one of the
two alternative occurs is called exclusive OR
Example : p : All integers are even or odd.
Here all integers cannot be both even or odd.
If they are even then they are not odd and if they are odd then they are not even.
38. Following are the five different ways of writing p which convey the same meaning.
(i)
Two circles are apart from each other implies we can draw four common tangents to them.
(ii)
Knowing that two circles are apart from each other is sufficient to conclude that we can draw four common
tangents to them.
(iii) Two circles are apart from each other only if we can draw four common tangents to them.
(iv)
For two circles to be apart from each other it is necessary condition that we can draw four common
tangents to them.
(v)
If we cannot draw four common tangents to two circles then the two circles are not apart from each other.
41. Suppose p is not true. Then there exist an x 0, for which sinx + cosx < 1.
2
0 1 + 2sinx.cosx < 1
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Mathematical Reasoning
41
xy
x is a rational number
y is a rational number
3 is rational.
a
(where a and b are co-prime)
b
So, b 3 a
Squaring on both side
3b2 = a2
Since a2 is divisible by 3, so a is also divisible by 3.
Now, we can write
a = 3c
b 3 3c
3b2 = 9c2
b2 = 3c2
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Mathematical Reasoning
SECTION - B
NCERT Questions
Exercise-14.1
1.
(i)
Given sentence is not correct since maximum number of days in a month is 31. So it is false and
according to definition of statement it is statement.
(ii)
For some people mathematics is difficult, for some persons it is easy, so it is ambiguous. Hence it is
not statement.
(iii) This sentence is always true, since sum of 5 and 7 is 12, which is greater then 10., Hence, it is
statement.
(iv)
In case of even number sentence is true but false when number is odd. So it is both true and false and
cannot be statement.
(v)
In case of rhombus and square sentence is true but in other case it is false. So it is both true and false
and cannot be considered as statement.
(vi)
(vii) The product of (1) and 8 is (8). So given sentence is false. Hence it is statement.
(viii) The sentence is always true. So it is statement.
(ix) The day which is being referred is not evident from the sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.
(x)
2.
Set of complex number consist real and imaginary number. So given sentence is true. Hence it is
statement.
She is a carpenter/
Reason : It is not evident from the sentence as to whom she is referred to . So it is not a statement.
(ii)
Too large!
Sentence is exclamatory so it is not a sentence.
(i)
(ii)
It is false that
(iii) It is not the case that all triangles are not equilateral triangle.
2.
3.
(iv)
(v)
(i)
Negation of The number x is not a rational number is It is false that number x is not rational number.
So given pair of statement is not negation of each other.
(ii)
Negation of The number x is a rational number is The number x is not a rational number. So, given
pair of statement is not negation of each other.
(i)
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(ii)
Mathematical Reasoning
43
(i)
(ii)
Connecting is OR
Component statements are
p : Square of an integer is positive.
q : Square of an integer is negative.
2.
(i)
(ii)
4.
(i)
Here, or is exclusive since it is not possible for the Sun to rise and moon to set together.
(ii)
Inclusive or since a person can have both a ration card and a passport to apply for a driving licence.
(iii) Exclusive or since all integers cannot be both positive and negative.
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44
Mathematical Reasoning
Exercise-14.4
1.
Given statement is
If a natural number is odd, then its square is also odd.
Following are the five different ways of conveying the some meaning/
(i)
(ii)
Knowing that a natural number is odd is sufficient to conclude that its its square is odd.
2.
(iv)
(v)
If square of a natural number is not odd then it is not a natural odd number.
(i)
(ii)
Contrapositive : If two lines intersect in the same plane then they are not parallel.
Converse : If two lines do not intersect in the same plane then they are parallel.
Given statement as
If you do not know how to reason deductively then you cannot comprehend geometry.
Contrapositive : If you can comprehend geometry then you know how to reason deductively.
Converse : If you cannot comprehend geometry then you do not know how to reason deductively.
(v)
3.
(i)
(ii)
If the Banana tree stays warm for a month, then it will bloom.
4.
(iv)
If you want to get an A+ in the class, then you do all the exercises of the book.
(a)
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Mathematical Reasoning
45
Now,
(i)
Direct method : In this method we assume that q is true and prove that r is also true.
Let q be true
x3 + 4x = 0
x(x2 + 4) = 0
x = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
x is real, so x = 0, which is contradiction since we have assumed that x is not 0. So, the given
statement p is true.
(iii) Contrapositive method : In this method we assume that r is false and prove that q must be false.
So, we assume that x is not 0 (~r)
Now,
x3 + 4x = 0
x(x2 + 4x) = 0
(x2 + 4) is always positive, and x is not equal to zero,
So, x(x2 + 4) 0, so q is also not true.
Hence, statement p is valid.
2.
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3.
Mathematical Reasoning
Contrapositive method :
Let x is not even i.e., x is odd
So, x = 2n + 1, where n is an integer
then x2 = (2n + 1)2
= 4n2 + 1 + 4n
= 4n(n + 1) + 1
= 2.2(n + 1) + 1
= Odd integer
So, x2 is even is false.
So, we proved that assuming that q is false we prove that p is also false.
4.
(i)
If all angles of a triangles are equal then it is equilateral triangle and equilateral triangles has all sides
equal, so it cannot be obtuse angle triangle.
Let q : All the angles of a triangle are equal.
r : The triangle is an obtuse angled triangle.
So, by above argument we proved that. If q then ~r.
So statement p is false.
(ii)
Putting x = 1 in x2 1
(1)2 1 = 0
So, 1 is the root of equation and it is lying between 0 and 2.
So given statement q is false.
5.
(i)
p is false. Since chord is a line segment which joins any two distinct points liying on the circumference
of circle and radius is the line segment that joins centre of the circle to any point on the circumference
of the circle.
(ii)
q is false. Centre of circle bisects only those chords which are diameter.
x2 y 2
(iv)
s is true
x>y
So, s in true
(v)
11 is an irrational number
Miscellaneous Exercise
1.
(i)
~p : It is false that for every positive real number x, the number x 1 is also positive.
(ii)
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2.
(i)
Mathematical Reasoning
47
Statement p can be written as p : If a positive integer is prime, then it has no divisors other than 1 and
itself
Converse : If a positive integer has no divisors other then 1 and itself then it is prime.
Contrapositive : If a positive integer has divisors other than 1 and itself, then it is not prime.
(ii)
The given statement can be written as follow, q : If it is a sunny day, then I go to a beach.
Converse : If I go to a beach then it is a sunny day.
Contrapositive : If I dont go to a beach then it is not a sunny day.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) If you can access the website, then you pay a subscription fee.
4.
(i)
(ii)
You get an A grade if and only if you do all the homework regularly.
p : 25 is a multiple of 5 (True)
q : 25 is a amultiple of 8 (False)
Compound statement using And is
r : 25 is a multiple of 5 and 8
All component statements of r is not true, so compound statement is not true.
Compound statement using OR is
s : 25 is a multiple of 5 or 8.
One component statement is true, so compound statement is true.
6.
(i)
(x + y) x is a rational number
y is a rational number
Assuming that n is a real number with n > 3, but n2 > 9 is not true.
So, n2 < 9
Now,
n>3
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7.
Mathematical Reasoning
(ii)
(iii) For a triangle to be equiangular, it is necessary that the triangle is an obtuse-angled triangle.
(iv)
(v)
SECTION - C
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
2.
(a)
Is statement. Sum of all exterior angle of a convex polygon is 360. So, sentence is false
(b)
It is not sentence, in month of December, this statement is true, but for other months it is false, so it
is ambiguous and cannot be categorized as sentence.
Definition : A compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more statements. In this case,
each statement is called a component statement.
Example : p : Bicycle has two wheels and a car has four wheels.
This statement is made up of two component statement
q : Cycle has two wheels
r : Car has four wheels.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
ab (True)
pq
(True)
2
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Mathematical Reasoning
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10. (a)
(b)
Exclusive OR is used, since a person can avail either a discount of Rs 400 or a T-shirt not both on
purchase of two shirts from a shop.
Inclusive OR. Since its possible that a number is both integer and natural number.
Example : 4
11. (a)
Contrapositive : If a number is not a perfect number then sum of all factors of it is not twice the number
Converse : If a number is called perfect number then sum of all factors of it is twice the number.
(b)
Contrapositive : If two numbers x and y will not follow commutative property then they are not rational
number
Converse : If two number x and y will follow commutative property then they are rational number.
12. (i)
(ii)
p is true. Since chord is a line segment which joins any two points on the circumference of circle and
diameter is also satisfy this condition and it is longest.
q is false. If a quadrilateral is cyclic only then sum of its opposite angles is 180.
13. Check x = 2
(2)3 5(2)2 + 6(2) = 8 20 + 12
= 20 20
=0
So, 2 is a root of equation. Hence p is not true.
Long Answer Type Questions :
14. Following are the five different ways in which we can write statement p.
(i)
(ii)
Knowing that a quadrilateral is cyclic is sufficient to conclude that sum of its opposite angles is 180.
(iii) A quadrilateral is cyclic only if sum of its opposite angles are 180.
(iv)
(v)
15. We know that contrapositive of the statement if p, then q is if ~q, then ~p.
Let both x, y z are not even i.e., they are odd
Then x = 2m + 1, where m is an integer.
y = 2n + 1, where n is an integer
Now,x y = (2m + 1) (2n + 1)
= 4mn + 2m + 2n + 1
= 2.(2m + m + n) + 1
= 2 + 1 (where = 2m + m + n is an integer)
So, product of xy is odd, it is not even.
So, given statement is true, since we proved that it ~q then ~p.
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Mathematical Reasoning
p
such that p and q have no common factor and q 0, p , q z
q
p
n
q
p2
n2
q2
p2 = nq2
So, n is a factor of p2
n is a factor of p.
nq2
...(i)
n2m2
= n2m2
q2 = nm2
n is factor of q2
n is factor q.
But n is a factor of p and n is a factor of q means n is a factor of both p and q. This contradicts our assumption
that p and q have no common factor. This means that our assumption is wrong.
Hence,
i.e.,
n is irrational.
If discriminant of a quadratic equation is negative then its roots are non real.
If nth term of a progression is linear than it will be in A.P.
18. Let x be an irrational number. Then we have to show that x is also an irrational number. If possible, let x
be a rational number.
We know that negative of a rational number is also a rational number.
So, x is a rational number
x is a rational number
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