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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL

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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL
Beforeyouplacereinforcingsteelinforms,allformoilingshouldbecompleted.Oilonreinforcingbarsshould
beavoidedbecauseitreducesthebondbetweenthebarsandtheconcrete.Useapieceofburlaptoremoverust,
millscale,grease,mud,orotherforeignmatterfromthebars.Alightfilmofrustormillscaleisnot
objectionable.
Barsaremarkedtoshowwheretheywillfit.Youmayworkaccordingtoeitheroneofthetwomostused
systemsformarkingbarshowever,thesystemyouuseshouldagreewiththemarkingsystemwhichappearson
theengineeringorassemblydrawings.Thetwomarkingsystemsusedareasfollows:
1.Allbarsinonetypeofmemberaregiventhemarkofthatmember.Thissystemisusedforcolumnbars,beam
bars,footingbars,andsoon.
2.Thebarsaremarkedingreaterdetail.Thesemarksshowexactlywherethebaristobeplaced.Inadditionto
thetypemember(thatis,beam(B),wall(W),column(C),andsoon),themarksshowtheflooronwhichthe
barsaretobeplacedandthesizeandindividualnumberofeachparticularbar.Insteadofshowingthebarsizeby
itsdiametermeasurement,themarkshowsthebarsizeincodebyeighths.Theexamplesshownbelowshowthe
secondtypeofmarkingsystem.
2138052=secondfloorB=beammember8=8/8or1inch(2.5cm)squarebar05=partofthesecondfloor
plandesignatedbythenumber5
21306052=secondfloorB=beammember06=6/8or3/4inch(1.9cm)roundbar05=partofsecondfloor
plandesignatedbythenumber5
Tiewireisusedtoholdrebarinplacetoensurethatwhenconcreteisplacedthebarsdonotshiftoutofposition.
Sixteengaugewireisusedtotie
Table76.Multishearing

reinforcingbars.About12pounds(5.4kg)ofwireisrequiredtotieanaverageton(0.9tome)ofbars.NOTE:
Tiewireaddsnothingtothestrengthofthesteel.
Anumberofdifferenttypesoftiescanbeusedwithreinforcingbarssomearemoreeffectivethanothers.Figure
717showssixtypesoftiesthatareidentifiedbelowaccordingtothelettersofthealphabetusedtoshow
individualties.
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A.SNAPTIEorSIMPLETIE.Thewireissimplywrappedoncearoundthetwocrossingbarsinadiagonal
mannerwiththetwoendsontop.Thesearetwistedtogetherwithapairofsidecuttersuntiltheyareverytight
againstthebars.Thenthelooseendsofthewirearecutoff.Thistieisusedmostlyonfloorslabs.
B.WALLTIE.Thistieismadebygoingabout11/2timesaroundtheverticalbar,thendiagonallyaroundthe
intersection,twistingthetwoendstogetheruntiltheconnectionistight,butwithoutbreakingthetiewire,then
cuttingofftheexcess.Thewalltieisusedonlightverticalmatsofsteel.
C.DOUBLESTRANDSINGLETIE.Thistieisavariationofthesimpletie.Itisespeciallyfavoredforheavy
work
D.SADDLETIE.Thewirespasshalfwayaroundoneofthebanoneithersideofthecrossingbarandare
broughtsquarelyordiagonallyaroundthecrossingbarwiththeendstwistedtogetherandcutoff.Thistieisused
onspeciallocations,suchasonwalls.
E.SADDLETIEWITHTWIST.Thistieisavariationofthesaddletie.Thetiewireiscarriedcompletely
aroundoneofthebars,thensquarelyacrossandhalfwayaroundtheother,eithersideofthecrossingbars,and
finallybroughttogetherandtwistedeithersquarelyordiagonallyacross.Thesaddletiewithtwistisusedfor
heavymatsthataretobeliftedbyacrane.
F.CROSSTIEorFIGUREEIGHTTIE.Thistypeoftiehastheadvantageofcausinglittleornotwistinthe
bars.
Theproperlocationforthereinforcingbarsisusuallygivenondrawings(table77).Inorderforthestructureto
withstandtheloadsitmustcarry,placethesteelinthepositionshown.Securethebarsinpositioninsuchaway
thatconcreteplacingoperationswillnotmovethem.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbytheuseofthereinforcingbar
supportsshowninfigures718,719,and720.

Figure717.Sixtypesofties.

Figure718.Reinforcementbaraccessories.
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Thepropercoverageofbarsintheconcreteisveryimportanttoprotectthebarsfromfirehazards,possibilityof
corrosion,andexposuretoweather.Whennotspecified,minimumstandardsgivenbelowandinfigure721
shouldbeobserved.
FOOTINGS3inchesatthesideswhereconcreteiscastagainsttheearthandonthebottomsoffootingsorother
principalstructuralmemberswhereconcreteisdepositedontheground.

Figure719.Precastconcreteblockusedforrebarsupport.
WALLS2inchesforbarslargerthanNo.5,whereconcretesurfaces,afterremovalofforms,wouldbeexposed
totheweatherorbeincontactwiththeground11/2inchesforNo.5barsandsmaller3/4inchfromthefaces
ofallwallsnotexposeddirectlytothegroundortheweather.
COLUMNS11/2inchesoverspiralsandties.
BEAMSANDGIRDERS11/2inchestothenearestbarsonthetop,bottom,andsides.
JOISTSANDSLABS3/4inchonthetop,bottom,andsidesofjoistsandonthetopandthebottomofslabs
whereconcretesurfacesarenotexposeddirectlytothegroundortheweather.
NOTE:Allmeasurementsarefromtheoutsideofthebartothefaceoftheconcrete,NOTfromthemainsteel,
unlessotherwisespecified.
Footingsandotherprincipalstructuralmembersthatareagainstthegroundshouldhaveatleast3

Figure720.Rebarhunginplace.
inches(76.2mm)ofconcretebetweenthesteelandtheground.Iftheconcretesurfaceistobeincontactwiththe
groundorexposedtotheweatherafterremovaloftheforms,theprotectivecoveringofconcreteoverthesteel
shouldbe2inches(50.8mm).Itmaybereducedto11/2inches(38.1mm)forbeamsandcolumnsand3/4inch
(19.5mm)forslabsandinteriorwallsurfaces,butitshouldbe2inches(50.8mm)forallexteriorwallsurfaces.
Thismeasurementistakenfromthemainrebar,notthestirrupsortheties.
NOTE:Wheresplicesinreinforcingsteelarenotdimensionedonthedrawings,thebarsshouldbelappednot
lessthan30timesthebardiameternorlessthan12inches(table77).Thestressinatensionbar
Table77.LengthofLapSplicesinReinforcingSteel
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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL

Figure721.Minimumcoverageofrebarinconcrete.
canbetransmittedthroughtheconcreteandintoanotheradjoiningbarbyalapspliceofproperlength.
Tolapweldwirefabric/wiremesh,youcanuseanumberofmethods,twoofwhicharetheendlapandtheside
lap.Intheendlapmethod,thewiremeshislappedbyoverlappingonefullmesh,measuredfromtheendsofthe
longitudinalwiresinonepiecetotheendsofthelongitudinalwiresintheadjacentpiece,andthentyingthetwo
piecesat1foot6inch(45.0cm)centerswithasnaptie.Inthesidelapmethod,thetwolongitudinalsidewires
areplacedonealongsideandoverlappingtheotherandthenaretiedwithasnaptieevery3feet(.9m).
Reinforcingbarsareintensionandthereforeshouldneverbebentaroundaninsidecornerbeams.Theycanpull
straightthroughtheconcretecover.Instead,theyshouldoverlapandextendtothefarfaceforanchoragewith
180degreehooksandproperconcretecoverage(fig.723).
Thebarscanalsobesplicedbymetalareweldingbutonlyifcalledforintheplansandspecifications.Forbars
whichareplacedinaverticalposition,abuttweldispreferred.Theendofthebottombariscut

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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL

Figure723.CorrectandIncorrectplacementofreinforcementforaninsidecorner.
square,andtheendofthetopbarrestingonitiscutinabevelfashion,thuspermittingabuttweld.Forbars
whichwillbearaloadinahorizontalposition,afilletweldispreferred.Usually,thetwobarsareplacedendto
end(ratherthanoverlapping),andpiecesofflatbar(orangleiron)areplacedoneitherside.Filletweldsarethen
madewherethemetalsjoin.Theweldsaremadetoadepthofonehalfofthebardiameterandforalengtheight
timesthebardiameter.
Theminimumcleardistancebetweenparallelbarsinbeams,footings,walls,andfloorslabsshouldeitherbe1
inch(25.4mm)or11/3timesthelargestsizeaggregateparticleintheconcrete,whicheverdistanceisgreater.In
columns,thecleardistancebetweenparallelbarsshouldbenotlessthan11/2timesthebardiameteror11/2
timesthemaximumsizeofthecoarseaggregate.Alwaysusethelargerofthetwo.
Thesupportforreinforcingsteelinfloorslabsisshowninfigure724.Theheightoftheslabbolsteris
determinedbytherequiredconcreteprotectivecover.Concreteblocksmadeofsandcementmortarcanbeused
inplaceoftheslabbolster.Woodblocksshouldneverbeusedforthispurpose.Highchairs(fig.718)canbe
obtainedinheightsupto6inches(15cm).Whenaheightgreaterthan6inchesisrequired,makethechairoutof
No.0,soft,annealedironwire.Toholdthebarsfirmlyinposition,youshouldtiethebarstogetheratfrequent
intervalswheretheycrosswithasnapat.
Steelforcolumntiesmaybeassembledwiththeverticalsintocagesbylayingtheverticalbarsforonesideofthe
columnhorizontallyacrossacoupleofsawhorses.Thepropernumberoftiesareslippedoverthebars,the
remainingverticalbarsareadded,andthenthetiesarespacedoutasrequiredbytheplacingplans.All
intersectionsarewiredtogethertomaketheassemblyrigidsothatitmaybehoistedandsetasaunit.Figure725
showsatypicalcolumntieassembly.
Afterthecolumnisraised,itistiedtothedowelsorreinforcingsteelcarriedupfrombelow.Thisholdsitfirmly
inpositionatthebase.Thecolumnformiserectedandthereinforcingsteelistiedtothecolumnformat5foot
(4.5m)intervals,asshowninfigure726.
Theuseofmetalsupportstoholdbeamreinforcingsteelinpositionisshowninfigure78.Notethepositionof
thebeambolster.Thestirrupsaretiedtothemainreinforcingsteelwithasnaptie.Whereverpossibleyoushould
assemblethestirrupsandmainreinforcingsteeloutsidetheformandthenplacetheassembledunitinposition.
Precastconcreteblocks,asshowninfigure727,maybesubstitutedformetalsupports.
Thehorizontalandverticalbarsarewiredsecurelytoeachotheratsufficientlyfrequentintervalstomakearigid
mat.Tyingisrequiredateverysecondorthirdintersection,dependinguponthesizeandspacingofbars,butwith
notlessthanthreetiestoanyonebar,and,inanycase,notmorethan4to6feetapartineitherdirection.

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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL

Figure724.Steelinplaceinafloorslab.

Figure725.Columnassembly.

Figure726.Methodofholdingcolumnsteelinplaininformwork.

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PLACINGANDTYINGREINFORCINGSTEEL

Figure727.Steelinplaceinafooting.

Figure728.Steelinplaceonawallform
Steelinplaceinawallisshowninfigure728.Thewoodblockisremovedwhentheformhasbeenfilledupto
theleveloftheblockForhighwalls,tiesinbetweenthetopandbottomshouldbeused.
Steelisplacedinfootingsverymuchasitisplacedinfloorslabs.Stones,ratherthansteelsupports,maybeused
tosupportthesteelattheproperdistanceabovethesubgrade.Steelmatsinsmallfootingsaregenerally
preassembledandplacedaftertheformshavebeenset.Atypicalarrangementisshowninfigure727.Steelmats
inlargefootingsareconstructedinplace.

HotDippedGalvanizedWire
Galfan(ZincAluminium)Wire,SoftHighTensileGalvanizedWire

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