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Priyanka Biswas
Basics of computers:
A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY
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Parts of Computer:
The basic parts of a desktop computer are the
computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse,
and power cord. Each part plays an important
role whenever you use a computer.
Computer case
The computer case is the metal and plastic
box that contains the main components of
the computer. It houses the motherboard,
central processing unit (CPU), power
supply, and more.
Computer cases come in different shapes
and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk,
and the monitor usually sits on top of it. A
tower case is tall and sits next to the
monitor or on the floor. The front of the case
usually has an on/off switch and one or
more optical drives.
Monitor
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Escape Key
Power cord
The Escape (Esc) key allows you to stop a function or
action. For example, if a webpage is taking a long time
to load, you can press the Escape key to stop loading it.
Function Keys
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Tab
The Tab key is used to create indents in word
processing programs. Also, if you are filling out a form
online, you can use the Tab key to switch to the next
field.
Alphanumeric Keys
The main part of the keyboard includes the
alphanumeric keys (letters and numbers) and the
spacebar.
Backspace
The Backspace key erases the character to the left of the
cursor.
Enter
The cursor control keys can vary, but they will usually
include the following:
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Arrow Keys
The arrow keys are used for many different purposes,
including moving the cursor, scrolling a document,
and controlling a game.
Numeric Keypad
The numeric keypad resembles a calculator keypad.
Many users find that it is easier to type numbers using
this keypad. On some keyboards, these keys double as
arrow keys.
Mouse
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Monitor
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Mouse
Speakers
Printer
Input Devices:
Devices that help us put data into the
computer are called input devices. They help
in giving instructions to the computer. Let
us learn about a few input devices.
Mouse:
The mouse is a pointing device. You can
give input to the computer with the help of
the mouse.
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Joystick:
Scanner:
Output Devices:
The parts of a computer that help us to show
the results of processing are called out
devices. Let us learn about a few output
devices.
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Monitor:
Headphone:
Printer:
Disk:
Speakers:
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Memory concept:
Memory Units:
4 bit = 1 nibble
8 bit = 1 byte
1024 B = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB = 1 PB (Peta Byte)
1024 PB = 1 XB (Exa Byte)
1024 XB = 1 ZB (Zeta Byte)
1024 ZB = 1 YB (Yota Byte)
bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB < PB <
XB < ZB < YB
bit (b)
Byte (B)
Mbps mega bits per sec.
MBps mega Bytes per sec.
The information you put into the computer
is
called Data
Information of a computer is stored as
Digital
Data
A number system defines a set of values
that is used to represent Quantity
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Machine Language.
Assembly Language
codes
have
to
be
Assembly Language
It was developed to overcome some of the
many inconveniences of machine language.
This is another low level but a very
important language in which operation
codes and operands are given in the form of
alphanumeric symbols instead of 0s and ls.
These alphanumeric symbols will be known
as mnemonic codes and can have maximum
up to 5 letter combination e.g. ADD for
addition, SUB for subtraction, START,
LABEL etc. Because of this feature it is also
known
as
Symbolic
Programming
Language. This language is also very
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Examples are
COBOL
(Common
Oriented Language).
Business
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Programming
Oriented
C++
Java
Visual Basic
Visual Java
Visual C
User-friendly
Similar to English with vocabulary
of words and symbols
Therefore it is easier to learn.
They require less time to write.
They are easier to maintain.
Problem oriented rather than
'machine' based.
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Spreadsheet
Application:
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Basic of MS-DOS:
Internal command:
Unlock
Ver
Verify
Vol
External command:
Edit
Edlin
Expand
Extract
Fasthelp
Fc
Fciv
Fdisk
Find
Forfiles
Format
FTP
Gpupdate
Graftabl
Help
Hostname
Ipconfig
Label
Loadfix
logoff
Mem
Mode
More
Msav
Msbackup
Mscdex
Mscdexnt
Mwbackup
Msd
Nbtstat
Net
Netsh
Netstat
Nlsfunc
Nslookup
Pathping
Ping
Power
Print
Reg
Robocopy
Route
Runas
Scandisk
Scanreg
Setver
Sfc
Share
Shutdown
Smartdrv
Sort
Subst
Sys
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2
You should see a window with "C:\>",
"C:\DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENTS AND SETTINGS
SETTINGS\[your
name]>", or something similar. This is
called the command prompt
prompt, and it also
serves the useful purpose of showing what
directory you're currently in. At the end of
this prompt, you type commands (think
verbs) followed by arguments (think nouns - when the verb needs a noun, that is), then
press enter. Here are some sa
sample
commands:
1
If you're on a computer that has DOS as
an operating system, the command
prompt should appear automatically
when the computer is turned on. If you're
using a Windows computer, you'll need to
start the command prompt manually. For
most computers,
s, it should be located under
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C:\GAMES>ping nosound
. DIR
.. DIR
DOS DIR
GAMES DIR
WINDOWS DIR
AUTOEXEC .BAT
ESSAY .TXT
3
The most important thing you should be
able to do is list the contents of
directories, and navigate them. Use the dir
command to list the contents of your hard
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5
If you want to enter a directory, type cd,
then the path and name of the directory
(ex. cd C:\GAMES\GRAPE). If the directory
is a subdirectory of the directory you're
currently in, like if you were already in
GAMES in the previous example, you could
also just type cd GRAPE. Here, ' cd ' is the
command and the directory is the argument.
The command prompt also shows the name
of your current directory. So, typing
C:\> CD C:\GAMES\GRAPE
6
Executing programs is exactly like
commands. For example, if I wanted to start
the game Mortar Mayhem, I would navigate
to the directory it's in:
C:\> cd games\mortar
C:\GAMES\MORTAR> mortar
7
Now that you know the basic syntax of
DOS, here are some other useful
commands. The things in [brackets] are
only examples.
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move [countdown.txt]
[c:\games\grape] - Moves a file or
folder
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Concept of WWW:
What is Internet?
The Internet is essentially a global network
of computing resources. You can think
about the Internet as a physical collection of
routers and circuits as a set of shared
resources or even as an attitude about
interconnecting and intercommunication.
Some common definitions given in the past
include:
What is WWW?
This stands for World Wide Web. A
technical definition of the World Wide Web
is : all the resources and users on the
Internet that are using the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A broader definition comes from the
organization that Web inventor Tim
Berners-Lee helped found, the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C):
The World Wide Web is the universe of
network-accessible
information,
an
embodiment of human knowledge.
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a
way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them
together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.
What is HTTP?
This stands for HyperText Transfer
Protocol. This is the protocol being used to
transfer hypertext documents thats makes
the World World Wide possible.
A standard web address such as
http://www.yahoo.com/ is called a URL and
here the prefix http indicates its protocol
What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator,
and is used to specify addresses on the
World Wide Web. A URL is the
fundamental network identification for any
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What is ISP?
This stands for Internet Service Provider.
They are the companies who provide you
service in terms of internet connection to
connect to the internet.
You will buy space on a Web Server from
any Internet Service Provider. This space
will be used to host your Web site.
What is HTML?
This stands for HyperText Markup
Language. This is the language in which we
write web pages for any Website. Even the
page you are reading right now is written in
HTML.
This is a subset of Standard Generalized
Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic
publishing, the specific standard used for the
World Wide Web.
What is DNS ?
What is Hyperlink?
A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable
element in an electronic document that
serves as an access point to other electronic
resources. Typically, you click the hyperlink
to access the linked resource. Familiar
hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image
maps, and clickable text links.
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popularity in 1998.
Netscape
Mozilla
Konqueror
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character-cell
cell terminals or
emulators.
Safari
Opera
Lynx
Lynx is a fully-featured
featured World
Wide Web browser for users on
Unix, VMS, and other platforms
running cursor-addressable,
addressable,
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www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
www.bing.com
www.ask.com
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It will appear like thisIt will appear like this (Above picture).
Now choose any of those options written
with blue color and click on any of them and
find if that information is necessary for you.
If not then click the blue arrow situated
situate at
the left of the top page and you will find the
above picture page again. Now you can
select any other options too.
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