Global Warming - Notes No 2

Environmental Management
Notes by Prof Zubin___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
standard dams (explained in notes no 1) flood areas behind them. this flooding is controversial in many cases. the reasons are
given below.
a) flooding of land that is in a natural state (ie unaltered by humans) (amount of such land is reducing every year. most of the
land of our world, has been cleared / changed to create space for farms, cities, factories, roads, ports, etc. Hence, the
increasing pressure to preserve the amount of such land that is left.)
b) flooding of land that is inhabited by persons. these persons have to be given compensation (land at another place or
money). such compensation is not always a smooth process (eg compensation given / to be given to tribals who lost their
lands because of flooding by dams of narmada irrigation project. search on the internet for info about protests led by
narmada bachao andolan.)
c) life cycles of some fish-species is spread over the rivers and the sea (eg indian salmon, better known as rawas) (they are
born in the rivers, they swim downstream to the seas to live their lives and for reproduction, they swim from the seas into
the rivers. dams prevent them from swimming downstream / upstream.)
one solution to this problem is to build dams of very low height. hence, flooding of land will be negligible. such dams are
called run of the river dams. Electricity is generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of the river water / by harnessing the
natural elevation drop of the river.
Since ror plants do not have tall dams, they have smaller electricity-generation capacities than standard dams.
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lower granite dam (an ror dam) on snake river in washington state, usa (see foll pic)
can you notice the small height of the dam compared to the surrounding mountains ? a taller dam could have been built to
generate more electricity.
Baspa II, a ror project across baspa river, a tributary of Sutlej (pic ref = 149)
compare the height of the dam with the height of the surrounding valledy. the dam could have been built much taller. (pic ref
= 150)
Electricity-generation capacity : 300 mw
Displacement of persons : 0
Flooding of forest : 0 (excluding the 57 acres of forest were required to build the barrage and the associated buildings upon)
dams (standard type as well as ror) help to decrease global warming. how ? they help to produce electricity without creating
CO2.
what is the above pic about ?
above pic : what does the ellipse highlight ?
above pic : can you make out the height difference ?

Rance tidal-power station
Located in north-east france, across the estuary of rance river

Barrage (dam) is 750 m long
the tidal basin is 22.5 km2 large
24 turbines of 10MW capacity = 240 MW peak capacity
Worlds first tidal power station (started operating in 1966)
As of dec 2011, worlds 2nd largest tidal-power station by capacity
Difference between the high tides and low tides ranges from 8m to 13.5m
as of jan 2014, in india electricity is not produced using tidal energy
tidal power plants are a type of hydro-electric power plants
question : tidal power plants help to mitigate global warming. how ?
answer : they produce electricity without creating CO2.
a --- An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free
connection to the open sea.
see videos electricity from wind energy 1.mp4 & electricity from wind energy 2.mp4
Windmills near Patta fort (nasik, Maharashtra)

(pic ref = 18)
suzlons group of wind-farms in jaisalmer district
141 & 142<<
installed capacity = 1,064 MW
largest wind-energy project in india
>>
a wind farm at roscoe, texas, usa
a wind farm at roscoe, texas, usa

<<
600+ wind turbines, capable of generating 781.5 MW

cotton and wheat are grown on the land between the wind towers
>>
34
Tehachapi-Pass Wind Farm
Thanet off-shore wind farm (pic ref = 36)
an offshore wind-farm near copenhagen

see video about london array : offshore wind farm in thames estuary (video ref = 76)
the advantage of offshore wind farms over wind farms located on land :
a)
to construct a wind farm located on land, land has to be acquired from the owners of the land. if this land is privately owned,
the acquisition might take years. (eg industrial, infrastructure projects in india stalled because of slow acquisition of the
privately-owned land)
to construct an wind offshore wind farm, no land needs to be acquired. the seas off the coast of a country are generally
owned by the government of that country. hence, if the government is co-operative, the project can be implemented faster.
b)
wind speeds are generally more over the sea than over the land
<<
there is no offshore wind farm in india.
the first one might be constructed off Gujarats coast. read article Gujarat may get India's first offshore wind power project
published in the 9 oct 2014 issue of business standard (http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujaratmay-get-india-s-first-offshore-wind-power-project-114100901328_1.html) NOT reqd to be studied for the exams.
>>
(building 1) what is the above pic about ??
(buildings 2 & 3) what is the above pic about ??
a close-up of the top of building no 1
Close up of the gaps between buildings no 2 & 3. Can you see the wind turbines ?
building no 1 : Strata (located in London, uk)
Building height
Turbine size 9 m
Turbine capacity
Turbines contribution to
energy consumption
148 m
19 kW
57 kW (for 3 turbines)
8% of the buildings consumption
buildings no 2 & 3 : Bahrain world trade center

Height (buildings)
240 m
Turbine diameter
29 m
Wind turbine capacity
225 kW
675 kW (for 3 turbines)
Turbines contribution to
electricity consumption
11 to 15% of the buildings consumption
wind turbines help to reduce global warming. how ? they help to produce electricity without producing CO2.
a close up of the roof of the structure

the structure is a stadium. its roof has many solar panels. infact 8,844. the solar panels produce electricity.
Kaohsiung National Stadium, Taiwan
Capacity : 55,000 persons
No of solar collectors : 8,844
Generates 1.1 billion watt-hours per year.
During a major event, 70% of the electricity generated is consumed within the stadium and balance is transferred to the citys
electricity grid. At times of no event, all the electricity is transferred to the grid.
Self-claim : largest solar-energy generating stadium in the world
photovoltaic (pv) cells convert sunlight into electricity. Hence, these cells are popularly known as solar cells.
word photo has originated from greek word phos meaning light. Hence, word photovoltaic implies light creating a voltage.
solar panels (Individual solar cells are visible)
Solar cells convert sunlight to dc electricity. hence, at solar power plants (having pv cells), the dc electricity is converted into
ac electricity before feeding it into the electricity grid. In some applications of a lower scale, the dc electricity is stored in
batteries for use at times when sunlight is not available (eg when traveling through a tunnel, eg night time)
Solar cells currently available in the market for commercial use, perform at 14-19% efficiency ie when 100 units of sunlight fall
on the cell, 14-19 units of electricity are produced (sunlight, artificial light, sound, electricity, microwaves, heat, radio-waves
are few of the many types of energy)
Solar panels atop houses at Rabi Rashmi Abasan, a new-constructed residential complex in Calcutta
Rabi Rashmi Abasan claims itself to be indias first completely-solar-powered residential complex
(Note that there are solar water-heaters placed on the roofs and that even the streetlights are solar powered)
(pic above) Science meets art : a solar tree in styria, Austria

welspun energy ltds solar power plant in phalodi, jodhpur district, rajasthan (pic ref = 98)
charanka solar park (patan district, gujarat)
<<
promoter = gujarat power corporation ltd

area utilized = 5,384 acres (claimed by gpcl to be unused)
capacity = 590 MW
this park also to have capacity to generate 100 mw electricity from wind
provision to harness rain water
cost = Rs 550 crores for land acquisition, Rs 3,996 crores for Solar Power Plants
>> 96
pic ref = 97
pic ref = 97
pic ref = 97
pic ref = 97
pic ref = 97
amount of sunlight reaching ground in india (map below)
where are these solar panels place ?
your answer : on the ground.

INCORRECT
(pic ref = 2)
The solar panels are placed on a canal. Which canal ?

an canal of narmada irrigation system.
why ?
what is this pic about ?
the solar panels have been placed on water bodies to save space.
45
994 pv panels floating on a 1acre pond at far niente winery, California, usa
(pic ref = 2)
power plant details

proprietor : gujarat state electricity corporation (gsecl)
location : chandrasan village of kadi taluka, mehsana district
plant constructed by sun edison (us co)
(worlds first solar power plant constructed over a canal 4
length of solar-panel installation = 750 meters
plant-construction cost = rs 17.5 crores 4
commissioned in feb 2012
capacity = 1 mw
gsecl md gurdeep singh : the trial run of the plant indicates that this plant can produce 15 per cent more power than
conventional solar power plants, because the water flowing under the panels keeps them relatively cool 4
additional benefit : prevent evaporation of 9 million liters of water per year
narendra modi, chief minister of gujarat at inauguration of this solar power plant
Gujarat Government was compelled to execute this project because no privately-owned company was ready to take up this
challenge at that time.
<<size of irrigation system (canals) of sardar sarovar dam = 19,000 km in gujarat
if 10% of this total length is covered by solar panels, 2400 mw of electricity can be generated, 2 billion liters of water will be
saved (from evaporation) and 11,000 acres of land will not be diverted which otherwise will have to be done for generation of
this much electricity (2400 mw) by solar panels. >> 4
solar power plant over a canal (of narmada irrigation system) in baroda
<<
35,000 solar panels on 3.5 stretch of a canal
capacity = 10MW
cost = 18.3 m us dollars
>>155
see video head of un inaugurates solar power plant located over canal (video ref = 154)
solar power plants (utilizing pv cells) help to decrease global warming. how ? they produce electricity without creating CO2.
in future (while at your job / business), if you wish to share my notes with other persons, you have my blessings to do so, as
long as you specify my authorship.
in case you wish to verify the statements and figures mentioned above or you wish to find more info about the above topics, I
have given below, the sources of some of these statements and figures.
2
http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/Client/PictureDetail.aspx
(website of sardar sarovar narmada nigam ltd)
4
18
34
36
45
76
96
97
98
141
142
149
150
154
155
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-world-s-first-canal-top-solar-plant-inguj_1679695
http://www.tifr.res.in/~roop/Travels/Patta/photos/Bike%20and%20Windmills%20on%20way%20to%20Vaithakwadi.ht
ml
http://www.eoncrna.com/contentProjectsRoscoe.html
http://conservationreport.com/2010/09/30/renewable-energy-study-six-east-coast-states-could-replace-dirty-fossilfuels-with-clean-energy-derived-from-offshore-wind/
http://www.farniente.com/PressTrade/reviews_articles/articles/09_0727_Newsdweek_Advertorial.pdf
http://www.londonarray.com/media-centre/video-library/
http://www.gpclindia.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=15
http://deshgujarat.com/2012/04/18/in-photos-leader-narendra-modi-he-can-dream-he-can-deleiver/
http://www.indiacsr.in/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Welspun-Energys-15MW-Solar-PV-Power-projectcommissioned-in-Phalodi-Jodhpur-District-Rajasthan.jpg
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/news/31669217_1_wind-turbine-wind-park-wind-energy
http://www.iec.ch/etech/2012/etech_1112/tc-2.htm
http://www.jalindia.com/hydropower.html
http://www.jppowerventures.com/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaJAUlsgSAU
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ban-ki-moon-commends-india-for-solar-initiative/article6777860.ece

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Environmental Management

Notes by Prof Zubin___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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what is the above pic about ?

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above pic : what does the ellipse highlight ?

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above pic : can you make out the height difference ?

Located in north-east france, across the estuary of rance river

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Windmills near Patta fort (nasik, Maharashtra)

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a wind farm at roscoe, texas, usa

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a wind farm at roscoe, texas, usa

600+ wind turbines, capable of generating 781.5 MW

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Tehachapi-Pass Wind Farm

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what is the above pic about ?

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Thanet off-shore wind farm (pic ref = 36)

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an offshore wind-farm near copenhagen

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(building 1) what is the above pic about ??

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(buildings 2 & 3) what is the above pic about ??

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a close-up of the top of building no 1

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buildings no 2 & 3 : Bahrain world trade center

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what is the above pic about ?

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a close up of the roof of the structure

solar panels (Individual solar cells are visible)

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(pic above) Science meets art : a solar tree in styria, Austria

promoter = gujarat power corporation ltd

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where are these solar panels place ?

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your answer : on the ground.

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The solar panels are placed on a canal. Which canal ?

what is this pic about ?

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power plant details