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On the Cover
Artist's rendition of San Vicente Dam after completion of the dam raise project to increase local storage and provide
a more flexible conveyance system for use during emergencies such as earthquakes that could curtail the regions
imported water supplies. The existing 220-foot-high dam, owned by the City of San Diego, will be raised by 117
feet to increase reservoir storage capacity by 152,000 acre-feet. The project will be the tallest dam raise in the
United States and tallest roller compacted concrete dam raise in the world.
The information contained in this publication regarding commercial projects or firms may not be used for
advertising or promotional purposes and may not be construed as an endorsement of any product or
from by the United States Society on Dams. USSD accepts no responsibility for the statements made
or the opinions expressed in this publication.
Copyright 2011 U.S. Society on Dams
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924673
ISBN 978-1-884575-52-5
U.S. Society on Dams
1616 Seventeenth Street, #483
Denver, CO 80202
Telephone: 303-628-5430
Fax: 303-628-5431
E-mail: stephens@ussdams.org
Internet: www.ussdams.org
Principal Researcher, Dam Safety Research Center, Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea, geodoc@kwater.or.kr
1451
f3D /f2D
0
1
Dam Length/Height
Figure 1. Comparison between Natural Frequencies Computed from 2-D and 3-D
Analyses of Dams in Rectangular Canyons
In this study, the meaning of a symmetric plan geometry of upstream and downstream
slope with respect to the dam axis is that the length of the toe line of the upstream slope is
almost the same as that of the downstream slope and the straight line connecting the
center of the upstream slope toe line and the downstream slope toe line is nearly
perpendicular to the dam axis. If the plan geometry of the upstream and downstream
slopes of a dam does not satisfy the above condition, it is regarded as a dam with
asymmetric plan geometry of the upstream and downstream slope with respect to the dam
axis, as shown in Figure 2. If the plan geometry of the upstream and downstream slopes
of a dam is not symmetrical with respect to the dam axis, the results of 2-D dynamic
analyses using the maximum section for the dam cannot accurately represent dynamic
response to earthquake.
In this study, three-dimensional dynamic analysis for Miryang multi-purpose dam in
South Korea, with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and downstream slopes with
respect to the dam axis, was conducted and the response (such as the settlement of the
crest and acceleration with depth) was analyzed. The results of 3-D dynamic analysis
were compared with those of 2-D dynamic analysis. On the basis of this comparison,
points to be considered when evaluating the response of a dam by 2-D dynamic analysis
were discussed.
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Figure 2. Plan View of Miryang Dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and
downstream slope with respect to the dam axis
SYNOPSIS OF NUMERICAL MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Dam Profile
The dimensions of Miryang dam are 89m in height and 394.3m in length, as shown in
Figure 2 (plan view) and Figure 3 (cross-section). Dam type is a concrete-faced rockfill
dam.
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Unit weight
(kN/m3)
Bulk modulus
(kN/m2)
Shear modulus
(kN/m2)
angle ()
Cohesion
(kN/m2)
Rockfill zone
20
6.46E4
2.98E4
41
Bed rock
26
1.67E7
1.25E7
45
2000
Friction
For the purpose of obtaining the maximum shear modulus for rockfill material, a HWAW
(Harmonic Wavelet Analysis of Waves) survey was conducted, as shown in Figure 6. The
shear modulus for rockfill material was computed by the following relationship:
Gmax = k 2,max 1000 m '
(1)
in which Gmax= the shear modulus, in Pa, at small shear strains (10-4%), k2,max = the shear
modulus parameter at small strains (10-4%), and m ' = the mean effective confining
pressure, in Pa. The mean effective confining pressure was computed using the results
from the static numerical analysis.
In this study, for the purpose of evaluating the shear modulus of rockfill zone which must
reflect the effect of the confining pressure with depth, the repeated 2-D static numerical
analyses for the various k2,max were carried out. After the completion of each static
analysis for a certain value of k2,max, shear moduli of 2-D model elements with depth
were extracted, as shown in Figure 7. The extracted shear moduli were changed into
shear wave velocities using equation (2). From this procedure, shear wave velocity
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profiles with depth for each k2,max can be obtained like Figure 8. From Figure 8, we can
find that the shear wave velocity profile obtained by HWAW survey is almost similar to
that obtained by static analysis using a k2,max of 180. So, this value, 180, for k2,max is
representative of the rockfill material for 3-D dynamic analyses.
vs =
Gmax
(2)
Figure 6. HWAW Survey carried out at Miryang Dam Slope Surface and Dam Crest
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Figure 8. Shear Wave Velocity Profile with Depth Evaluated by HWAW Surveys and by
Repeated Dynamic Analyses
However, this value, 180, is not representative of rockfill material for 2-D dynamic
analysis. In order to approximate the actual three-dimensional behaviors of the dam by
two-dimensional techniques, the stiffness of the dam must be strengthened artificially
(Vrymoed, 1981). That is, the shear moduli in the rockfill zone must be artificially
modified to satisfy the condition that the fundamental frequency computed by twodimensional dynamic analysis is the same as that by three-dimensional dynamic analysis.
Therefore, to determine the shear moduli of the rockfill zone for 2-D dynamic analysis, 2D dynamic analyses were repeated for various k2,max values that were higher than 180.
Figure 9 shows the computed acceleration time history at the crest during free vibration
only by 3-D dynamic analysis using a k2,max of 180 and by 2-D dynamic analysis using a
k2,max of 280. Figure 10 shows the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) results for acceleration
histories shown in Figure 9. From Figure 10, it can be found that the fundamental
frequency of the 3-D dynamic analysis using a k2,max of 180 is 3.3Hz and the fundamental
frequency of 2-D dynamic analysis using a k2,max of 280 is 2.7Hz. Also, it can be found
that the ratio of fundamental frequency computed from the 3-D model to that from the 2D model is about 1.2. Therefore, we can regard this value of k2,max as the representative
value of rockfill material for 2-D dynamic analysis.
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0.02
2D crest(m ax section)
acceleration(g)
0.015
3D crest(m ax section)
0.01
0.005
0
-0.00514.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
tim e(sec)
0.007
0.0035
0.006
0.003
Fourier A m plitude(g-sec
Fourier A m plitude(g-sec
Figure 9. Acceleration Histories at the Crest of 2-D Maximum Section and 3-D
Maximum Section during Free Vibration Only
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0
10
15
20
(a)
10
15
20
Frequency(Hz)
Frequency(Hz)
(b)
Figure 10. Fourier Amplitude Spectra for Computed Crest Free Vibration Motion: (a) by
2-D Dynamic Analysis, (b) by 3-D Dynamic Analysis
Three Dimensional and Two Dimensional Finite Difference Grid
Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the three-dimensional finite difference grid and the twodimensional finite difference grid of the Miryang dam, respectively.
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Figure 11. Finite Difference Grid for 3-D Dynamic Analysis of Miryang Dam
Figure 12. Finite Difference Grid for 2-D Dynamic Analysis of Miryang Dam
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS
Settlement
Figure 13 shows settlement time histories computed by 2-D and 3-D dynamic analyses.
At the mid point of the crest of the dam at the maximum section, the settlement computed
by 3-D analysis is quite similar to that by 2-D analysis. It is very interesting that the
maximum settlement at crest midpoint of the dam did not occur at the maximum section,
Rather, the maximum settlement occurred at the section about 50m away from the
maximum section toward the left abutment or at the section about 50m away from the
maximum section toward the right abutment.
Figure 14 shows permanent settlement along the dam axis at the crest computed by 3-D
analysis and that at the crest midpoint by 2-D dynamic analysis. We can see the same
interesting point in Figure 14. The maximum settlement at crest midpoint occurred at the
section about 50m away from the maximum section. Figure 15 shows the results of
Figure 14 three-dimensionally. From Figure 14 and Figure 15, it is found that the
settlement at the crest of a dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and
downstream slope with respect to the dam axis occurred very asymmetrically.
From the results of Figure 11, Figure 12, and Figure 13, it is also important to note that
the settlement at the crest of a dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and
Earthquake Response of Rockfill Dam
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downstream slope with respect to the dam axis computed by 2-D dynamic analysis using
the maximum section might give engineers non-conservative results of the magnitude of
the maximum crest settlement.
Figure 13. Settlement Time Histories Computed by 2-D and 3-D Dynamic Analysis
Figure 14. Permanent Settlement along the Dam Axis at the Crest Computed by 3-D
Analysis and that at the crest by 2-D Analysis
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Figure 15. Distribution of Permanent Settlement at the Crest Computed by 3-D Analysis
Acceleration Response
Figure 16 shows acceleration time histories for crest midpoint at each section computed
by 3-D analyses and computed by 2-D analysis. Figure 17 shows acceleration
amplification along the dam elevation for each section computed by 3-D dynamic
analysis and that by 2-D dynamic analysis.
From Figure 16 and Figure 17, it is found that the patterns of acceleration amplification
for the dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and downstream slopes with
respect to the dam axis are similar at each section of the 3-D model and at the maximum
section of the 2-D model but the extent of amplification is different at each section; the
maximum amplification occurred at the maximum section. Also, it is found that if 2-D
analysis is conducted by procedures described in this study, the characteristics of
acceleration amplification evaluated by 2-D analysis might approximate those by 3-D
analysis.
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Figure 16. Acceleration Time Histories for Crest Midpoint at Each Section Computed by
3-D Analyses and at the crest Computed by 2-D Analysis
Figure 17. Acceleration Amplification along the Dam Elevation for Each Section
Computed by 3-D Analyses and that by 2-D Analysis
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CONCLUSIONS
In this study, 3-D dynamic analysis for Miryang multi-purpose dam in South Korea, with
asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and downstream slope with respect to the dam
axis, was conducted and the response (such as the settlement of the crest and acceleration
with depth) was analyzed. The results of 3-D dynamic analysis were compared with those
of 2-D dynamic analysis. From the results of this research, the following conclusions
were made:
1. The maximum settlement at crest midpoint of the dam did not occur at the maximum
section. Rather, the maximum settlement occurred at the section about 50m away
from the maximum section toward the left abutment or at the section about 50m away
from the maximum section toward the right abutment. The settlement at the crest of a
dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and downstream slope with respect
to the dam axis occurs very asymmetrically. It is also important to note that the
settlement at the crest of a dam with asymmetric plan geometry of upstream and
downstream slope with respect to the dam axis computed by 2-D dynamic analysis
using the maximum section may give non-conservative results.
2. The patterns of acceleration amplification for the dam with asymmetric plan
geometry of upstream and downstream slope with respect to the dam axis are similar
at each section along the dam axis of the 3-D model and at the maximum section of
the 2-D model, but the extent of amplification is different at each section; the
maximum amplification occurred at the maximum section. If two-dimensional
analysis is conducted by the procedures described in this study, the characteristics of
acceleration amplification evaluated by 2-D analysis might approximate those by 3-D
analysis.
ACKKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was supported by a grant from the Construction Technology Innovation
Program (CTIP) funded by the Minister of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs
(MLTM) of the South Korean government. This financial assistance is gratefully
acknowledged. Special thanks are to John Stoessel and Tom Brown for their revisions and
helpful suggestions.
REFERENCES
Ambrasey, N.N., On the shear response of a two dimensional wedge subjected to an
arbitrary disturbance, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 50, pp.4556, 1960.
Hatanaka, M., Fundamental considerations on the earthquake resistant properties of the
earth dam, Bulletin No. 11, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Univ., Japan,
1955.
1463
Itasca, FLAC Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Version 4.0, users guide,
Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000.
Makdisi, F.I., Performance and analysis of earth dams during strong earthquake,
Thesis presented of the University of California at Berkeley, 1976.
Mejia, L.H. and Seed, H.B., Three dimensional dynamic response analysis of earth
dams, Report No. UCB/EERC-81/15, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California, 1981.
Vrymoed, J., Dynamic FEM model of Oroville dam, Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, Vol. 107, No. 8, pp.1057-1077, 1981.
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