A history of New Zealand 1769-1914

Map showing Cook's voyages

Mori & Pkeh population, 1838-1901

In the period between the first European landings and the First World War, New Zealand was
transformed from an exclusively Mori world into one in which Pkeh dominated
numerically, politically, socially and economically. This broad survey of New Zealands long
19th century [1] begins with the arrival of James Cook in 1769 and concludes in 1914, when
New Zealand answered the call to arms for King and Country.

First contacts

By the time the first Europeans arrived, Mori had settled the land, every corner of which
came within the interest and influence of a tribal (iwi) or sub-tribal (hap) grouping. Abel
Tasman was the first of the European explorers known to have reached New Zealand, in
December 1642. His time here was brief. His only encounter with Mori ended badly, with
four of his crew killed and Mori fired upon in retaliation. Tasman named the place we now
call Golden Bay Moordenaers (Murderers) Bay. After he left in early January 1643, Tasmans
New Zealand became a ragged line on the world map. The Mori response to this visit is less
well-known, except for fragments of stories recorded in the 19th century.

Map showing Cooks voyages

It would be 127 years before the next recorded encounter between European and Mori. The
British explorer James Cook arrived in Poverty Bay in October 1769. His voyage to the south
Pacific was primarily a scientific expedition, but the British were not averse to expanding
trade and empire. The French were not far behind. As Cook rounded the top of the North
Island in December 1769, the French explorer Jean Franois Marie de Surville was only 40 km
to the south-west. New Zealands isolation was at an end.
Over the next 60 years contact grew. The overwhelming majority of encounters between
European and Mori passed without incident, but when things did turn violent much was
made of the killing of Europeans. The attack on the sailing ship Boyd in December 1809 was
one such example. The incident saw some sailors refer to New Zealand as the Cannibal
Isles and people were warned to steer clear. Little mention was made of the revenge taken
by European whalers, with considerable loss of Mori life. The Anglican Church Missionary
Society (CMS) delayed its plans to establish the first Christian mission in New Zealand.
Contact with sealers and whalers who began arriving in hundreds in the closing decades of
the 18th century and with traders looking to develop new markets was largely confined to
the Far North and the Deep South. Mori living in the interior had little or no contact with
Europeans before 1840.

Pkeh-Mori Barnet Burns

Those hap and iwi who encountered Europeans were often willing and able participants in
the trade that quickly developed. Various intermediaries (kaiwhakarite) people from one
culture who lived with the other were important in helping establish and maintain trade
networks as well as bridging the cultural gap. Mori women were often used to keep Pkeh
in the community. Mori also worked as crew on ships operating between Port Jackson
(Sydney) and the Bay of Islands. Contact was often strained through Sydney first. Mori
were receptive to many of the new ideas that came with contact. Literacy, introduced by the
Christian missionaries, became an increasingly important feature of Mori culture from the
1830s.

The Musket Wars

1820s iwi movements map

Up to one-fifth of the Mori population was killed during the intertribal Musket Wars of the
1810s, 1820s and 1830s. Despite the label, these conflicts were not caused solely by the
introduction of European technology in the form of the musket. These wars were about
tikanga (custom) and often involved the settling of old scores. They would have occurred
whether contact had been made or not.
Mori used the musket in war according to Mori criteria; firearms contributed to rather than
determined Mori history.
Mori society was organised and maintained by a number of core beliefs and practices,
including mana (status), tapu (controls on behaviour) and utu (revenge to maintain societal
balance). These predetermined how Mori interacted with other people and what they
expected from the Europeans they encountered.

British first steps

New Zealands first mission station

In the early 1830s the Christian missionaries who had been working in New Zealand for
nearly 20 years believed that Gods work was being hindered by a general sense of chaos
and violence. They pressured the Colonial Office to take action, but colonisation was an
expensive business and London was not convinced of its necessity. New Zealand was not a
sovereign state, so making formal arrangements with Mori was difficult.
Britains first steps were tentative. In 1833 James Busby was appointed as Britains first
official Resident in New Zealand. Given little official support and provided with no means of
enforcing his authority, he was to seek any assistance he might need from the Governor of
New South Wales (who was also reluctant to spend money or time on New Zealand).

The New Zealand Companys United Tribes flag

Busby attempted to create a sense of identity and collective government by encouraging a
number of northern chiefs to choose a flag to represent New Zealand (1834) and sign a
Declaration of Independence of New Zealand (1835). The 34 chiefs who signed the
declaration called upon King William IV of Britain to become their father and protector.
The ambitious settlement plans of the New Zealand Company upped the ante. The
Companys plans to buy large quantities of (cheap) land for settlement led to concerns that
Mori would be defrauded. The survey ship Tory left for New Zealand in May 1839 to
purchase land and prepare settlements for the emigrants the Company was recruiting.

Wellington Harbour, 1841

The Colonial Office responded by sending William Hobson to New Zealand with instructions
to obtain sovereignty over all or part of New Zealand with the consent of chiefs. Once he had

done so, New Zealand would come under the jurisdiction of the Governor of New South
Wales. Hobson left for New Zealand at the end of August. The first shipload of company
emigrants left Britain soon afterwards, though no word had yet been received from the Tory
as to the success of its mission. Hobson arrived in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840, a
week after the Aurora arrived in Wellington Harbour with the first cargo of new settlers.
Neither party was aware of the arrival of the other but clearly time was of the essence if
they were to achieve their contradictory aims.
Meanwhile William Wakefield, the New Zealand Companys principal agent in New Zealand,
had moved to secure the Companys position in the Cook Strait region. In late 1839 he had
beaten the Crown to the punch by making major land purchases.

Treaty of Waitangi
Within a few days of his arrival in the Bay of Islands Hobson helped by British residents
including Busby and the missionaries Henry and Edward Williams drafted the Treaty of
Waitangi, which was presented to a gathering of Mori on the grounds of Busbys home at
Waitangi. The merits of the document were debated for a day and a night before more than
40 Mori chiefs, led by Ngpuhis Hne Heke Pkai, signed it on 6 February. By September,
another 500 Mori had signed copies of the treaty that had been sent around the country. At
the end of 1840, New Zealand ceased to be governed from New South Wales and became a
colony in its own right, with Hobson as Governor.

Treaty of Waitangi
Regarded as New Zealands founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a source of
much debate and controversy ever since 1840. The differences between the English- and
Mori-language versions of the Treaty are at the heart of this debate. While the British
maintained that Mori had ceded sovereignty via the Treaty, Mori heavily outnumbered the
new settlers and at first little changed on the ground. This is illustrated by the official
response to the 1843 Wairau Incident (or Massacre as it was known to Europeans), in which
22 settlers were killed by Ngti Toa in a dispute over land. Governor Robert FitzRoy insisted
that Ngti Toa had been provoked by the settlers and took no action. The disgruntled settler

community viewed this lack of action as confirming that their needs were seen as secondary
to those of Mori.
In 1846 a New Zealand Constitution Act (UK) proposed a form of representative government
for New Zealands 13,000 colonists. The new Governor, George Grey, argued that the settler
population could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Mori
majority and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years.
Once more settlers argued their needs were being overlooked. The Colonial Office was
bombarded with memorials and petitions, to no avail.

New Zealand's Provinces 1853-1876 (Te Ara)

The new constitution introduced in 1852 established a system of representative government
for New Zealand. Six (eventually ten) provinces were created, with elected superintendents
and councils. At the national level, a General Assembly was established consisting of a
Legislative Council appointed by the Crown and a House of Representatives elected every
five years by men over the age of 21 who owned, leased or rented property of a certain
value. As Mori possessed their land communally, almost all were excluded (four Mori
parliamentary seats were eventually created in 1867, but in a Parliament with 76 members
their impact was negligible). New Zealands first Parliament met in Auckland in 1854 (it
would shift to Wellington in 1865). The Governor retained responsibility for defence and
Mori affairs until 1864.

3/10 524pm http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/history-of-new-zealand-1769-1914

Sejarah New Zealand 1769-1914

Peta yang menunjukkan perjalanan di masak
Penduduk Mori & Pkeh, tahun 1838-1901
Dalam tempoh antara pendaratan Eropah yang pertama dan perang dunia pertama,
New Zealand telah berubah dari satu semata-mata tindakan dunia ke dalam salah

satu yang Pkeh menguasai berangka, politik, sosial dan ekonomi. Kaji selidik ini
luas New Zealand ' lama abad ke-19' [1] bermula dengan kedatangan James Cook
pada 1769 dan diakhiri pada tahun 1914, Bilakah New Zealand menjawab panggilan
lengan bagi 'Raja dan negara'.
Orang hubungan pertama
Pada masa orang-orang Eropah yang pertama tiba, tindakan telah menetap di
tanah, setiap sudut yang datang dalam kepentingan dan pengaruh kaum (iwi) atau
kaum kecil (hap) Kumpulan. Abel Tasman adalah yang pertama peneroka Eropah
yang diketahui telah mencapai New Zealand, pada Disember 1642. Masa di sini
adalah ringkas. Beliau hanya bertemu dengan tindakan berakhir teruk, dengan
empat anak kapal terbunuh dan tindakan dipecat atas tindak balas. Tasman
dinamakan tempat kita sekarang panggil Bay Golden Bay 'Moordenaers'
(pembunuh). Selepas dia meninggalkan pada awal Disember 1643, Tasman di New
Zealand telah menjadi garisan ragged di peta dunia. Tindakan maklum balas untuk
lawatan ini adalah kurang dikenali, selain cebisan-cebisan kisah-kisah yang
direkodkan pada abad ke-19.
Peta yang menunjukkan perjalanan di masak
Ia akan menghadapi 127 tahun sebelum seterusnya mencatatkan antara Eropah
dan tindakan. Peneroka British James Cook tiba di Bay kemiskinan pada Oktober
1769. Pelayaran beliau ke selatan Pasifik adalah terutamanya ekspedisi saintifik,
tetapi British tidak kabur untuk memperluaskan perdagangan dan Empayar.
Perancis tidak jauh di belakang. Masak bulat atas North Island pada Disember 1769,
penjelajah Perancis Jean Franois Marie de Surville adalah hanya 40 km ke baratlaut dalam. Pengasingan di New Zealand adalah pada penghujungnya.
Dalam tempoh 60 tahun hubungan bertambah. Majoriti pertemuan antara Eropah
dan tindakan berlalu tanpa sebarang kejadian, tapi Bilakah perkara pula bertukar
ganas banyak diperbuat daripada pembunuhan orang-orang Eropah. Serangan ke
atas kapal belayar Boyd pada 1809 Disember adalah salah satu contoh. Kejadian itu
menyaksikan beberapa kelasi merujuk kepada New Zealand sebagai 'Cannibal Isles'
dan orang-orang diberi amaran untuk mengemudi jelas. Sedikit rujukan dibuat
membalas dendam yang diambil oleh whalers Eropah, dengan kerugian besar hidup
tindakan. Persatuan mubaligh Gereja Anglikan (CMS) ditangguhkan untuk
menubuhkan misi Kristian pertama di New Zealand.
Hubungan dengan sealers dan whalers yang mula tiba di beratus-ratus dalam
dekad akhir abad ke-18 dan dengan peniaga-peniaga yang ingin membangunkan
pasaran baru sebahagian besarnya terhad kepada Utara jauh dan 'Selatan
mendalam'. Tindakan yang tinggal di kawasan pedalaman mempunyai sedikit atau
tiada hubungan dengan orang Eropah sebelum 1840.
Pkeh-tindakan Barnet terbakar

Orang-orang hap dan iwi yang menemui orang-orang Eropah yang sering bersedia
dan peserta-peserta yang berjaya dalam perdagangan yang cepat dibangunkan.
Perantara yang pelbagai (kaiwhakarite) orang-orang dari satu budaya yang hidup
dengan yang lain adalah penting dalam membantu mewujudkan dan mengekalkan
rangkaian perdagangan serta merapatkan jurang budaya. Tindakan wanita sering
digunakan untuk menyimpan Pkeh di dalam masyarakat. Tindakan juga bekerja
sebagai krew kapal-kapal yang beroperasi antara pelabuhan Jackson (Sydney) dan
Bay of Islands. Orang hubungan adalah sering 'tegang melalui Sydney pertama'.
Tindakan telah menerima banyak idea-idea baru yang datang dengan kenalan. Celik
huruf, yang diperkenalkan oleh mubaligh Kristian, menjadi satu ciri semakin penting
budaya tindakan dari tahun 1830-an.
Peperangan Musket
Peta pergerakan iwi 1820s
Sehingga satu perlima daripada penduduk Mori terbunuh semasa Musket Iroquoia
1810s itu, 1820s dan tahun 1830-an. Walaupun label, konflik ini tidak disebabkan
oleh pengenalan teknologi Eropah dalam bentuk musket yang. Peperangan ini
adalah kira-kira tikanga (adat) dan sering terlibat menetap lama markah. Mereka
akan berlaku sama ada kenalan telah dibuat atau tidak.
Tindakan menggunakan musket yang dalam Perang mengikut kriteria tindakan;
senjata api telah menyumbang kepada daripada sejarah tindakan ditentukan.
Tindakan masyarakat diadakan dan disenggarakan oleh beberapa teras
kepercayaan dan amalan, termasuk mana (status), tapu (Kawalan pada tingkah
laku) dan utu (balas dendam untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan masyarakat). Ini
masa yang telah ditetapkan bagaimana tindakan berinteraksi dengan orang lain
dan apa yang mereka harapkan daripada orang-orang Eropah yang mereka
dihadapi.
Langkah-langkah pertama yang British
Stesen misi pertama di New Zealand
Di awal tahun 1830-an mubaligh Kristian yang bekerja di New Zealand selama
hampir 20 tahun percaya bahawa kerja Tuhan adalah dihalang oleh pengertian
umum huru-hara dan keganasan. Mereka tertekan ke pejabat jajahan untuk
mengambil tindakan, tetapi penjajahan adalah sebuah perniagaan yang mahal dan
London tidak berkeyakinan terhadap keperluan anak. New Zealand adalah tidak
berdaulat, jadi membuat urusan rasmi dengan Mori adalah sukar.
Langkah-langkah yang pertama di Britain adalah tentatif. Pada 1833 James Busby
telah dilantik sebagai residen rasmi pertama di Britain di New Zealand. Diberi
sokongan rasmi yang kecil dan dibekalkan dengan n