Concept of Chemistrys Subject in 10th Grade

Name of Group:
Putri Mega Ananda
12030194250
Semester
Chapter
Subject
Concept
Chemistry
The role of chemistry

13030194004
Example
Acid Bases, Atomic Structure, etc.

in life
The essence

material that covers the

Composition,

structure, composition,

properties, and

chemistry
Scientific method

properties, and changes in

changes Materials

matter and energy that

And Energy

Safety in

accompany it.
A preventive and relief efforts

Fire (Smoke

Design and arrangement of the room

Laboratories

against accidents as a result of

Detector, Sprinkle,

must fulfill the requirements, determine

design, systems, processes and

alarm), Gas

the location and emergency equipment,

activities in the laboratory

Leakage (Gas

use of safety equipment at work, etc.

The process of thinking to

Detector), First Aid

Formulate the

How the influence of the catalyst in the

solve the problem in a

problem, formulate

reaction rate? conducting experiments

systematic, empirical, and

hypotheses, collect

on the catalyst

controlled.

the data, to test the

and Safety

Odd

Dzalilah Zharva Livia A

Definition
Attributes
Natural science that studies the Structure,

Scientific
Method

hypothesis,
formulating
Odd

The development of
atomic models
Bohr's atomic

10

conclusions.
Atomic model of

John Dalton explained that the atom

development

Dalton, Joseph

was the smallest particle elements that

of the Atomic

John Thomson,

can not be subdivided, eternal and can

The

structure and

Model

Ernest Rutherford,

not be destroyed likewise can not be

quantum mechanics
Atomic number and

Niels Bohr and

created., Thompson atomic model is

Atomic Theory

often referred to as a model of raisin

mass number
Electron

Using Wave

bread with bread as a positively charged

Mechanics.

atoms and raisins as electrons are

configuration and
orbital diagram
Group and period
Periodicity properties
of elements
Isotopes, isobars,

spread evenly The whole piece of

Quantum

Basic branch of physics that

Werner Karl

bread.
Position of electrons in an atom can not

Mechanics

replaces the classical

Heisenberg, Erwin

be determined with certainty, but that

mechanics to atomic and

Schrdinger,

can be determined is the probability of

subatomic level.

Maxwell, Niels

finding the electron at a given point at a

Bohr De Broglie

certain distance from the core. The

Law, Principles of

room which has the greatest probability

of finding an electron is called orbitals.
1H, 8O

isoton

Elements

A list of the elements are

Uncertainty
Grouping on Metal

Periodic

arranged with certain rules

and non-metal, Mr,

System

Ar, atomic number,

mass number,
Octave Law
Newlands,
Mendeleev
Periodic System,
classes, properties
of the element

10

Odd

Lewis structure
Ionic bonding and

Chemical

Strong attractive forces

period
Covalent bonding,

bonding

between certain atoms

ionic bonding,

combine to form molecules or

electrons, octet rule

ions combined so that the

lewis

situation becomes more stable.

Chemical bonds are formed

Occurs due to the

due to the electrostatic force of

handover of

attraction between positive

electrons, occurred

ions with negative ions.

between positive

covalent bonding
Coordinate covalent
bond
Polar and nonpolar

Ion bond

covalent
compounds
Metal bonding
Intermolecular forces
The physical

NaCl, H2O

NaCl

ions and negative

properties of

ions, occurred

compounds

between the metal

and non-metal
elements, elements
that have occurred
between the
ionization energy
with a large
electron affinity

10

Covalent

Bond covalent bond formed by

element
Polar covalent

bonding

shared electrons. Usually

bond and non-polar

covalent bonds occur between

covalent bond.

fellow non-metallic elements.

Coordinate

NH3, H2O

Polar covalent
bond

Covalent bonding electron pair

covalent bond
Soluble in water

handcuffs (PEI) tend to be

and other polar

attracted to one of the bonded

solvents, have the +

atoms.

and poles, due to

alcohol, HCl, PCl3, H2O, N2O5

the uneven
distribution of
electrons, has a
lone pair (if known
molecular shape) or
have different
Nonpolar
covalent bond

Covalent bonding electron pair

electronegativity
Insoluble in water

handcuffs (PEI) attracted

and other polar

equally strong in the direction

solvents, not

of the atoms are bonded.

having the + poles

and - poles, due to
the uneven
distribution of
electrons, not
having a lone pair
(if known
molecular form) or
is the same

10

Cl2, PCl5, H2, N2, CaCl2

Coordinate
covalent bond
Metal bond

Covalent bonds (shared use of

electronegativity
Covalent bonding,

The reaction between ammonia and

electron pairs) in which both

ion transfer,

hydrogen chloride

electrons come from one atom.

Bonding that occurs due to the

electron self
Lorentz, gas

Cu, Al, Au

attraction of the positive

models, models of

charge of the metal pull and

sea of electrons

negative charge of the

Even

Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte

Electrolyte
solution

solution

electrons that move freely

When the solute solution in the

Solute can be

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3,

form of an electrolyte

ionized, the

HClO4,

substance

solution can

Mg(OH)2,Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)3, Ba(OH)2

NaOH,

KOH,

conduct electricity,
including acids,
bases, and salts,
consisting of strong
electrolytes and
Nonelectrolyte
solution

When the solute solution in the

weak electrolytes
Ionized solute, the

C12H22O11

form of non-electrolyte

solution does not

C2H5OH(etanol),

substance

conduct electricity,

NH3(amoniak), C3H7OH(propanol)

include substances
other than acids,
bases and salts (eg,
sugar, alcohol,

10

(larutan

gula),

CO(NH2)2(urea),

urea, etc.)
Even

Oxidation-Reduction

Release and

An oxidation occurs when

Oxidation

uptake oxygen

4Fe + 3O2

eaction concept
Compound or ionic

Uptake of
Qxygen

atom on the reaction. A

oxidation number
Naming of

Atoms

reduction occurs when a

Concept

substance releases of an

releases oxygen

Electrons

oxygen atom.
Reduction refers to the gain of

Oxidation

Transfer

electrons. Oxidation refers to

Concept

the loss of electrons

compound

substance uptakes an oxygen

Oxidation

Reduction

loss electrons
Reduction

Reduction

2Hg + O2

2HgO

2Cu

2Cu2+ + 4e (oxidation)

O2 + 4e

Concept of

Oxidation is defined as an

gain of electrons
Oxidation =

Oxidation

increase in oxidation number.

increase in

Number

Reduction is defined as a

oxidation number

Change

decrease in oxidation number

Reduction =

2Fe2O3

2Cu + O2

2O2-

(reduction)

2CuO (redox)

C (s) + O2 (g)

CO2 (g)

decrease in
Oxidation

The number of electrons that

oxidation number
Metal H-P-C-S-I-

KCl compound, the position of K is

Number

the element has lost or gained

Br-Cl-N-O-F

more leftward than that of Cl. K has

is defined as oxidation

The elements on

positive oxidation number (+1), while

numbers.

the left side will

Cl has negative oxidation number (-1).

have positive
oxidation number,
on the right side

10

will have negative

Reaction between substance

oxidation number.
A substance that

that act both as reductants and

can be both as

oxidants.

reductant and

Nomenclatur of compounds,

oxidant
Naming of ionic

ionic and

which elements have more

compounds which

covalent

than one oxidation number.

its metal elements

Autoredox
Reaction

Naming the

compound

have more that one

oxidation number,
Naming ion
polyatomic
compounds which
its non-metal
elements have
more than one
oxidation number,
Naming covalent
compounds which
its non-metal
elements have
more than one
oxydation number.

10

3MnO42- + 4H+

2MnO4- + MnO2

+ 2H2O

Fe2+ + Cl-

FeCl2 iron (II) chloride

HgCl

mercuric chloride

HgCl2

mercurous chloride

Even

Basic
Chemical
Laws

3F2 + 2H2

F2 + 4HF

2Cu + O2

2CuO

The Laws of conservation of

Mass of compound

mass is the total amount of

before and after

matter of the reaction

reaction is the sam

compounds remains constant

Laws of definite proportions is

The porportion

the mass of each element

equals to the

which formed a compound has

comparison of

a definite proportion

relative atomic

Law of couple proportions

mass
If the weight

state if two elements are able

composisition of

in NO and N2O

to form more than one

each pair can form

NO

N : O = 14 : 16

compound, in which mass of

more than one

one element is constant, the

known compound,

N2O

N : O = 28 : 16

portion of other element mass

we can use couple

has a simple ratio

Law of volume combination

proportion

state the reacted gass and

V 1=

a1
x V2
a2

Mr Cu = 63.55
Mr O = 16
Cu : O = 3.93 : 1
The proportion of N mass and O mass

H2 + Cl2

2HCl

2H2 + O2

2H2O

H2 + Cl2

2HCl

product gases, if measured in

the same temperature and
pressure, will produce a simple

10

ratio
Avogadro hypothesis state

Different gas (at

equal volume of gases, at

equivalent

equivalent temperatures and

temperature and

pressures, contain the same

pressure) have

number of particle

similar volume

3H2 + N2

2NH3

Molecules 1 :
Molecules 2 = V1 :
Mole

In stoichiometry, the unit

V2 = a1 : a2
The number of

The number of S atoms in 0.4 mol of

concepts

defined as the amount of

particles = mol x

H2S

particles in the substance is

6.02 x 1023

called mole

(atom for element /

molecule for
compound)

a x mol x 6.02 x 1023

= 1 x 0.4 x 6.02 x 1023

= 2.4 x 1023 atoms

Volume of 1 mole
gas can be written

PV
=RPV =nRT
nT
Application of

The reactant which is

Limiting reactant

mole concept

exhausted first compared with

have smaller mole

in the
chemical
calculation

10

the other reactant is called

limiting reactant

2Al + 3H2SO4

Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

I 0.1 0.5

R 0.1 0.15

0.05 0.15

0.05 0.15

0.35