Final Report Mean Queue Time Study For The Lu - Kumar Network - Nyan Soe Lynn

Acad Year
MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR
(14/15)
NETWORK
PROJECT
NO.
(B004)
MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR NETWORK
NYAN SOE LYNN
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
2014/2015
MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR NETWORK
SUBMITTED
BY
NYAN SOE LYNN
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
A final year project report

presented to
Nanyang Technological University
in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering)
Nanyang Technological University
2014/2015
NTU Final Year Project Report on:

Mean queue time study for the Lu-Kumar network
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLWDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... v
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1
1.1
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Objectives................................................................................................................. 1
1.3
Scope of Work ......................................................................................................... 2
1.4
Organization ............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2
2.1
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................ 4
Queuing theory ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1
Basic queuing process ...................................................................................... 4
2.1.2
Input Source (Calling population) ................................................................... 4
2.1.3
Queue ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4
Queue Discipline .............................................................................................. 5
2.1.5
Service Mechanism .......................................................................................... 5
2.1.6
Utilization factor .............................................................................................. 5
2.1.7
Stability of queuing system .............................................................................. 6
2.1.8
Littles Law ...................................................................................................... 6
2.1.9
Kendalls Notation ........................................................................................... 6
2.2
Lu-Kumar re-entrant Network ................................................................................ 7
2.2.1
Stability of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network ....................................................... 7
2.2.2
Virtual Stations of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network ............................................ 8

CHAPTER 3
3.1
METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 9
Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network ............................................................... 9
3.1.1
Development of Simulation model .................................................................. 9
3.1.2
Parameter of the simulation model, deterministic case .................................. 18
3.1.3
Manual book-keeping..................................................................................... 19
3.1.4
Parameters of the simulation model, uniform distribution arrival time ........ 19
3.2
Stability, Instability and their relationship ............................................................. 20
3.2.1
Design of Experiment for the Lu-Kumar network started with single inter-
arrival time of 0.9 ........................................................................................................... 20

3.2.2
Design of Experiment for the Lu-Kumar network started with double inter-
arrival time of 0.9 ........................................................................................................... 21

3.3
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar Network ............................................................ 22
3.3.1
Development of Simulation model ................................................................ 22
3.3.2
Parameters of the simulation model ............................................................... 22
3.3.3
Parameters of virtual stations ......................................................................... 22
3.4
Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network.............................. 24
3.4.1
Development of Simulation model ................................................................ 24
3.4.2
Parameters of the simulation model ............................................................... 24
CHAPTER 4
4.1
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .......................................... 27
Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network ............................................................. 27
4.1.1
Simulation Result, deterministic inter-arrival time ........................................ 27
4.1.2
Book Keeping................................................................................................. 30
4.1.3
Simulation Result, uniform distribution inter-arrival time ............................. 61
4.2
Stability, Instability and their relationship ............................................................. 63
4.2.1
System started single 0.9 inter-arrival time .................................................... 63
4.2.2
System started with double 0.9 inter-arrival time .......................................... 79
4.3
Condition needed to bring the system back to the stable state ............................. 100
4.4
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network........................................................... 101
ii

4.4.1
4.5
Relationship between virtual stations and MM1 queue ............................... 101

Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network............................ 104
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION........................................... 106

5.1
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 106
5.1.1
Stability Region of the Lu-Kumar network.................................................. 106
5.1.2
Stability, Instability and their relationship of the Lu-Kumar network ......... 106
5.1.3
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network ................................................... 107
5.1.4
Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network .................... 107
5.2
LEARNING ......................................................................................................... 107
5.3
RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK ................................................. 107
5.3.1
Stability, Instability and their relationship of the Lu-Kumar network ......... 107
5.3.2
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network ................................................... 108
5.3.3
Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network .................... 108
REFRENCES ....................................................................................................................... 109

APPENDIX A: m. file to simulate the Lu-Kumar network with deterministic service and
inter-arrival time .................................................................................................................. 110
APPENDIX B: m. file to run virtual stations with exponential arrival and service time..... 111
APPENDIX C: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85 ................... 112
APPENDIX D: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_1.10_1.10_1.10 ................... 121
APPENDIX E: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20 .................... 124
APPENDIX F: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_0.8_0.8_0.8 ................... 127
APPENDIX G: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.0_1.0_1.0 .................. 130
APPENDIX H: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20 ............ 134
iii

ABSTRACT
Manufacturing system, communication network, silicon wafer manufacturing plant, internet
service provider domain and freeway system are usually modelled with multi-class queuing
network. The aim of this project is to deeply understand the nature of the Lu-Kumar
network. The queue time of the Lu-Kumar network is hard to predict due to the mutual
blocking of virtual stations in the network.
In most of the literature, the stability of a network is discussed using a fluid model. But in
this project, the stability of a network is investigated by mean of manual book-keeping as
well as simulation model with deterministic inter-arrival time and service time. The
condition, for which the network will come back to the stable state when there is a small
disturbance at an initial state, is also examined.
To understand the nature of virtual stations in a network, the network is simulated with
MatEvent simulation model in which Poisson distribution is used for inter-arrival time and
Exponential distribution is used for service times. Moreover, two buffers at service centre B
of the Lu-Kumar network are merged into one queue to understand the blocking nature of the
network and the queue time is compared with MM1 queue time.
From the book-keeping and simulation result, it is found that the stability region of the
deterministic Lu-Kumar network is discrete. It is about 1.5 times of more consecutive jobs
are needed for the system started with double 0.9 inter-arrival time than that started with
single 0.9 inter-arrival time.
Furthermore, total queue time of the network with exponential distribution arrival time and
service time shows strong linearity relationship with MM1 queue time. Thus, the queue time
of the Lu-Kumar network can be approximated by Kingmans approximation if the
coefficient of variability can be determined. It is also recommended to find out the
coefficient of variability in the network analytically. When two buffers at service centre B
are merged into one queue, it shows the similar behaviour of MM1 model at two extreme
points.
In this project, the network is started with either single or double 0.9 inter-arrival times and
the threshold for each system to come back to the stable state is determined. It is recommend
to examine the critical point for the network started with triple 0.9 inter-arrival time to come
back to the stable state and compare with two cases explained in this report.
iv

ACKNOWLWDGEMENTS
The author would like to extend his gratitude to individuals who have helped and supported
throughout this project.
Firstly, the author would like to express deep appreciation towards Assistant Professor Wu
Kan for his guidance, patience, support, encouragement and willingness to teach and share
the valuable insight from his research and experience.
Secondly, the author also would like to thank the research fellow, Dr. Daniel David
Moskovich for his guidance and assistance towards clearing the doubts regarding with the
Lu-Kumar network and book-keeping.
Thirdly, the author would like to thank his peer, Cheung Wai Lun for his assistance and
helpful discussion over this project.
Last, but not least, the author would like to thank his family, friends and class-mates for their
constant support and encouragement.

Table of Figures
Figure 1, Basic queuing process............................................................................................... 4
Figure 2, Lu-Kumar re-entrant network. .................................................................................. 7
Figure 3, Entity Generator sub-system..................................................................................... 9
Figure 4, Entity Sink. ............................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5, Lu-Kumar network simulation model..................................................................... 11
Figure 6, Simulation model of service centre A..................................................................... 12
Figure 7, Simulation model of service centre B. .................................................................... 13
Figure 8, Queue and timer sub-system. .................................................................................. 14
Figure 9, Service time attribute block. ................................................................................... 15
Figure 10, Set Attribute block and its parameter. .................................................................. 16
Figure 11, Output switch block and its parameter. ................................................................ 17
Figure 12, Path Combiner block and its parameter. ............................................................... 17
Figure 13, Data acquisition subsystem................................................................................... 18
Figure 14, Simulation model of merged queue at station B. .................................................. 26
Figure 15, Total queue time of first 30th samples of stable system. ....................................... 28
Figure 16, Total queue time of first 30 samples of unstable system. ..................................... 29
Figure 17, WIP growth in front of class 2 and class 4 of the unstable network with IA=1.0 40
Figure 18, WIP growth in front of virtual stations in the unstable network with IA=1.2 ...... 59
Figure 19, WIP growth in front of virtual stations in the stable network with IA=1.2 .......... 60
Figure 20, Total queue time of first 300 samples with different uniform distribution arrival
time. ....................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 21, Relationship of total average queue time and MM1 queue time of Case A. ...... 102
Figure 22, Relationship of total average queue time and MM1 queue time of Case B........ 103
Figure 23, Graph of total queue time over MM1 queue time ratio vs. service time variation of
m2 and m3. ........................................................................................................................... 105
vi

List of Tables
Table 1 Variation of inter-arrival time for following entities ................................................ 20
Table 2 Variation of service time of virtual stations .............................................................. 22
Table 3 Variation of service time of all service centres ......................................................... 23
Table 4 Combination of m2 and m3 variation ....................................................................... 24
Table 5 Book Keeping for inter-arrival time =0.8 ................................................................. 31
Table 6 Book Keeping for inter-arrival time =1.0 ................................................................. 32
Table 7 Book Keeping for inter-arrival time= 1.1 ................................................................. 41
Table 8 Book Keeping for unstable network with inter-arrival time=1.2...............................40
Table 9 Book Keeping for stable network with inter-arrival time=1.2...................................45
Table 10 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_1.50_1.50_1.50_... ................................. 64
Table 11 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_1.40_1.40_1.40_... ................................. 65
Table 12 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_... ................................ 68
Table 15 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205_... .......................... 74
Table 16 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201_... .......................... 76
Table 17 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time= 0.9_0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201_... ................... 80
Table 18 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205..........................77
Table 19 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.21_1.21_1.21_... .......................... 86
Table 20 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.25_1.25_1.25_... ......................... 84
Table 21 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_... ......................... 93
Table 24 Consecutive jobs needed to bring the system back the stable state ...................... 100
Table 25 Variation of service time of m2 and m3................................................................ 104
Table 26 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85_... .............................. 112
Table 27 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_1.10_1.10_1.10_... ............................... 121
Table 28 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20_... .............................. 124
Table 29 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_0.8_0.8_0.8_... .............................. 127
Table 30 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.0_1.0_1.0_... .............................. 130
Table 31 Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20_... ........................ 134
vii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Queuing networks are used to model manufacturing systems, communication networks,

silicon wafer manufacturing plants, internet service provider domains, freeway systems or
customers waiting scenarios at ATM at the bank. Recent research is focused on multi-class
queuing network [1]. In multi-class queuing network, customers served at same stations have
different requirement and follow different paths. Such networks are used to model the silicon
wafer manufacturing facilities in which wafers follow a deterministic route and revisit the
same station multiple times because same tools and same stations would be needed at
different stages of production for the same wafer. Multiclass queuing networks of this type
are called re-entrant line queuing networks. [1, 2]
There are very high numbers of steps in a silicon wafer manufacturing process and the
economical efficiency is very crucial because of high investment in manufacturing facilities,
the decision could not depends solely on intuition or primitive heuristics. However, the exact
calculation of queuing network is very expensive for practical engineering purposes. Thus,
simulation of two service centres Lu-Kumar re-entrant line network will be the starting point
to understand the complex queuing system.
There are considerable literatures on stability and control polices of multi-class queuing
networks [3 -5]. The approach using fluid models to establish the stability region for the LuKumar network is well covered in the paper by Dai and Weiss [6].
However, in this report, simulation and book-keeping approach is deployed other than the
earlier literature. To investigate the range of stability region, book-keeping is utilized as interarrival time and service time are deterministic. To understand the condition in which the LuKumar network will come back to the stable state when there is a disturbance at the initial
state of the system, the book-keeping method is also used. The author also will seek to
explain how synchronisation between virtual stations will affect the stability of the Lu-Kumar
network. To explore the nature of virtual stations in the Lu-Kumar network, simulation model
is configured and the simulated result will be compared with a MM1 queue.
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of this final year project are:
To find the stability region of a Lu-Kumar network with a deterministic interarrival time and deterministic service time.
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To investigate the behaviour of the Lu-Kumar network when the inter-arrival

time is changed from an instable range to a stable range.
To understand the behaviour of a virtual station in the Lu-Kumar network.
To understand the nature of the queuing system when queues at Service Centre
B of the Lu-Kumar network are merged into one queue.
1.3
Scope of Work
For this study for the Lu-Kumar network, the following assumptions are made
The buffer at each service station is assumed to be infinite.
No pre-emptive interruption within the queuing system during service for every
station.
The travelling time for entities between the stations is instantaneous.
The external inter-arrival times as well as service times of each sever are
independent and identically distributed (iid)
The scope of this FYP is as follow:
Design and develop of Lu-Kumar network model using MatLab SimEvent.
Verify the model by comparing with the MM1 queue model
Identify the virtual stations in the network
Analyse the behaviour of virtual station by comparing with MM1 model
Determine the stability range of the network for deterministic service time and
deterministic inter-arrival time.
Perform book-keeping to visualize and understand how queue grows at each

service station and to test the stability of the network
Investigate the condition on which the system will come back to the stable state
when the initial inter-arrival times are not at the stable region.
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1.4
Organization
This report is divided into five chapters. The scope of the respective chapters is as follows:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter highlights the significance of multi-class queuing networks and also introduces
the two service centres Lu-Kumar re-entrant network which is the main focus of this report.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter introduces the basics of queuing theory and the features in the Lu-Kumar
network. The features include:
Stability of the network.
Virtual stations in the network.
Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter highlights the investigation approach, method of experiments, development of
simulation models and parameter of simulation models for each case.
Chapter 4: Results, Analysis and Discussion
This chapter shows the result of book-keeping for deterministic condition as well as the result
of simulation result under both deterministic arrival time and uniform distribution arrival time
with deterministic service time. Moreover, it explains the condition where the system will
come back to stable state even after small disruption at initial state under the deterministic
condition. This chapter also explains the relationship between virtual stations and MM1 queue
from the simulation result. In addition, it shows performance of the system where queues at
Service Centre B are merged by comparing with MM1.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work
This chapter present the conclusion and suggest possible directions for future works.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Queuing theory
2.1.1 Basic queuing process

Customers who require the service enter the queuing system by following queue discipline.
The customers are from calling population or input source. After the customers have acquired
the service from server, they leave the queuing system. The process is show in Fig. 1.Queuing
theory is a branch of Operations Research because the results gathered can be used to make
decisions about the resources (number of servers, type of queue) required to provide a service.
Figure 1, Basic queuing process.
2.1.2 Input Source (Calling population)

The total number of distinct potential customers from which arrivals come is defined as
calling population. The size can be either infinite or finite. For the ease of calculation and
mathematical model, it is often assumed that infinite population even though the actual size is
relatively large finite number.
The finite case is more difficult analytically as the number of customers in the system affects
the number of potential customers in the calling population. Thus, finite calling population
assumption must be made if the number of customers in the queuing system significantly
affects the rate that new customers arrive.
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The time between two consecutive arrivals is defined as inter-arrival time (1/). Usually the
inter-arrival time is assumed to be Poisson process in which customers arrival to the queuing
system is random but at a certain fixed mean rate.
Sometimes there are unusual assumptions for arrival of customers behaviour. For example, if
queue is too long, the customers decide not to enter the system. Such behaviour is called
balking.
2.1.3 Queue
The queue is where customers wait before being served. Queues are called infinite or finite
depending on whether the capacity is infinite or finite. If the upper bound of the queuing
system is small enough to fill with some inter-arrival frequency, the finite queue must be
assumed.
2.1.4 Queue Discipline

The queue discipline is defined as the order or discipline in which customers are selected for
service. And it refers to scheduling policy in Lu-Kumar network. For example, First Buffer
First Serve (FBFS) or Last Buffer First Serve (LBFS).
2.1.5 Service Mechanism

The service mechanism consists of one or more service facilities, each of which contains one
or more parallel service channel, called servers. The time taken for a customer to complete the
service at a server is referred to the service time (1/). For each server, the probability
distribution must be defined. Usually exponential distribution model is assumed for service
time for simplicity purpose. Other important service-time distributions are the degenerate
distribution (constant service time) and the Erlang (gamma) distribution.
2.1.6 Utilization factor

Utilization factor represents the fraction of the systems service capacity that is being utilized
on the average by arriving customers. Utilization factor () is referred to the ratio of mean
arrival rate () to mean service rate (s). It is the expected fraction of time the individual
servers are busy.
=
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2.1.7 Stability of queuing system

For a queuing system to be stable, the mean arrival rate should be less than the mean service
rate. In other words, the utilization should be less than 1. For the scheduling policies to be
stable, the utilization must be less than 1. When the utilization is greater than 1, the queue will
grow infinitely and the system will be unstable.
2.1.8 Littles Law

Littles Law represents the relationship between the expected number of customers in the
queuing system and the cycle time (service time plus queuing time) of the system. Littles
Law is perhaps most widely used in queuing theory
=
L=expected number of customers in the queuing system

=expected arrival rate
W=cycle time (service time plus queue time)
2.1.9 Kendalls Notation

Queuing model are described by Kendalls notation. Both inter-arrival time and service times
are assumed to be independent and identically distributed.
Distribution of service times
--/--/--
Number of servers
Distribution of inter-arrival times

The notation can represents respectively as follow.
M= exponential distribution (Markovian or Memoryless- Poisson process)
D= degenerate distribution (Deterministic-constant times)
Ek= Erlang distribution
G= general distribution (General independent distribution).
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2.2
Lu-Kumar re-entrant Network
The Lu-Kumar re-entrant network is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2, Lu-Kumar re-entrant network.

m1, m2, m3 and m4 are service time for respective service station. The arrival rate is 1.
The operational policy is that Last Buffer First Serve (LBFS) policy at Station A and First
Buffer First Serve (FBFS) policy at Station B. The priority buffer is highlighted with orange
in each station inside the figure.
2.2.1 Stability of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network

According to [7], under this operational policy, the system is stable if and only if
1 = 1 (m1 + m4 ) 1
2 = 1 (m2 + m3 ) 1
v = 1 (m2 + m4 ) 1
Assume that
The service time and arrival rate follows exponential distribution.
1=1, m1=0.2, m2=0.6, m3=0.1, m4=0.6
Then utilization of each service centre is
1=0.8 and 2=0.7.
Even though the utilization of each service centre is less than unity, the system is not stable
because the utilization of virtual station is greater than unity,
i.e. v=1.2.
If the static-buffer-priority policy is used, the maximum throughput is
{
1
1
1
,
,
}
1 + 4 2 + 3 2 + 4
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2.2.2 Virtual Stations of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network

Virtual stations affect the global stability of queuing networks as some buffers can never be
served simultaneously even though they are at different stations. [8]
Jobs in buffer 2 and buffer 4 can never be processed simultaneously.
Under the operational policy,
2 ()4 () = 0 0
if 2 (0)4 (0) = 0 . Thus, classes {2, 4} form a virtual station. [9]
If v = 1 (m2 + m4 ) > 1 , with probability one, the total number of jobs goes to infinity.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network
3.1.1 Development of Simulation model

The Lu-Kumar network model is designed in the MatLab SimEvent software. The model is as
shown in Fig. 5.The simulation model consists of Service Centre A, Service Centre B, Entity
Generator sub-system and Entity Sink.
Time-based Entity Generator and inter-arrival time block
Figure 3, Entity Generator sub-system.

The entity generator sub-system consists of two blocks which are inter-arrival time block and
time-based entity generator block. The time-based entity generator block generates the entity
based on the port-t which is connected to inter-arrival time block.
Entity Sink
After the entity is served by the servers, the entity is destroyed in the entity sink block as
shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 4, Entity Sink.
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Service time for m1, m2, m3 and m4 are set at service time 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
For deterministic case, the service time and inter-arrival time are set as constant. But the
model is simulated by m.file to vary the deterministic inter-arrival time according to the
experimental requirements. The Matlab file (.m) to run the Lu-Kumar network with
deterministic inter-arrival time and service time is shown in Appendix A.
For Poisson arrival and exponential service time, the inter-arrival time is varied according to
the utilization of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 respectively to simulate the Lu-Kumar network in
which the effect of the virtual stations to be investigated. But the model is simulated by
m.file. The m.file is written in such a way that the inter-arrival time is varied according to the
utilization of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 respectively and the respective data are collected. The
Matlab file (.m) to run the Lu-Kumar network with Poisson arrival and exponential service
time is shown in Appendix B.
Fig. 6 and 7 show the detail design of Service Centre A and Service Centre B of the LuKumar network respectively.
Each service centre consists of queue and timer sub-system, data acquisition sub-system,
server sub-system and entity routing sub-system.
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Figure 5, Lu-Kumar network simulation model.
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Figure 6, Simulation model of service centre A.
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Figure 7, Simulation model of service centre B.
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Queue and timer
The entity waits at the queue if the server is busy. Only FIFO rule is applied for all the queue in
this project. The start timer counts the time when an entity comes inside the queue and the read
timer counts the time when the entity goes outs from the queue so that the waiting time at the
queue can be calculated.
Figure 8, Queue and timer sub-system.

Service time sub-system
Service time sub-system consists of service time attribute block and server. The service times are
set as attribute and the entity is served according to that attribute value at server. The
configuration is shown in Fig. 9.
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Figure 9, Service time attribute block.

Routing entity sub-system
The routing entity sub-system consists of set attribute block, attribute function block and path
combiner. Each entity is set to the particular attributes at set attribute block which is shown in
Fig. 10. Based on the attributes, output switch will route the entity ethier reloop or exit. The
output switch is shown in Fig. 11.The path combiner block (Fig. 12) is responsible for setting the
pirority rule according to Lu-Kumar network scheduling policy. For example, at Service Centre
A, buffer 4 will be pirority compared to buffer 1.
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Figure 10, Set Attribute block and its parameter.
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Figure 11, Output switch block and its parameter.
Figure 12, Path Combiner block and its parameter.
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Data Acquisition
The Data Acquisition subsystem, shown in Fig. 13, is responsible for capturing the queuing time
of each entity at each buffer. The Output and Stop Logic Block calculates the average elapsed
time of the entities in the queue. The Stop Block will terminate simulation after the pre-set
number of samples is simulated. The Stop Block is only included at the buffer 4 which is the end
of the queuing network. The average elapsed time signal will be captured by the Signal Latch
Block and written in the memory event. Discrete Event Signal to Workspace Block receives
discrete event input signal and writes it on the specific array.
Figure 13, Data acquisition subsystem.
3.1.2 Parameter of the simulation model, deterministic case

The above simulation model is utilized to perform the simulation for deterministic case. The
respective parameters are shown below.
The deterministic service time for respective service station is as follow:
m1=0.2, m2=0.6, m3=0.1 and m4=0.6
The deterministic inter-arrival time is varied as follow:
AT =0.69, 0.7, 0.79, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6.
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Only first 30 samples are simulated as 30 samples are good enough to determine the stability of
the system. The total queue time for each case is plotted for the first 30 samples.
3.1.3 Manual book-keeping

The deterministic service time for respective service station in the Lu-Kumar is the same as
above.
The manual book-keeping is performed with deterministic inter-arrival time as follow so that the
behaviour of interaction among the servers can be understood in depth as well as the WIP growth
in front of class 2 and class 4 can be investigated.
AT=0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2
3.1.4 Parameters of the simulation model, uniform distribution arrival time

The deterministic service time for each station in the network is the same as above experiment.
m1=0.2, m2=0.6, m3=0.1 and m4=0.6
But the inter-arrival time is set as uniform distribution as follow.
(a) Uniform distribution between 0.8 and 0.90; unif (0.8,0.9)
(b) Uniform distribution between 0.8 and 0.905; unif (0.8,0.905)
(c) Uniform distribution between 0.8 and 0.9005; unif (0.8,0.9005)
(d) Uniform distribution between 0.8 and 0.92; unif (0.8,0.92)
(e) Uniform distribution between 0. 8 and 1.0: unif (0.8,1.0)
19 | P a g e

3.2
Stability, Instability and their relationship
3.2.1 Design of Experiment for the Lu-Kumar network started with single
inter-arrival time of 0.9
In order to examine the relationship between stability and instability, the experiment is set as
follow.
The deterministic service time for each station is the same as above experiment.
m1=0.2, m2=0.6, m3=0.1 and m4=0.6
The inter-arrival time for 1st entity 0.9 because the system is unstable when inter-arrival time is
exactly 0.9. In order to find out the condition that the system will come back to stable state, the
deterministic inter-arrival time for following entities are varied as shown in Table 1A.
TABLE 1A: VARIATION OF INTER-ARRIVAL TIME FOR THE FOLLOWING ENTITIES
No.
Inter-arrival time
Value
1.
AT
0.85
2.
AT
1.1
3.
AT
1.2
4.
AT
1.5
5.
AT
1.4
6.
AT
1.3
7.
AT
1.25
8.
AT
1.21
9.
AT
1.205
10.
AT
1.201
20 | P a g e

3.2.2 Design of Experiment for the Lu-Kumar network started with double
inter-arrival time of 0.9
To examine the difficulty for this Lu-Kumar network to come back to the stable state and to
compare with the network started with single inter-arrival time of 0.9, the first two inter-arrival
times is set as 0.9_0.9. The following deterministic inter-arrival time is varied as shown in Table
1B.
TABLE 1B: VARIATION OF INTER-ARRIVAL TIME FOR FOLLOWING ENTITIES
No.
Inter-arrival time
Value
1.
AT
0.8
2.
AT
1.0
3.
AT
1.20
4.
AT
1.201
5.
AT
1.205
6.
AT
1.21
7.
AT
1.25
8.
AT
1.3
9.
AT
1.4
10.
AT
1.5
21 | P a g e

3.3
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar Network

The same Lu-Kumar network simulation model is used and it is simulated by using m.file to run
with different parameters. The m.file is shown in Appendix B.
3.3.2 Parameters of the simulation model

Both inter-arrival time and service time are set as the exponential distribution. The exponential
mean of service time for each station is fixed and the exponential mean of inter-arrival time is
varied to achieve the utilization of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 respectively. This can be achieved
by writing the m.file to simulate with different inter-arrival time. 90% confidence interval is used
when analysing the queuing time for each station as well as the total queuing time.
In this experiment, each observation is made up of 32 samples. Each batch of sample consists of
200,000 data points (sample size) and the first 400,000 data points are neglected as a warm up
samples. A warm up is used to allow the system to reach steady-state before the system behaviour
is analysed.
3.3.3 Parameters of virtual stations

To investigate the nature of virtual stations in the Lu-Kumar network, the service time of virtual
stations are varied as shown in Table 2.But the total average service time of the virtual station is
kept constant mean value of 0.8.
TABLE 2: VARIATION OF SERVICE TIME OF VIRTUAL STATIONS
Combination
Station A
Station B
m1
m4
m2
m3
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.3
0.0
22 | P a g e

7
0.0
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
To observe the effect of varying the service time of m1 and m3, the service times are varied as
shown in Table 3.But the total average service time of each station including the virtual stations is
kept constant mean value of 0.8.
TABLE 3: VARIATION OF SERVICE TIME OF ALL SERVICE CENTRES
Combination
Station A
Station B
m1
m4
m2
m3
0.8
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.8
23 | P a g e

3.4 Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network

The Lu-Kumar network model is updated at service centre B in such a way that buffer at m2 and
buffer at m3 are merged into one more buffer as shown in Fig. 14.
The m.file is written so that the model can be simulated with different parameters. The m.file is
shown in the appendix B.
3.4.2 Parameters of the simulation model

The mean value of exponential service time for m2 and m3 are varied as follow.
TABLE 4: COMBINATION OF M2 AND M3 VARIATION
Combination
m2
m3
1.
0.8
2.
0.1
0.7
3.
0.2
0.6
4.
0.25
0.55
5.
0.3
0.5
6.
0.35
0.45
7.
0.4
0.4
8.
0.45
0.35
9.
0.5
0.3
10.
0.6
0.2
11.
0.65
0.15
12.
0.7
0.1
13.
0.8
And the inter-arrival time is varied from 4, 1.6, 1, 0.88889 and 0.84211 so that utilization of 0.2,
0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 is achieved respectively.
In this experiment, each case is simulated with 32 samples. Again each batch of sample consists
of 200,000 data points (sample size) and the first 400,000 data points are neglected as a warm up
24 | P a g e

samples. The total queue time is compared to the queue time of MM1 model respectively and
graph of the ratio of total queue time to MM1 queue time vs. the service time variation is plotted.
25 | P a g e
Figure 14, Simulation model of merged queue at station B.
26 | P a g e

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network
4.1.1 Simulation Result, deterministic inter-arrival time

The stability region of the Lu-Kumar network is identified when both inter-arrival time and
service time are deterministic. The total queue time of first 30 samples with different inter-arrival
time is shown in Fig. 15 and 16.The former shows total queue time of the stable network and the
latter shows the total queue time of the unstable network. The total queue time of unstable
network is increasing with time. Thus, the system is stable when
0.8 < 0.9
And
1.1
This discrete stability range is because of synchronization between virtual stations when the
virtual stations serve the jobs simultaneously. This synchronization behaviour is discussed in
detail in next section, 4.1.2 Book Keeping.
Even though the utilization of the virtual station is more than unity, the network is still stable as
the inter-arrival time is deterministic and synchronization occurs between virtual stations for
respective case with different oscillation.
And it is also found out that the interaction among service machines and blocking nature of the
network are because of system dynamic not because of probabilistic property of arrival and
service time. As in this case, there is still the blocking nature in the network even though both
service time and inter-arrival time are deterministic.
27 | P a g e
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
total queue time
AT=1.6
AT=1.5
0.4
AT=1.4
AT=1.3
0.3
AT=1.2
AT=1.1
0.2
AT=0.8
0.1
0
0
-0.1
10
15
20
25
30
35
nth samples
Figure 15, Total queue time of first 30th samples of stable system.
28 | P a g e
16
14
12
total queue time
10
AT=0.7
AT=0.69
AT=0.79
AT=0.9
AT=1
10
15
20
25
30
35
nth samples
Figure 16, Total queue time of first 30 samples of unstable system.
29 | P a g e

4.1.2 Book Keeping

4.1.2.1 Inter-arrival time =0.8
The manual book keeping for inter-arrival time of 0.8 is shown in Table 5. When the 2nd entity is
generated, the 1st entity is at m3. After m3 has served 1st entity and 1st entity has already reached
in front of m4, m1 is still serving 2nd entity. Hence, 1st entity has to wait at buffer 4 until 2nd
entity is finished serving by m1 even though m4 is priority. When m1 has served 2nd entity, 2nd
entity goes to m2. Thus, m2 serves 2nd entity and m4 serves 1st entity simultaneously even though
m2 and m4 are virtual stations (ghost machines). It is highlighted with blue colour in the table
when virtual stations serve the jobs simultaneously. Thus, this network is stable because virtual
stations work simultaneously and synchronization occurs even though inter-arrival time is 0.8.
30 | P a g e

TABLE 5: BOOK KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =0.8
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
Entity
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.1)
2nd (0.2)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.1)
3rd (0.2)
4th (0)
4th (0.1)
4th (0.2)
5th (0)
5th (0.1)
5th (0.2)
6th (0)
6th (0.1)
6th (0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.5)
2nd (0.6)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.5)
3rd (0.6)
4th (0)
4th (0.5)
4th (0.6)
5th (0)
5th (0.5)
5th (0.6)
6th (0)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.1)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.1)
4th (0)
4th (0.1)
5th (0)
5th (0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0)
1st (0.5)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.5)
2nd (0.6)
3rd (0)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.5)
3rd (0.6)
4th (0)
4th (0)
4th (0.5)
4th (0.6)
5th (0)
5th (0)
Out
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
31 | P a g e
4.1.2.2 Inter-arrival time=1.0

The manual book keeping for inter-arrival time of 1.0 is shown in Table 6. There is no synchronization between virtual stations and thus, two virtual stations do not serve the entity simultaneously. This is because at 15th
entity, when server, m4 is serving, it starts blocking the incoming entity as m4 is the priority buffer compared to m1. Thus, jobs start accumulating at m1. When m4 clears all the jobs, m1 starts serving the waiting entities. So,
the WIP at m2 slowly increase as m2 has longer service time. While m2 is serving, it itself blocks the m3 to serve the entities. Again, WIP at m3 grows rapidly. When m2 finishes serving all the jobs, m3 starts serving the jobs
which are waiting at buffer 3.This time, there are more jobs than previous cycle because of queue growth in front of m2.Once m3 finishes serving one jobs, m4 will start serving that job and m4 will block again the incoming
jobs. Jobs at m4 will accumulate rapidly as service time of m3 is shorter than that of m4. This time, incoming jobs need to wait longer as there are more jobs waiting at m4. In this manner, the cycle will continue and the
system becomes unstable.
This instability is due to the virtual stations in the network do not synchronize and do not serve simultaneously. Thus, the WIP in front of virtual stations i.e. class 2 and class 4 of the network increase with time. Fig. 17 shows
the WIP growth in front of virtual stations based on the book-keeping result.
TABLE 6: BOOK KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =1.0
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1
1.5
1.7
2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.9
3
3.1
3.6
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
5
5.2
5.6
6
6.2
6.8
Tim
e
diff
I
A
Entit
y
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
m1 (0.2)
1st(0)
1st(0.2)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.3)
2nd(0.5),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.2),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.4)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
1st(0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.4)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0),5th(0),6th (0)
4th(0),5th(0),6th(0),7th(0)
32 | P a g e
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.5
8
8.1
8.7
9
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
10
10.1
10.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
10.7
0.5
11
11.2
11.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
.
7
1
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.2),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
0
.
9
1
13th
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
14th(0.2)
4th(0.1),5th(0),6th(0),7th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.2),9th(0)
8th(0.4),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11th(0)
8th (0)
8th (0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
10th(0.3),11th(0)
10th(0.5),11th(0),12th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0),12th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
12th(0.1)
12th(0.3),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.5)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
11.9
0.6
12
12.2
12.5
13
13.1
13.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
13.8
0.6
13.9
0.1
14
0.1
14.1
14.2
14.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
10th(0.1),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0)
14.4
0.1
15th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0)
14.5
0.1
15th(0)
14th(0.1)
14th(0.6)
15th
15th(0)
4th (0)
4th (0.1), 5th (0)
4th (0.2), 5th (0), 6th (0)
4th (0.3), 5th (0), 6th (0), 7th (0)
4th (0.6), 5th (0), 6th (0), 7th (0)
5th (0.5), 6th (0), 7th (0)
5th (0.6), 6th (0), 7th (0)
6th (0.6), 7th (0)
7th (0.3)
7th (0.6)
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
8th(0.2),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.3),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
8th(0.4),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
33 | P a g e
8th
15
0.5
15.1
0.1
15th(0),16th(0)
15.7
16
16.3
16.9
17
17.5
18
18.1
18.3
18.5
18.7
18.9
19
19.1
19.3
19.5
20
20.1
20.2
20.8
21
21.2
21.4
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0.2),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0)
20th(0.2)
22
0.6
22.2
0.2
22.6
0.4
23
0.4
23.2
0.2
23.8
0.6
24
0.2
24.2
0.2
1
1
16th
17th
18th
19th
13th(0),14th(0)
9th(0.5),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0.3),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.5)
14th(0.6)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2),16th(0)
15th(0.4),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.4),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0.5),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th
21st
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.2)
22nd
22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
23rd
23rd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0)
23rd(0.2)
21st(0.2),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0)
24th
24th(0)
22nd(0.4),23rd(0)
24th(0.2)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0)
25th
25th(0)
24th(0.2)
25th(0.2)
24th(0.4),25th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
34 | P a g e
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
24th(0.6),25th(0)
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th
(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
24.4
0.2
25
0.6
25.1
0.1
26th(0.1)
25.2
0.1
26th(0.2)
25.8
0.6
25.9
0.1
26
0.1
26.1
0.1
27th(0)
26.2
0.1
27th(0)
26.3
0.1
27th(0)
26.4
0.1
27th(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
26.5
0.1
27th(0)
23rd(0.1),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
26.6
0.1
27th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0)
26.7
0.1
27th(0)
25th(0.1),26th(0)
26.8
0.1
27th(0)
26th(0.1)
27
0.2
27.6
0.6
28
0.4
28.2
0.2
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
28.8
0.6
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
29
0.2
29.4
0.4
30
0.6
26th
26th(0)
25th(0.6)
26th(0)
26th(0.6)
27th
28th
27th(0)
27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0),28th(0)
29th
30th
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
31st
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
15th
16th(0.1),17th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.3),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.4),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
16th(0.5),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
17th(0.3),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
17th(0.4),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),
22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
35 | P a g e
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
30.6
31
31.2
31.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
32
0.2
32.4
0.4
32.6
0.2
32.8
0.2
33
0.2
33.2
33.4
33.6
33.8
34
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
34.2
0.2
34.4
0.2
35
35.2
35.6
36
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
36.2
0.2
36.8
0.6
37
0.2
37.2
0.2
37.4
0.2
38
0.6
38.2
0.2
38.6
0.4
39
0.4
32nd
33rd
34th
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0)
27th(0.2),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0)
28th(0.2),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0)
29th(0.2),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0)
30th(0.2),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
31st(0.2),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
32nd(0.2),33rd(0),34th(0)
33rd(0.2),34th(0)
34th(0.2),35th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.4),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0)
26th(0.6)
27th(0.2),28th(0)
27th(0.4),28th(0),29th(0)
36th
36th(0)
36th(0.2)
37th
37th(0)
37th(0.2)
32nd(0.6),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0)
35th(0.2)
33rd(0.6),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0)
1
38th
38th(0)
34th(0.2),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0)
38th(0.2)
34th(0.4),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0)
34th(0.6),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0)
39th
39th(0)
35th(0.6),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0)
39th(0.2)
36th(0.2),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
36th(0.6),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
40th
40th(0)
26th
27th(0)
35th
24th
25th
26th(0.2)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
28th(0.2),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
28th(0.4),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0)
28th(0.6),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0)
29th(0.2),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
29th(0.4),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),
35th(0)
29th(0.6),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),
35th(0)
30th(0.6),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
31st(0.2),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
31st(0.6),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
32nd(0.4),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
23rd
37th(0.4),38th(0),39th(0)
27th(0)
27th(0)
27th(0)
27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
36 | P a g e
39.2
0.2
40th(0.2)
39.8
0.6
40
0.2
40.2
0.2
40.4
0.2
41
0.6
41.2
0.2
41.6
0.4
42
0.4
42.2
0.2
42.8
0.6
42.9
0.1
43
0.1
43.1
0.1
44th(0)
43.2
0.1
44th(0)
37th(0.6),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
38th(0.6),39th(0),40th(0)
41st
41st(0)
39th(0.2),40th(0)
41st(0.2)
39th(0.4),40th(0),41st(0)
39th(0.6),40th(0),41st(0)
42nd
42nd(0)
40th(0.6),41st(0)
42nd(0.2)
41st(0.2),42nd(0)
41st(0.6),42nd(0)
43rd
43rd(0)
42nd(0.4)
43rd(0.2)
42nd(0.6),43rd(0)
43rd(0.6)
44th
44th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0)
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
27th(0.1),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
28th(0.1),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),
43rd(0)
29th(0.1),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
30th(0.1),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),
35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
27th(0)
27th(0.1),28th(0)
27th(0.2),28th(0),29th(0)
27th(0.3),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
37 | P a g e
43.3
0.1
44th(0)
43.4
0.1
44th(0)
43.5
0.1
44th(0)
43.6
0.1
44th(0)
43.7
0.1
44th(0)
43.8
0.1
44th(0)
43.9
0.1
44th(0)
44
0.1
44.1
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
31st(0.1),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),
36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),
41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
32nd(0.1),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
33rd(0.6),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),
43rd(0)
34th(0.1),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
35th(0.1),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
36th(0.1),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),
41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
37th(0.1),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
44th(0),45th(0)
38th(0.1),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),
43rd(0)
0.1
44th(0),45th(0)
39th(0.1),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
44.2
0.1
44th(0),45th(0)
40th(0.1),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
44.3
0.1
44th(0),45th(0)
41st(0.1),42nd(0),43rd(0)
44.4
0.1
44th(0),45th(0)
42nd(0.1),43rd(0)
44.5
0.1
44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0.1)
44.7
0.2
0
.
7
45
0.3
45.3
0.3
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
45.9
0.6
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
45th
44th(0),45th(0)
46th
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
27th(0.4),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0)
27th(0.5),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),
32nd(0),33rd(0)
28th(0.1),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0)
28th(0.2),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
28th(0.3),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
28th(0.4),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0)
28th(0.5),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0)
28th(0.6),29th(0),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),
33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0),39th(0)
29th(0.1),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0)
29th(0.2),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0)
29th(0.3),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
29th(0.4),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
29th(0.6),30th(0),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),
34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
30th(0.3),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),
35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
30th(0.6),31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),
35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
31st(0.6),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),
36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),
38 | P a g e
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st
46
0.1
47th
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
46.5
0.5
47
0.5
47.1
0.1
47.7
0.6
0
.
7
48
0.3
48.3
0.3
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
48.9
0.6
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
49
0.1
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
48th
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0)
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0)
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0)
49th
50th
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0),
50th(0)
41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
32nd(0.1),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
32nd(0.6),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
33rd(0.5),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),
43rd(0)
33rd(0.6),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),
38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),
43rd(0)
34th(0.6),35th(0),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),
39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
35th(0.3),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
35th(0.6),36th(0),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),
40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
36th(0.6),37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),
41st(0),42nd(0),43rd(0)
37th(0.1),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),
42nd(0),43rd(0)
39 | P a g e
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
15
Class 2
Class 4
WIP
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time
Figure 17, WIP growth in front of class 2 and class 4 of the unstable network with IA=1.0
40 | P a g e

Manual book keeping for inter-arrival time=1.1 is shown in Table 7. This system is stable
because of similar behaviour which is m2 and m4 (ghost machines) serve simultaneously even
though they are virtual stations. It is also highlighted with blue colour when virtual stations work
simultaneously.
TABLE 7: BOOK KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME= 1.1
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.4
3
3.1
3.3
3.7
3.9
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.9
6.1
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.4
Entity m1 (0.2)
1st 1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.1)
3rd (0.2)
4th (0)
4th (0)
4th (0.2)
5th (0)
5th (0.1)
5th (0.2)
6th (0)
6th (0)
6th (0.2)
7th (0)
7th (0.1)
7th (0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.5)
2nd (0.6)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.6)
4th (0)
4th (0.5)
4th (0.6)
5th (0)
5th (0.6)
6th (0)
6th (0.5)
6th (0.6)
7th (0)
7th (0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.1)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.1)
4th (0)
4th (0.1)
5th (0)
5th (0.1)
6th (0)
6th (0.1)
7th (0)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
1st (0.6)
1st (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.6)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.2)
3rd (0.6)
4th (0)
4th (0.6)
5th (0)
5th (0.2)
5th (0.6)
6th (0)
6th (0.6)
2nd (0)
3rd (0)
4th (0)
5th (0)
6th (0)
41 | P a g e

7.5
7.7
8.1
8.3
8.8
8.9
9
9.6
9.7
9.9
10.3
7th (0.1)
8th
9th
10th
8th (0)
8th (0)
8th (0.2)
9th (0)
9th (0.1)
9th (0.2)
8th (0)
8th (0.5)
8th (0.6)
9th (0)
9th (0.6)
8th (0)
8th (0.1)
9th (0)
9th (0.1)
10th (0)
10th (0)
7th (0)
7th (0.2)
7th (0.6)
8th (0)
8th (0.6)
9th (0)
9th (0.2)
9th (0.6)
7th (0)
8th (0)
9th (0)

There are two scenarios for inter-arrival time=1.2 case.
One results in unstable system. This is due to the virtual stations that do not serve the entities
simultaneously. Book-keeping for this unstable system is shown in Table 8. At time=9.8,
machine, m2 just finish serving 8th entity and simultaneously, machine, m1 also just finish
serving 9th entity. At the moment, 7th entity is already waiting at machine, m3 and thus, 8th entity
will join the queue behind 7th entity at m3 while 9th entity will be at the entry of m2. Since m2 is
the priority buffer compared to m3, m2 will serve the 9th entity even though 7th entity is already
waiting at m3. That builds up m3 buffer and leads m3 and m4 have to serve longer consecutive
entities. This cycle will repeat itself as m2 will serve the incoming entities resulting m3 buffer
building up and thus, the network becomes unstable. Fig. 18 shows the WIP growth in front of
each virtual station in the unstable network. In this scenario, finishing 8th entity and arriving of 7th
entity are simultaneous without any effects from buffers or entities transfer between stations.
Table 9 shows the book-keeping for stable network with inter-arrival time =1.2. In this scenario,
effects from buffers and entities transfer between stations are considered. With that latency, the
network become stable compared to above case because virtual stations synchronize and serve the
jobs simultaneously. At time=9.8, 7th entity is waiting at m3 buffer and both m2 and m1 have
finished serving 8th entity and 9th entity respectively. After that, both entities will transfer to
buffers of subsequence machines accordingly. During the transfer, both m2 and m3 stations are
free and thus, the 7th entity is transferred to m3 for serving.
42 | P a g e

When m3 finished serving 7th entity, m2 will serve the waiting 9th entity while m4 will serve the
incoming 7th entity. This is when each virtual station serves each respective job simultaneously.
The following cycle will continue repeating thereby, synchronizing virtual stations. That results
in a stable network. Inside the book-keeping, it is highlighted with blue colour when virtual
stations work simultaneously. Fig. 19 shows the growth of WIP in front of virtual stations in the
stable network. It can be seen that the maximum WIP for each machine is kept at a constant of
two jobs all the time.
The main objective of above simulation is to study the buffer effects in a marginally stable
system. The buffer effect is found to stabilize a marginally stable system. Please take note that the
buffer effects of subsequent book-keeping have been eliminated.
43 | P a g e
TABLE 8: BOOK KEEPING FOR UNSTABLE NETWORK WITH INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =1.2
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.4
3
3.2
3.6
3.8
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.7
5.9
6
6.2
6.5
7.1
7.2
7.7
7.8
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.6
9.8
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.9
1.2 2nd
1.1
1.2 3rd
0.8
1.2 4th
m1 (0.2)
1st(0)
1st(0.2)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
0.8
1
1.2 5th
0.9
0.8
1.2 6th
1.1
1.2 7th
1.2 8th
0.8
1.2 9th
0.8
1.1
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.4)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.3),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.4)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0),4th(0)
3rd(0.1),4th(0)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
9th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st(0)
1st(0.3)
1st(0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
2nd
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1),4th(0)
3rd(0.3),4th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.6)
3rd
4th
5th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
5th
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0),9th(0)
44 | P a g e
10.8
11.1
11.7
12
12.3
12.5
12.7
13.1
13.2
13.4
13.7
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
15
15.6
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17
17.6
18
18.2
18.8
18.9
19
19.1
19.2
19.5
20.1
20.4
20.7
21.3
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.9
22.1
22.7
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
1.2 10th
0.9
1.2 11th
0.7
0.8
1.2 12th
1.1
1.2 13th
0.6
1.2 14th
1
1.2 15th
0.8
1.2 16th
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0.2),11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.2),14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
0.8
1.2 17th
0.9
1.2 18th
1.1
1.2 19th
1.1
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
19th(0.2)
7th(0.3),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.3)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.2),11th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.3),12th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.2),14th(0)
13th(0.4),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
15th(0.4)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
17th(0.4),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0),11th(0),12th(0)
10th(0.1),11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0)
12th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
7th
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.1),11th(0)
10th(0.2),11th(0),12th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.6)
10th
11th
12th
13th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0)
13th(0.2),14th(0),15th(0)
13th(0.3),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.3),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
45 | P a g e
22.8
23
23.3
23.9
24
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.6
25.2
25.8
26.4
26.6
26.8
27
27.2
27.6
27.8
28.4
28.8
29
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
30
30.1
30.3
30.9
31.2
31.5
32.1
32.4
32.7
32.9
33.1
33.3
33.5
33.6
33.8
34.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.2 20th
1.1
1.2 21st
1.2 22nd
1.2 23rd
0.8
1.2 24th
0.8
1.2 25th
1.1
1.2 26th
0.9
1.2 27th
0.9
1.2 28th
0.9
1.2 29th
20th(0)
20th(0.2)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.2),23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
24th(0)
24th(0.2)
25th(0)
25th(0.2)
26th(0)
26th(0)
26th(0)
26th(0)
26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.2),27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0.2),28th(0)
28th(0.2)
29th(0)
29th(0.2)
19th(0.1)
19th(0.3),20th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0)
20th(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0)
21st(0.4),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.4),23rd(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0)
24th(0.4)
24th(0.6),25th(0)
25th(0.6)
26th(0)
26th(0.2),27th(0)
26th(0.4),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0.1),28th(0)
27th(0.3),28th(0),29th(0)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0),20th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0)
20th(0.1)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.1),24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0)
25th(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.3),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0)
20th(0.6)
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.3),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
21st(0.4),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.3),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0)
25th(0.3)
25th(0.6)
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th(0)
26th(0)
26th(0)
26th(0),27th(0)
46 | P a g e
34.7
34.8
35
35.3
35.9
36
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
36.6
37.2
37.8
38.4
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40.4
40.8
41
41.6
42
42.2
42.8
42.9
43
43.1
43.2
43.3
43.4
43.5
44.1
44.4
44.7
45.3
45.6
45.9
46.5
46.7
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
1.1
1.2 30th
1.1
1.2 31st
0.6
1.2 32nd
1.2 33rd
1.2 34th
0.8
1.2 35th
1.2 36th
30th(0)
30th(0.2)
31st(0)
31st(0)
31st(0)
31st(0)
31st(0)
31st(0)
31st(0),32nd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0)
31st(0.2),32nd(0),33rd(0)
32nd(0.2),33rd(0)
33rd(0.2),34th(0)
34th(0.2)
35th(0)
35th(0.2)
36th(0)
36th(0.2)
0.8
1.2 37th
0.9
1.2 38th
0.9
1.2 39th
1.1
37th(0)
37th(0)
37th(0)
37th(0)
37th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0.2),38th(0),39th(0)
28th(0.6),29th(0)
29th(0.1)
29th(0.3),30th(0)
29th(0.6),30th(0)
30th(0.6)
31st(0)
31st(0.2),32nd(0)
31st(0.4),32nd(0),33rd(0)
31st(0.6),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
32nd(0.6),33rd(0),34th(0)
33rd(0.4),34th(0)
33rd(0.6),34th(0),35th(0)
34th(0.6),35th(0)
35th(0.4)
35th(0.6),36th(0)
36th(0.6)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
26th(0.1),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
27th(0.1),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
28th(0.1),29th(0),30th(0)
29th(0.1),30th(0)
30th(0.1)
31st(0)
31st(0),32nd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
31st(0),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
31st(0.1),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
32nd(0.1),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
33rd(0.1),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
34th(0.1),35th(0),36th(0)
35th(0.1),36th(0)
36th(0.1)
26th(0)
26th(0.1),27th(0)
26th(0.2),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.3),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
26th(0.4),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
28th(0.6),29th(0),30th(0)
29th(0.6),30th(0)
30th(0.6)
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st(0)
31st(0.1),32nd(0)
31st(0.2),32nd(0),33rd(0)
31st(0.3),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0)
31st(0.4),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0)
31st(0.5),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
31st(0.6),32nd(0),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
32nd(0.6),33rd(0),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
33rd(0.3),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
33rd(0.6),34th(0),35th(0),36th(0)
34th(0.6),35th(0),36th(0)
35th(0.3),36th(0)
35th(0.6),36th(0)
36th(0.6)
37th(0)
47 | P a g e
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
46.8
46.9
47.1
47.3
47.9
48
48.2
48.5
49.1
49.2
49.4
49.7
50.3
50.4
50.5
50.6
50.7
50.8
50.9
51
51.6
52.2
52.8
53.4
54
54.2
54.4
54.6
54.8
55.2
55.4
56
56.4
56.6
57.2
57.6
57.8
58.4
58.5
58.6
58.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.2 40th
1.1
1.2 41st
1.1
1.2 42nd
1.1
1.2 43rd
0.6 0
1.2 44th
1.2 45th
1.2 46th
0.8
1.2 47th
38th(0.1),39th(0),40th(0)
38th(0.2),39th(0),40th(0)
39th(0.2),40th(0)
40th(0.2)
41st(0)
41st(0.2)
42nd(0)
42nd(0.2)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0),44th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
43rd(0.2),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
44th(0.2),45th(0),46th(0)
45th(0.2),46th(0)
46th(0.2)
47th(0)
47th(0.2)
1.2 48th
48th(0)
48th(0.2)
1.2 49th
49th(0)
49th(0.2)
0.8
37th(0.1)
37th(0.2),38th(0)
37th(0.4),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0.6),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
38th(0.6),39th(0),40th(0)
39th(0.1),40th(0)
39th(0.3),40th(0),41st(0)
39th(0.6),40th(0),41st(0)
40th(0.6),41st(0)
41st(0.1)
41st(0.3),42nd(0)
41st(0.6),42nd(0)
42nd(0.6)
43rd(0)
43rd(0.2),44th(0)
43rd(0.4),44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0.6),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
44th(0.4),45th(0),46th(0)
44th(0.6),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
45th(0.6),46th(0),47th(0)
46th(0.4),47th(0)
46th(0.6),47th(0),48th(0)
47th(0.6),48th(0)
48th(0.4)
48th(0.6),49th(0)
49th(0.6)
37th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0)
37th(0),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
37th(0.1),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
38th(0.1),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
39th(0.1),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
40th(0.1),41st(0),42nd(0)
41st(0.1),42nd(0)
42nd(0.1)
37th(0)
37th(0.1),38th(0)
37th(0.2),38th(0),39th(0)
37th(0.3),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0)
37th(0.4),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0)
37th(0.5),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
37th(0.6),38th(0),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
38th(0.6),39th(0),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
39th(0.6),40th(0),41st(0),42nd(0)
40th(0.6),41st(0),42nd(0)
41st(0.6),42nd(0)
42nd(0.6)
43rd(0)
43rd(0)
43rd(0),44th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0)
43rd(0),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
43rd(0.1),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0) 43rd(0)
44th(0.1),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
43rd(0.1),44th(0)
45th(0.1),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
43rd(0.2),44th(0),45th(0)
48 | P a g e
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st
42nd
58.8
58.9
59
59.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.2 50th
50th(0)
50th(0)
50th(0)
50th(0)
46th(0.1),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
47th(0.1),48th(0),49th(0)
48th(0.1),49th(0)
49th(0.1)
43rd(0.3),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0)
43rd(0.4),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0)
43rd(0.5),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0)
43rd(0.6),44th(0),45th(0),46th(0),47th(0),48th(0),49th(0)
49 | P a g e
43rd
TABLE 9: BOOK KEEPING FOR STABLE NETWORK WITH INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =1.2
Time
Time
diff
IA
Entity
m1 (0.2)
Buffer
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
Server
m2 (0.6)
Buffer
Server
m3 (0.1)
Buffer
m4 (0.6)
Server
Buffer
Out
Server
1st
1st(0)
1st(0)
1st(0.2)
0.2
1st(0)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
0.6
1st(0)
0.1
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
0.9
1st(0)
0.3
1st(0)
1st(0.3)
1st(0.3)
1st(0.6)
1.2 2nd
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
0.3
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.2)
0.2
2nd(0)
0.6
1.1
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
50 | P a g e
2.4
2.4
2.4
3
3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.8
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.1
5.7
0.1
1.2 3rd
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
0.6
0.2
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
2nd
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
0.8
3rd(0)
0.4
3rd(0)
3rd(0.4)
1.2 4th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
0.2
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
0.6
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.9
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
3rd(0)
4th(0.1)
1.2 5th
0.3
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.3)
3rd(0.3)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
3rd
4th
51 | P a g e
5.7
5.9
5.9
5.9
6
6
6
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.5
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.8
7.8
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.6
0.2
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
0.8
5th(0)
0.1
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.3)
1.2 6th
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
0.2
6th(0)
6th(0)
0.3
0.6
1.1
0.1
1.2 7th
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
1.2 8th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
6th(0)
5th(0)
6th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
5th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
5th
6th
7th(0)
7th(0)
52 | P a g e
8.8
8.8
9.2
9.2
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.8
10.8
11.2
11.2
11.8
11.8
12
0.2
8th(0.2)
0.4
0.8
0.4
1.2 9th
8th(0)
8th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
0.2
9th(0)
9th(0)
0.1
0.6
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
0.6
1.2 11th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
7th(0)
8th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
7th
8th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
1.2 10th
0.4
0.2
7th(0.2)
7th(0.2)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.4)
8th(0.4)
8th(0.4)
8th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
8th(0.1)
8th(0.2)
8th(0.2)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
53 | P a g e
12
12
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.6
12.6
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.3
13.3
13.4
13.4
13.4
14
14
14
14.1
14.1
14.4
14.4
14.6
14.6
15.2
15.2
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
0.2
0.4
0.6
10th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
0.6
1.2 12th
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
10th(0.2)
10th(0.2)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.1)
12th(0.1)
12th(0.2)
0.1
0.1
10th(0)
10th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
0.6
10th(0)
10th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
12th(0)
0.1
0.9
0.3
1.2 13th
0.2
0.6
12th(0)
12th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.4)
11th(0.4)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
10th
11th
12th
13th(0)
54 | P a g e
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.8
15.8
16
16
16.6
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.8
16.8
17.3
17.3
17.9
17.9
18
18
18.1
18.1
18.1
0.2
13th(0.2)
13th(0)
0.2
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
13th(0.2)
13th(0.2)
13th(0.4)
1.2 14th
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
0.2
14th(0)
14th(0)
0.2
0.6
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
0.1
0.1
1.2 15th
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
1.1
13th(0)
13th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
1.2 16th
16th(0)
16th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
13th(0.1)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
13th
14th
15th(0)
15th(0)
55 | P a g e
18.3
18.3
18.7
18.7
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.3
19.3
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.5
19.5
20
20
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.2
20.2
20.4
20.4
20.6
20.6
21.2
0.2
16th(0.2)
0.4
0.7
0.5
1.2 17th
16th(0)
16th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
17th(0.1)
17th(0.2)
0.1
0.1
15th(0.2)
15th(0.2)
15th(0.6)
16th(0)
16th(0.5)
16th(0.5)
16th(0.5)
16th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
0.1
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0.5)
17th(0.5)
17th(0.6)
0.5
0.1
15th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0)
17th(0)
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
1
1.2 18th
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.6)
16th(0)
16th(0.1)
16th(0.1)
16th(0.1)
16th(0.2)
16th(0.2)
16th(0.4)
16th(0.4)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.6)
15th
16th
17th
56 | P a g e
21.2
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.6
21.6
21.6
21.8
21.8
22
22
22.6
22.6
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.8
22.8
23.3
23.3
23.9
23.9
24
24
24.1
24.1
0.2
18th(0)
18th(0.2)
18th(0)
0.2
1.2 19th
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0.2)
0.2
19th(0)
19th(0)
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
1
0.9
1.2 20th
0.5
20th(0)
20th(0)
0.6
20th(0)
0.1
0.1
1.2 21st
21st(0)
21st(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.2)
18th(0.2)
18th(0.2)
18th(0.4)
18th(0.4)
18th(0.6)
19th(0)
19th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.1)
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0.1)
18th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0.1)
20th(0.1)
20th(0.2)
21st(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.1)
18th(0.1)
18th(0.6)
19th(0)
19th(0.6)
18th
19th
20th(0)
57 | P a g e
24.1
24.3
24.7
24.7
25.2
25.2
25.2
25.3
25.3
25.4
25.4
25.4
25.5
25.4
26
26
26.1
26.1
26.1
26.2
0.2
0.4
21st(0.2)
0.7
0.5
1.2 22nd
21st(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.1)
22nd(0.1)
22nd(0.2)
0.1
0.1
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
21st(0)
21st(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0)
0.1
0.5
20th(0)
20th(0.2)
20th(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0.5)
21st(0.5)
21st(0.5)
21st(0.6)
0.8
0.1
20th(0)
20th(0.1)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.5)
22nd(0.5)
22nd(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0)
22nd(0)
0.1
20th(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.1)
20th(0)
20th(0.1)
20th(0.1)
20th(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.2)
20th
58 | P a g e
15
Class 2
Class 4
WIP
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time
Figure 18, WIP growth in front of virtual stations in the unstable network with IA=1.2
59 | P a g e
Class 2
Class 4
2.5
2
WIP
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Time
Figure 19, WIP growth in front of virtual stations in the stable network with IA=1.2
60 | P a g e

4.1.3 Simulation Result, uniform distribution inter-arrival time

The simulation result of the Lu-Kumar network is shown in Fig. 20 in which the inter-arrival time
is the uniform distribution and the service time is deterministic. The system is stable when the
uniform distribution of the inter-arrival time is between 0.8 and 0.9. When uniform distribution is
(0.8, 0.9), the probability of falling on two end points is zero. In mathematical form,
(0.8) = 0 & (0.9) = 0
Thus, inter-arrival time will never be 0.9 and the system will not go into unstable state. However,
when the uniform distribution of the inter-arrival time is (0.8, 1.0) or (0.8, 0.905) or even (0.8,
0.9005), the system will finally go into unstable state as there is a probability that the inter-arrival
time becomes 0.9 or more than 0.9. When the inter-arrival time becomes 0.9 or more than 0.9, the
system falls into unstable state and will not come back to the stable state in this case even though
the following inter-arrival time is between 0.8 and 0.9. That leads to the next topic of the
condition in which the Lu-Kumar network will come back to the stable state when the initial
inter-arrival time is 0.9 i.e. there is a small disturbance at initial state of the system.
61 | P a g e
250
AT= uniform dis (0.8,0.9)
AT=uniform dis (0.8,0.905)
AT=uniform dis (0.8,0.9005)
200
AT= uniform dis (0.8,0.92)

AT=uniform dis (0.8,1)
Total Q time
150
100
50
0
0
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
nth sample
Figure 20, Total queue time of first 300 samples with different uniform distribution arrival time.
62 | P a g e

4.2
Stability, Instability and their relationship
4.2.1 System started single 0.9 inter-arrival time

After inter-arrival time for 1st entity is 0.9, the system will come back to stable state only when
the inter-arrival time of the following entities is more than 1.2 (excluding 1.2). The respective
book keeping of each experiment is discussed in detail as below.
4.2.1.1 Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85
The system with inter-arrival time =0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85 is not stable as the synchronization
between virtual stations happens only 0.6 sec at 11.35 sec from the start. Only this 0.6sec is not
enough for the system to come back to the stable state.
Book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85_... is shown in appendix C because of
limited space inside this main report. It is highlighted with blue colour when virtual stations work
simultaneously i.e. synchronization occurs between virtual stations. The book-keeping is shown
only until 50th entity because of limited space of the report.
The system with inter-arrival time =0.9_1.10_1.10_1.10_... is also not stable as the
synchronization between virtual stations is not able to cope with the entity growth rate. The bookkeeping for this system is shown in appendix D. The book-keeping is shown only until 30th entity.
The system with inter-arrival time =0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20_... is not stable. Even though there is a
very short time of synchronization among virtual stations at 32.9 sec (28th entity), this only
synchronization time is not enough to make the system to come back to the stable state. The
book-keeping for this system is also shown in appendix E. The book-keeping is shown only until
30th entity.
63 | P a g e

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_1.50_1.50_1.50_... is shown in Table 10. This
system is stable because the inter-arrival time becomes equal to the total service time
(0.2+0.6+0.1+0.6=1.5) of the system. When a particular entity comes into the system, another
entity is about to come out of the system. That helps the system to be balanced and the system
stable even though there is a small disturbance at initial state and synchronization between virtual
machines does not occur at all.
TABLE 10: BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME=0.9_1.50_1.50_1.50_...
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.4
3
3.2
3.8
3.9
4.5
4.7
5.3
5.4
6
6.2
6.8
6.9
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.4
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.9 2nd
1.5 3rd
2.1
1.5 4th
1.5 5th
2.1
1.4
1.5 6th
1.5 7th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd (0)
2nd (0.6)
2nd
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
4th
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
5th
6th(0)
64 | P a g e

9
9.2
9.8
9.9
10.5
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
2.1
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
1.5 8th
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
6th(0.6)
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
7th

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_1.40_1.40_1.40_... is shown in Table 11. This
system is stable as there is frequent synchronization between virtual stations at every 8 entities.
That makes the system to come back to the stable state.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
3.1
3.2
3.7
3.8
4
4.6
4.7
5.1
5.3
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.5
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.9
1.4
2nd
3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.2)
0.8
1.4
1
1.4
1.1
1.4
4th
5th
6th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.5)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.6)
2nd
3rd(0)
3rd(0.5)
3rd(0.6)
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.4)
4th(0.6)
4th
5th(0)
5th(0.3)
65 | P a g e

6.8
7
7.6
7.7
7.9
8.3
8.5
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.8
10
10.6
10.7
11.3
11.5
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.9
13
13.5
13.6
13.8
14.4
14.5
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.9
16
16.3
16.6
16.8
17.4
17.5
17.7
18.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
5th(0.6)
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
6th(0.6)
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
7th(0.6)
7th
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
8th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.5)
10th(0.6)
9th
10th
11th(0)
11th(0.4)
11th(0.6)
11th
12th(0)
12th(0.3)
12th(0.6)
12th
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
13th(0.6)
13th
66 | P a g e

18.3
18.9
19
19.1
19.6
19.8
20.4
20.5
21.1
21.3
21.9
22
22.1
22.7
22.8
23.3
23.4
23.6
24.2
24.3
24.7
24.9
25.1
25.7
25.8
26.1
26.4
26.6
27.2
27.3
27.5
27.9
28.1
28.7
28.8
28.9
29.4
29.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
14th(0.2)
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
17th(0.2)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.2)
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0.2)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0.2)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0.2)
22nd(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.6)
16th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0.6)
19th(0)
19th(0.6)
20th(0)
20th(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
16th(0)
16th(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
18th(0)
18th(0.1)
19th(0)
19th(0.1)
20th(0)
20th(0.1)
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
14th(0.6)
14th
15th(0)
15th(0.6)
15th
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.5)
17th(0.6)
16th
17th
18th(0)
18th(0.4)
18th(0.6)
18th
19th(0)
19th(0.3)
19th(0.6)
19th
20th(0)
20th(0.2)
20th(0.6)
20th
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.6)
21st
22nd(0)
67 | P a g e

30.2
30.3
30.9
31.1
31.7
31.8
31.9
32.5
32.6
33.1
33.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
22nd(0.6)
1.4
1.4
0.9
1.4
23rd
24th
25th
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
24th(0)
24th(0.1)
24th(0.2)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0.6)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.1) 22nd(0)
22nd(0.6) 22nd
23rd(0)
23rd(0.1)
24th(0)
24th(0.1)
25th(0)
25th(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0.5)
24th(0.6)
23rd
24th

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_...is shown in Table 12. The system
is stable because there is also frequent synchronization between virtual stations at every 4 entities.
The time when synchronization occurs is highlighted inside the table.
TABLE 12: BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_...
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.4
3
3.1
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.6
4.8
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd (0.5)
2nd (0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.4)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
68 | P a g e

5.2
5.4
6
6.1
6.7
6.9
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.2
8.3
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.7
9.8
10
10.4
10.6
11.2
11.3
11.9
12.1
12.6
12.7
12.8
13.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
1.3
1.3
6th
7th
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
7th(0.2)
0.8
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
8th
9th
10th
11th
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.5)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.5)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
4th(0.6)
4th
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.4)
7th(0.6)
6th
7th
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
8th(0.6)
8th
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
10th

is also stable because there is frequent synchronization between virtual stations at every 3 entities.
The synchronization period is highlighted inside the table. That makes the system to come back to
the stable region even though there is a small disturbance at initial state.
69 | P a g e

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.15
2.3
2.35
2.4
3
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.6
4.65
5.2
5.4
5.9
6
6.1
6.7
6.8
7.15
7.4
7.6
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.9
9.1
9.65
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.45
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.05
0.55
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.55
0.9
1.25
2nd
3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.15)
3rd(0.2)
0.85
1.25
4th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
1.1
1.25
1.25
0.8
0.9
1.25
5th
6th
7th
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
1.05
1.25
1.25
8th
9th
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd (0.45)
2nd (0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.5)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.05)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.3)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.05)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.35)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
7th(0.6)
Out
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th(0)
8th(0.55)
70 | P a g e

9.7
9.8
9.85
10.45
10.55
10.9
11.15
11.35
11.95
12.05
12.15
12.65
12.85
13.4
13.45
13.55
13.6
14.2
14.3
14.65
14.9
15.1
15.7
15.8
15.9
16.4
16.6
17.15
17.2
17.3
17.35
17.95
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.6
0.1
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.6
0.1
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.6
9th(0.05)
9th(0.15)
9th(0.2)
1.25
1.15
1.25
1.25
10th
11th
12th
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0.05)
12th(0.15)
12th(0.2)
0.8
1.25
13th
1.05
1.15
1.25
14th
1.25
15th
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.05)
15th(0.15)
15th(0.2)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.55)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.55)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.35)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.35)
12th(0.6)
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
14th

is also stable because there is frequent synchronization between virtual stations at around every 3
71 | P a g e

entities. The synchronization period is highlighted inside the table. That makes the system to
come back to the stable region even though there is a small disturbance at initial state.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.11
2.3
2.31
2.4
3
3.1
3.32
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.53
4.6
4.73
5.33
5.43
5.74
6.03
6.23
6.83
6.93
6.95
7.53
7.73
8.16
8.33
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.41
0.19
0.01
0.09
0.6
0.1
0.22
0.38
0.2
0.6
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.6
0.1
0.31
0.29
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.02
0.58
0.2
0.43
0.17
0.9
1.21
0.89
0.99
1.21
1.18
1.21
0.9
1.21
2nd
3rd
0.6
4th
0.6
5th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.19)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.07)
5th(0.2)
6th
6th(0)
0.6
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
1.09
1.19
1.21
1.21
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd (0.41)
2nd (0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.01)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.03)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
8th
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.22)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.31)
5th(0.6)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.17)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
Out
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th
0.6
m4 (0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.02)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.43)
7th(0.6)
6th
7th(0)
72 | P a g e

8.36
8.43
9.03
9.13
9.37
9.73
9.93
10.53
10.58
10.63
10.78
11.38
11.48
11.79
12.08
12.28
12.88
12.98
13
13.58
13.78
14.21
14.38
14.41
14.48
15.08
15.18
15.42
15.78
15.98
16.58
16.63
16.68
16.83
17.43
17.53
17.84
0.03
0.07
0.6
0.1
0.24
0.36
0.2
0.6
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.6
0.1
0.31
0.29
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.02
0.58
0.2
0.43
0.17
0.03
0.07
0.6
0.1
0.24
0.36
0.2
0.6
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.6
0.1
0.31
8th(0.2)
0.87
1.21
1.16
1.21
9th
0.6
10th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.05)
10th(0.2)
0.8
1.21
1.09
1.19
1.21
1.21
0.97
1.21
1.16
1.21
0.9
1.21
11th
0.6
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0.17)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.05)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.43)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.6)
7th(0.03)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.05)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0.03)
12th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.05)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.24)
8th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.31)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.02)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.24)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.31)
9th
11th
12th
13th
14th
73 | P a g e

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205_...is shown in Table 15. The
system is also stable even though the following inter-arrival time is close to 1.2. There is frequent
synchronization among virtual station at around every 3 entities and the synchronization period is
highlighted inside the table.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.105
2.3
2.305
2.4
3
3.1
3.31
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.515
4.6
4.715
5.315
5.415
5.72
6.015
6.215
6.815
6.915
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.405
0.195
0.005
0.095
0.6
0.1
0.21
0.39
0.2
0.6
0.015
0.085
0.115
0.6
0.1
0.305
0.295
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.9
0.8
1.205
0.895
0.995
1.205
1.19
1.205
0.9
1.205
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.195)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.085)
5th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.405)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.005)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.015)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
1.095
1.195
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.21)
3rd(0.6)
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.305)
5th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
6th(0)
74 | P a g e

6.925
7.515
7.715
8.13
8.315
8.33
8.415
9.015
9.115
9.335
9.715
9.915
10.515
10.54
10.615
10.74
11.34
11.44
11.745
12.04
12.24
12.84
12.94
12.95
13.54
13.74
14.155
14.34
14.355
14.44
15.04
15.14
15.36
15.74
15.94
16.54
16.565
0.01
0.59
0.2
0.415
0.185
0.015
0.085
0.6
0.1
0.22
0.38
0.2
0.6
0.025
0.075
0.125
0.6
0.1
0.305
0.295
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.01
0.59
0.2
0.415
0.185
0.015
0.085
0.6
0.1
0.22
0.38
0.2
0.6
0.025
1.205
0.79
1.205
0.885
0.985
1.205
1.18
1.205
0.8
0.9
1.205
1.195
1.205
0.79
1.205
0.985
1.205
1.18
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.185)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.075)
10th(0.125)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0.185)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
6th(0.01)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.415)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.415)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.015)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.025)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.22)
8th(0.6)
6th
7th
8th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.305)
10th(0.6)
10th
11th(0)
11th(0.01)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.015)
12th(0.1)
12th(0)
13th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.22)
13th(0.6)
11th
12th
13th
14th(0)
14th(0.025)
75 | P a g e

4.2.1.10
Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201_...is shown in Table 16. The
system is also stable because there is frequent synchronization between virtual stations at around
every 3 entities. The synchronization period is highlighted inside the table.
After 2nd entity (Inter-arrival time =0.9), if the 3rd entity inter-arrival time is 1.2 exactly, the
synchronization between virtual stations becomes absent. If the next inter-arrival time is 1.2
exactly, 3rd entity will block the 2nd entity at m2 (priority buffer) of Station B. Thus, the next
inter-arrival time should be a little bit more than 1.2 so that 3rd entity will not have a chance to
block the 2nd entity and synchronization will form. It will clear the entities faster. After one cycle
of the transition state, the rest cycle will repeat itself and the system will come back to stable
state.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.101
2.3
2.301
2.4
3
3.1
3.302
3.7
3.9
4.5
4.503
4.6
4.703
5.303
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.401
0.199
0.001
0.099
0.6
0.1
0.202
0.398
0.2
0.6
0.003
0.097
0.103
0.6
0.9
1.201
2nd
3rd
0.6
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.199)
3rd(0.2)
0.899
1.201
1.198
1.201
4th
0.6
5th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.097)
5th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.401)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.001)
2nd(0.1)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.003)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.202)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
Out
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
76 | P a g e

5.403
5.704
6.003
6.203
6.803
6.903
6.905
7.503
7.703
8.106
8.303
8.306
8.403
9.003
9.103
9.307
9.703
9.903
10.503
10.508
10.603
10.708
11.308
11.408
11.709
12.008
12.208
12.808
12.908
12.91
13.508
13.708
14.111
14.308
14.311
14.408
15.008
15.108
0.1
0.301
0.299
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.002
0.598
0.2
0.403
0.197
0.003
0.097
0.6
0.1
0.204
0.396
0.2
0.6
0.005
0.095
0.105
0.6
0.1
0.301
0.299
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.002
0.598
0.2
0.403
0.197
0.003
0.097
0.6
0.1
0.9
1.201
5th(0.1)
6th
6th(0)
0.6
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
1.099
1.199
1.201
0.798
1.201
0.897
0.997
1.201
0.596
1.196
1.201
0.8
0.9
1.201
1.099
1.199
1.201
0.798
1.201
0.997
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
8th
9th
0.6
10th
0.1
0.2
11st
12nd
13th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.197)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.095)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
12nd(0)
12nd(0)
12nd(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0.197)
13th(0.2)
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th
0.6
5th(0)
5th(0.301)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.002)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.403)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11st(0)
11st(0.6)
12nd(0)
12nd(0.403)
12nd(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.003)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.005)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11st(0)
11st(0.1)
12nd(0)
12nd(0.003)
12nd(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.204)
8th(0.6)
6th
7th
8th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.301)
10th(0.6)
10th
11st(0)
11st(0.002)
11st(0.6)
12nd(0)
12nd(0.6)
13th(0)
12nd
77 | P a g e

15.312
15.708
15.908
16.508
16.513
16.608
0.204
0.396
0.2
0.6
0.005
0.095
1.201
1.196
1.201
14th
15th
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.095)
13th(0.204)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.005)
14th(0.1)
14th(0)
78 | P a g e

4.2.2 System started with double 0.9 inter-arrival time

After inter-arrival time for first two entities is 0.9, the system will come back to stable region
when the inter-arrival time for following entities is more than 1.2 (excluding 1.2) but more
consecutive jobs are needed to bring back the system to the stable state compared to the system
started with single 0.9 inter-arrival time. The respective book keeping of each experiment is
discussed in detail as below.
4.2.2.1 Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_0.8_0.8_0.8
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_0.8_0.8 is shown in appendix F. The system
is not stable. Because the following inter-arrival times are too short and the synchronization
between two virtual stations cannot cope with entity generation.
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.0_1.0_1.0is shown in appendix G. The
system is also not stable even though there is little synchronization between virtual stations.
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20 is shown in appendix H.
This system is not stable and the number of entities continues to grow because there is no
synchronization between virtual stations.
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201 is shown below. This
system is stable because of synchronization between virtual stations. The synchronization
happens when m3 service station is serving 4th entity. Thus, 6th is waiting at m2 service station for
m3 to finish serving 4th entity. Once m3 service station finished serving 4th entity, it will go to m4
and m4 start serving 4th entity. At the same time, m2 start serving 6th entity. That is when
synchronization happens between m2 and m4 which are virtual stations. Similar behaviour
happens for the following cycle. That makes the system to come back to the stable state.
79 | P a g e
TABLE 17: BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME= 0.9_0.9_1.201_1.201_1.201_...

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.001
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.202
4.4
4.6
5
5.403
5.6
5.603
5.7
6.3
time diff
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.001
0.099
0.5
0.6
0.002
0.198
0.2
0.4
0.403
0.197
0.003
0.097
0.6
IA
Entity
m1 (0.2)
1st
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
1.2
1.201 4th
0.1
1.199
1.201 5th
0.798
1.201 6th
0.897
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.002),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.197)
6th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.403)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.001)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.003),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.001)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
4th
80 | P a g e
6.4
6.5
6.604
7
7.6
7.8
7.805
8.005
8.4
9
9.006
9.046
9.146
9.206
9.806
9.906
10.207
10.406
11.006
11.206
11.408
11.608
11.806
12.406
12.506
12.606
0.1
0.1
0.104
0.396
0.6
0.2
0.005
0.2
0.395
0.6
0.006
0.04
0.1
0.06
0.6
0.1
0.301
0.199
0.6
0.2
0.202
0.2
0.198
0.6
0.1
0.1
1.097
1.201 7th
0.6
1.196
1.201 8th
0.595
1.195
1.201 9th
0.8
0.9
1.201 10th
0.999
1.201 11st
0.998
1.098
1.198
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.04)
9th(0.14)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0.005)
7th(0.205),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.202)
10th(0.402),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.06),8th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
11st(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
5th(0.204),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
8th(0.401),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
81 | P a g e
12.609
13.106
13.706
13.81
13.906
14.106
14.506
15.011
15.106
15.206
15.211
15.306
15.811
15.906
16.006
16.212
16.411
17.011
17.211
17.413
17.613
17.811
18.411
18.511
18.611
18.614
0.003
0.497
0.6
0.104
0.096
0.2
0.4
0.505
0.095
0.1
0.005
0.095
0.505
0.095
0.1
0.206
0.199
0.6
0.2
0.202
0.2
0.198
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.003
1.201 12th
1.097
1.201 13th
0.696
1.201 14th
0.895
0.995
1.201 15th
0.999
1.201 16th
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.104),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.095)
14th(0.195)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
0.998
1.198
1.201 17th
17th(0)
10th(0.103),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.505)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.505)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.202)
15th(0.402),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
13th(0.005)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.095),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.095)
13th(0.195),14th(0)
13th(0.401),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.6)
10th
11st
12th
13th
14th
15th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
15th(0.103),16th(0)
82 | P a g e
19.111
19.711
19.815
0.497
0.6
0.104
1.097
1.201 18th
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.104),18th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
15th
16th
4.2.2.5 Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205_

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205_... is shown below. This system is also stable as the following inter-arrival
time is more than 1.2 and synchronization between virtual stations occurs. But it takes longer for the system to come back to steady state (stable
state).
TABLE 18: BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME=0.9_0.9_1.205_1.205_1.205_...
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.005
3.1
3.6
time diff
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.005
0.095
0.5
IA
Entity
m1 (0.2)
1st
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
1.2
1.205 4th
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.005)
3rd(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.005)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
2nd
83 | P a g e
4.2
4.21
4.4
4.6
5
5.415
5.6
5.615
5.7
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.62
7
7.6
7.8
7.825
8.025
8.4
9
9.03
9.1
9.2
9.23
9.83
9.93
0.6
0.01
0.19
0.2
0.4
0.415
0.185
0.015
0.085
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.12
0.38
0.6
0.2
0.025
0.2
0.375
0.6
0.03
0.07
0.1
0.03
0.6
0.1
1.195
1.205 5th
0.79
1.205 6th
1.085
1.205 7th
1.18
1.205 8th
1.175
1.205 9th
0.9
4th(0)
4th(0.01),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.185)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.07)
9th(0.17)
9th(0.2)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.415)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.025)
7th(0.225),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.015),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.03),8th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
5th(0.22),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
84 | P a g e
10.235
10.43
11.03
11.23
11.44
11.64
11.83
12.43
12.53
12.63
12.645
13.13
13.73
13.85
13.93
14.13
14.53
15.055
15.13
15.23
15.255
15.33
15.855
15.93
16.03
16.26
0.305
0.195
0.6
0.2
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.015
0.485
0.6
0.12
0.08
0.2
0.4
0.525
0.075
0.1
0.025
0.075
0.525
0.075
0.1
0.23
1.205 10th
0.995
1.205 11st
1.19
1.205 12th
1.085
1.205 13th
0.68
1.205 14th
0.975
1.205 15th
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.12),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.075)
14th(0.175)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.21)
10th(0.41),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.525)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.525)
14th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
11st(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
13th(0.025)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
8th(0.405),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
10th(0.115),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
10th
11st
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.075),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.075)
13th(0.175),14th(0)
13th(0.405),14th(0)
12th
0.405
85 | P a g e
16.455
17.055
17.255
17.465
17.665
17.855
18.455
18.555
18.655
18.67
19.155
19.755
0.195
0.6
0.2
0.21
0.2
0.19
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.015
0.485
0.6
0.995
1.205 16th
1.19
1.205 17th
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.21)
15th(0.41),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.6)
13th
14th
15th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
15th(0.115),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
15th
16th

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.21_1.21_1.21_... is shown below. This system is also stable as there are times when virtual
stations serve simultaneously i.e. synchronization between virtual stations.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
Out
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
86 | P a g e
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.01
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.22
4.4
4.6
5
5.43
5.6
5.63
5.7
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.64
7
7.6
7.8
8.21
8.41
8.76
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.01
0.09
0.5
0.6
0.02
0.18
0.2
0.4
0.43
0.17
0.03
0.07
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.14
0.36
0.6
0.2
0.41
0.2
0.35
3rd(0.2)
1.1
1
1.21 4th
0.1
0.59
1.19
1.21 5th
0.78
1.21 6th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.02),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.17)
6th(0.2)
0.87
1.07
1.21 7th
0.6
0.96
0.8
1.21 8th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.43)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.05)
7th(0.25),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.01)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.03),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.01)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
5th(0.24),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th(0)
87 | P a g e
9.36
9.42
9.46
9.56
9.62
10.22
10.32
10.63
10.82
11.42
11.62
11.84
12.04
12.22
12.82
12.92
13.02
13.43
13.9
14.5
14.64
14.7
14.9
15.3
15.85
15.9
0.6
0.06
0.04
0.1
0.06
0.6
0.1
0.31
0.19
0.6
0.2
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.41
0.47
0.6
0.14
0.06
0.2
0.4
0.55
0.05
1.15
1.21 9th
0.9
1.21 10th
0.99
1.21 11st
0.98
0.88
0.8
1.21 12th
1.07
1.21 13th
0.66
1.21 14th
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.04)
9th(0.14)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.14),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.05)
9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.22)
10th(0.42),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.55)
13th(0.6)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.06),8th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
11st(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
8th(0.41),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
10th(0.13),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0)
11st(0.6)
10th
11st
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
88 | P a g e
16
16.05
16.1
16.65
16.7
16.8
17.06
17.25
17.85
18.05
18.27
18.47
18.65
19.25
19.35
19.45
19.48
19.95
20.55
20.69
20.75
20.95
21.35
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.26
0.19
0.6
0.2
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.03
0.47
0.6
0.14
0.06
0.2
0.4
14th(0.15)
14th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
0.8
14th(0.55)
14th(0.6)
0.95
1.21 15th
0.99
1.21 16th
1.18
1.21 17th
1.07
1.21 18th
0.66
12th(0.1),13th(0)
13th(0.05)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.14),18th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
18th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.22)
15th(0.42),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.05),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.05)
13th(0.15),14th(0)
13th(0.41),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
15th(0.13),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th(0)
89 | P a g e
4.2.2.7 Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.25_1.25_1.25_...

Book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.25_1.25_1.25_... is shown below. This system is also stable because of synchronization between
virtual stations. It is highlighted with blue colour when virtual stations serve the jobs simultaneously.
TABEL 20 : BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME=0.9_0.9_1.25_1.25_1.25_...
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.25
3.3
3.8
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.8
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1 0.9 2nd
0.6
0.2 0.8
0.1 0.9 3rd
0.2
0.3
0.6 1.1
0.1
1
0.25 1.25 4th
0.05
0.5
0.6 1.15
0.1 1.25 5th
0.1
0.2
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.05)
3rd(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.05)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
90 | P a g e
5.2
5.75
5.8
5.9
5.95
6
6.55
6.6
6.7
7
7.15
7.75
7.95
8.25
8.45
8.55
9.15
9.25
9.35
9.5
9.85
10.45
10.65
10.75
10.95
11.25
0.4
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.35
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.7
1.25 6th
6th(0)
6th(0.05)
6th(0.15)
6th(0.2)
0.8
0.95
1.25 7th
0.95
1.25 8th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
0.9
1.1
1.25 9th
1.15
1.25 10th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.55)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.55)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.3)
7th(0.5),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.1)
9th(0.3),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.05)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.05),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.05)
5th(0.15),6th(0)
5th(0.45),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
7th(0.25),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th(0)
91 | P a g e
11.85
11.95
12.2
12.05
12.55
13.15
13.3
13.4
13.6
14
14.55
14.6
14.7
14.75
14.8
15.35
15.4
15.5
15.8
15.95
16.55
0.6
0.1
0.25
-0.15
0.5
0.6
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.3
0.15
0.6
1.1
1
1.25 11th
0.35
1.1
1.25 12th
0.7
1.25 13th
0.95
1.25 14th
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0)
11th(0.2),12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0.05)
13th(0.15)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.2),12th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.55)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.55)
13th(0.6)
9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
10th(0.05)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0)
12th(0.05)
12th(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.1)
9th(0)
9th(0.05)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.6)
9th
10th
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0.05),12th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.05)
12th(0.15),13th(0)
12th(0.45),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.6)
92 | P a g e
11th
12th
13th

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_... is shown below. This
system is also stable even though there is less frequent synchronization between virtual
stations i.e. less time when virtual stations serve simultaneously.
TABLE 21: BOOK-KEEPING FOR INTER-ARRIVAL TIME =0.9_0.9_1.30_1.30_1.30_...
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.6
5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.9
7
7.1
7.3
7.7
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.1
9.2
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
1.1
1.2
1.3 4th
1.1
1.3 5th
1.2
1.3 6th
1.2
1.3 7th
1.3 8th
0.9
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
8th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
93 | P a g e
6th

9.6
9.7
10.3
10.5
10.9
11.1
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.2
12.4
13
13.2
13.5
13.7
13.8
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.8
15.1
15.7
15.9
16.1
16.3
16.5
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.8
18.4
18.6
18.7
18.9
19.2
19.8
19.9
20
20.5
21.1
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
1.3 9th
0.9
1.3 10th
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
0.8
1
1.3 11st
1
1.3 12th
1.1
1.3 13th
1.1
1.3 14th
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
1
1.2
1.3 15th
1.2
1.3 16th
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
1.1
1.3 17th
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.4)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11st(0)
11st(0.3)
11st(0.5),12th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
13th(0.4),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.3),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11st(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0.1),12th(0)
12th(0.1)
7th(0.5),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
9th(0.4),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.6)
9th
10th
11st(0)
11st(0.1),12th(0)
11st(0.3),12th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.6)
11st
12th
13th(0)
13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0) 13th(0)
14th(0.1)
13th(0.1),14th(0)
13th(0.2),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0) 13th
14th(0.6)
14th
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0) 15th(0)
16th(0.1)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0) 15th
16th(0.6)
16th
94 | P a g e

21.3
21.5
21.9
22.5
22.6
22.7
23.2
23.8
23.9
24
24.2
24.6
25.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.3 18th
17th(0.2),18th(0)
18th(0.2)
1.2
1.3 19th
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0)
20th(0.2)
1.2
1.3 20th
1.3 21st
21st(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0)
18th(0.6)
19th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0)
20th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0) 17th(0)
18th(0.1)
17th(0.1),18th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0) 17th
18th(0.6)
18th
19th(0)
19th(0),20th(0)

The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.40_1.40_1.40_... is shown below. This
system is also stable. When synchronization starts to happen, the system goes into the stable
state around at 12th entity.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
time
diff
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
IA
Entity
m1 (0.2)
1st
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
1.1
1.2
1.4 4th
1.4 5th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
Out
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0) 2nd(0)
3rd(0.1)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.2),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0) 2nd
3rd(0.6)
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
4th(0.4),5th(0)
95 | P a g e

5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6
6.3
6.9
7.1
7.4
7.6
7.7
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.8
9
9.6
9.8
10.2
10.4
11
11.1
11.2
11.6
11.7
12.3
12.5
13
13.1
13.2
13.8
13.9
14.4
14.5
14.7
15.3
15.4
15.8
16
16.2
16.8
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
1
1.2
1.4 6th
1.1
1.4 7th
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
0.9
1.1
1.4 8th
1
1.4 9th
1
1.4 10th
0.9
1.4 11th
0.9
1.4 12th
1
1.4 13th
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.3)
6th(0.5),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.4)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0.5)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.6)
13th(0)
13th(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.3),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
6th(0.4),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.6)
6th
7th
8th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.6)
11th(0)
11th(0.5)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.4)
12th(0.6)
10th
11th
12th
13th(0)
96 | P a g e

16.9
17.2
17.5
17.7
18.3
18.4
18.6
19
19.2
19.8
19.9
20
20.5
20.7
21.3
21.4
22
22.2
22.8
22.9
23
23.6
23.7
24.2
24.3
24.5
25.1
25.2
25.6
25.8
26
26.6
26.7
27
27.3
27.5
28.1
28.2
28.4
28.8
29
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
1.1
1.4 14th
1.2
1.4 15th
1.3
1.4 16th
1.4 17th
1.4 18th
0.9
1.4 19th
1
1.4 20th
1.1
1.4 21st
1.2
1.4 22nd
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.2)
18th(0)
18th(0.1)
18th(0.2)
19th(0)
19th(0)
19th(0.2)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0.2)
21st(0)
21st(0)
21st(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.6)
15th(0)
15th(0.6)
16th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0.6)
19th(0)
19th(0.6)
20th(0)
20th(0.6)
21st(0)
21st(0.6)
22nd(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.2) 22nd(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
16th(0)
16th(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
18th(0)
18th(0.1)
19th(0)
19th(0.1)
20th(0)
20th(0.1)
21st(0)
21st(0.1)
13th(0)
13th(0.3)
13th(0.6)
13th
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
14th(0.6)
14th
15th(0)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.6)
15th
16th(0)
16th(0.6)
16th
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0.5)
18th(0.6)
17th
18th
19th(0)
19th(0.4)
19th(0.6)
19th
20th(0)
20th(0.3)
20th(0.6)
20th
21st(0)
21st(0.2)
21st(0.6)
97 | P a g e

29.6
29.7
29.8
30.3
30.5
31.1
31.2
31.8
32
32.6
32.7
32.8
33.4
33.5
34
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
22nd(0.6)
1.3
1.4 23rd
1.4 24th
1.4 25th
0.9
1.4 26th
4.2.2.10
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0.2)
25th(0)
25th(0.1)
25th(0.2)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0.6)
25th(0)
25th(0.6)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.1)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.1)
24th(0)
24th(0.1)
25th(0)
25th(0.1)
26th(0)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.1)
22nd(0.6)
22nd
23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
23rd
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0.6)
25th(0)
25th(0.5)
24th
Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.50_1.50_1.50
The book-keeping for inter-arrival time=0.9_0.9_1.50_1.50_1.50_... is shown below. This

system is stable because following inter-arrival time become equal the total service time
(m1+m2+m3+m4=1.5). Thus, after the transition state, the entity come out of the system, 0.6
sec after the next entity arrives.
Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.2
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
1.1
1.2
1.5 4th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
Out
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0) 2nd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0) 2nd(0)
3rd(0.1)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0) 2nd
3rd(0.6)
3rd
98 | P a g e

4.4
4.8
5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.9
7.1
7.7
7.8
8.4
8.6
9.2
9.3
9.9
10.1
10.7
10.8
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
1.1
1.5 5th
1
1.5 6th
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0.4)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
1.5 8th
1.5 9th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
4th
5th
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
1.5 7th
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
8th(0)
8th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.1)
8th(0)
8th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.6)
7th
8th(0)
In summary, when the network is unstable, it shows the similar blocking behaviour as in the
case of inter-arrival time=1.0. Service station, m4 will start blocking incoming entities as m4
has priority compared to m1. After m4 clears all the jobs, m1 starts serving the waiting jobs
and the jobs starts accumulating at m2 as service time for m2 (0.6) is longer than that of
m1(0.2). m2 will block itself m3 as m2 has priority compared to m3. When m3 is serving, the
jobs will start accumulating at m4 again as service time for m4 (0.6) is longer than that of m3
(0.1). Then the cycle will repeat and the system becomes unstable. All unstable system shows
similar blocking behaviour with different oscillation or frequency only.
The network becomes stable when two virtual stations synchronize and serves the jobs
simultaneously or the following inter-arrival time is long enough to bring the system back to
the stable state.
99 | P a g e

4.3
Condition needed to bring the system back to the stable state
From above book-keeping, the critical point for the system to be stable is 1.200 when the
inter-arrival time of either first entity or first two entities is 0.9. As long as the following
inter-arrival time is greater than 1.200, the system will be stable. But the point 1.200 is
exclusive.
The consecutive jobs needed for each system to bring them back to the stable state are shown
in Table 24.When counting the following consecutive jobs, it is included the one cycle of
repetition after the transition state to ensure that the system will not go back to the unstable
state.
TABLE 24: CONSECUTIVE JOBS NEEDED TO BRING THE SYSTEM BACK THE
STABLE STATE
Combination
Consecutive jobs
needed to bring
the system back
to stable state
Combination
Consecutive
jobs needed to
bring the system
back to stable
state
0.9_1.201_1.201...
0.9_0.9_1.201_1.201...
14
0.9_1.205_1.205...
0.9_0.9_1.205_1.205...
14
0.9_1.21_1.21...
0.9_0.9_1.21_1.21...
12
0.9_1.25_1.25...
0.9_0.9_1.25_1.25
0.9_1.30_1.30...
0.9_0.9_1.3_1.3_...
14
0.9_1.40_1.40...
10
0.9_0.9_1.4_1.4_...
16
0.9_1.50_1.50...
0.9_0.9_1.5_1.5_...
From the above table, it is concluded that system started with double 0.9 inter-arrival time is
about 1.5 times harder to come back to the stable state than that started with single 0.9 interarrival time.
100 | P a g e

4.4
Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network
The results and analysis are presented based on the individual investigation as listed in the
section on experiment design. In the data obtained from the simulation, for 90% confidence
interval, the errors in 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 utilization cases are mostly within 1% and below 2%. In
utilization 0.9 and 0.95, the errors are mostly between 3% and 6%.
4.4.1 Relationship between virtual stations and MM1 queue

4.4.1.1
Case A
The ratio of total average queue time of the Lu-Kumar network to the MM1 queue time
follows the linear relationship. This linear relationship can be seen for all combination of
cases. The ratio of total average queue time to MM1 queue time across different utilization is
shown in Fig. 22.
From Fig. 21, it can be seen that most of the case follow the nature of MM1 as the ratios are
close to unity except for Case A2, A3 and A4. Case A2, A3 and A4 deviate from the exact
nature of MM1 because the service time of m2 is longer for respective case and m2 is in front
of m4. Thus, m2 is partially blocking m4 and reduce utilization of m4. But when the service
time of m2 is shorter and that of m4, m2 will not block m4 and the system behave close to
MM1.
101 | P a g e

Ratio of Lu-Kumar network queue time and M/M/1

queue time
4.00
3.50
3.00
Case A1
Case A2
Case A3
Case A4
Case A5
Case A6
Case A7
Case A8
Case A9
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.20
0.50
0.80
Utilization
0.90
0.95
Figure 21, Relationship of total average queue time and MM1 queue time of Case A.
4.4.1.2
Case B
The relationship of total average queue time and MM1 queue time of Case B is shown in Fig.
22. The relationship of Case B is less linear than that of Case A and is more deviated from
MM1 model because there is more variability in the network. This nature can be explained by
the Kingmans approximation where,
While in a typical M/M/1 case,
When m1 and m3 are active, the variability of internal arrival time of each server is increased
and that leads to increase the queue time according to Kingmans approximation. When
utilization is higher, this effect is more obvious.
102 | P a g e

Ratio of Lu-Kumar network queue time

and M/M/1 queue time
25
20
15
Case B1
Case B2
Case B3
Case B4
Case B5
Case B6
Case B7
Case B8
Case B9
10
0
0.20
0.50
0.80
Utilization
0.90
0.95
Figure 22, Relationship of total average queue time and MM1 queue time of Case B.
103 | P a g e

4.5
Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network
The total queue time of merged queue at service centre B varied with the combination of m2
and m3 are calculated based on the simulation result. The total queue time is compared with
MM1 model and respective ratio is examined according to utilization of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and
0.95. The total queue time over MM1 queue time ratio is plotted against the combination of
m2 and m3. The graph is shown Fig 23. And the respective value is shown in Table 25.
The ratio becomes unity when m2=0 and m3=0.8. It is because queue of m2 simply join to
queue of m3 as m2=0. Thus, station B simply acts as MM1 queue model.
The ratio become 2 when m2=0.8 and m3=0. It is because m2=0.8 and m2 is priority buffer.
Even though m3=0, every job at m3 is blocked by m2 as m2 is priority buffer. And m2 simply
behaves as MM1.
TABLE 25: VARIATION OF SERVICE TIME OF m2 AND m3
Combination
0_0.8
0.1_0.7
0.2_0.6
0.25_0.55
0.3_0.5
0.35_0.45
0.4_0.4
0.45_0.35
0.5_0.3
0.6_0.2
0.65_0.15
0.7_0.1
0.8_0
Ratio of total queue time

over MM1 queue time
0.99926
0.9437
0.91722
0.91217
0.92815
0.95731
1.0042
1.05398
1.12551
1.31992
1.45581
1.60844
2.00227
104 | P a g e
2.5
Merged queue time/MM1
1.5
0.5
0
0_0.8
0.1_0.7
0.2_0.6 0.25_0.55 0.3_0.5 0.35_0.45 0.4_0.4 0.45_0.35 0.5_0.3

Service time variation
0.6_0.2 0.65_0.15 0.7_0.1
0.8_0
Figure 23, Graph of total queue time over MM1 queue time ratio vs. service time variation of m2 and m3.
105

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1
CONCLUSIONS
5.1.1 Stability Region of the Lu-Kumar network

When inter-arrival time and service time of the Lu-Kumar network are deterministic, the
stability region of the network is discrete. The network is stable when
0.8 < 0.9
And
1.1
This result is examined by using the simulation model in MathEvent with different interarrival time as well as using the book-keeping method to understand the detail movement of
jobs and WIP growth in front of the virtual stations.
When the service time of the Lu-Kumar network is deterministic and the inter-arrival time
becomes uniform distribution, the network is stable only when the uniform distribution is
(0.8, 0.9). But when the uniform distribution becomes even (0.8, 0.9005), the system finally
becomes unstable. When the inter-arrival time falls between 0.9 and 0.9005 or becomes 0.9,
the system falls into unstable state and it is very less chance for the system or the network to
come back to the stable state.
5.1.2 Stability, Instability and their relationship of the Lu-Kumar network

The Lu-Kumar network started with single deterministic inter-arrival time of 0.9 will come
back to the stable state only when the following inter-arrival time is more than 1.200
(excluding 1.200). When the following inter-arrival time is more than 1.200, synchronization
starts to occur between virtual stations. But when the following inter-arrival time is exactly
1.200, service station, m2 starts blocking at service centre B as it is the priority buffer
compared to m3. Thus, the following inter-arrival time must be a little more than 1.200 and
m3 will serve the job first so that m2 and m4 (virtual stations) will serve the following entities
simultaneously.
The Lu-Kumar network started with double deterministic inter-arrival time of 0.9 will also
come back to the stable state only when the following inter-arrival time is more than 1.200
(excluding 1.200). The similar behaviour happens when the following inter-arrival time is just
a little more than 1.2 and synchronization between virtual stations will make the system come
back to the stable state. But system started with double deterministic inter-arrival time of 0.9
106 | P a g e

is about 1.5 times harder to come back to the stable state than that started with single
deterministic inter-arrival time of 0.9.
5.1.3 Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network

The ratio of total queue time of the Lu-Kumar network to the MM1 queue time shows the
liner relationship. But the system deviates slightly from the linearity when the service time of
m2 is longer than that of m4 because m2 is in front of m4 and longer service time of m2
reduces the utilization of m4.
When the service time of m1 and m3 are also varied, the ratio of total queue time to the MM1
queue time becomes less linear due to the more variability in the network which can be
explained by the Kingmans approximation.
5.1.4 Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network

Ratio of total queue time of merged queue at service centre B over MM1 queue time becomes
unity when m2=0 and m3=0.8 as the queue of m2 simply joins the queue of m3 and the
Service Centre B simply acts as MM1 model. But the ratio becomes 2 when m2=0.8 and
m3=0 even though m3=0, every job at m3 is blocked by m2 as m2 is priority buffer.
5.2
LEARNING
This project provided the author in-depth knowledge about the Lu-Kumar network as well as
the queuing system. As the project involves developing, designing, and investigation of
MatLAB and SimEvent, it was a great opportunity to apply different knowledge and skills
from the course of study. Simulations encouraged the author to cultivate different analytical
and troubleshooting skills. Furthermore, it helped the author in improving the time and project
management skills while fulfilling both project objectives and work responsibilities.
5.3
RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK
5.3.1 Stability, Instability and their relationship of the Lu-Kumar network

In this project, the first arrival time of the Lu-Kumar network is either single 0.9 or double 0.9
and then the following inter-arrival time is not varied with the time. One of the possible
experiment designs is that the first inter-arrival time becomes triple 0.9 and finding the
threshold for the network to come back to the stable state.
Another possible experiment design is that the following inter-arrival time is varied even
through it is deterministic.
107 | P a g e

For example, inter-arrival time =0.9_0.9_1.21_0.9_1.21_1.21_1.21_....
5.3.2 Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network

The coefficient of variation of service time and inter-arrival time in the simple Lu-Kumar
network should be examined analytically in order that the queue time of the network can be
approximated using the Kingmans approximation.
The inter-arrival time and service time of the network should be set to other type of
distribution other than the exponential and uniform distribution in order to investigate the
performance of the Lu-Kumar network.
5.3.3 Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network

The behaviour of the merged queue at service centre B of the network is only examined by
using the simulation of MatLab model in the SimEvent software. But it is recommended to
verify analytically the nature of the network mentioned above when queues at service centre
B are merged into single buffer in the Lu-Kumar network.
108 | P a g e

REFRENCES
[1] Dai, J. G., John J. Hasenbein, and JH Vande Vate. "Stability of a threestation
fluid network." Queueing Systems 33.4 (1999): 293-325.
[2] Kumar, P. R. "Re-entrant lines." Queueing systems 13.1-3 (1993): 87-110.
[3] Lu, Steve H., and P. R. Kumar. "Distributed scheduling based on due dates and
buffer priorities." Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on 36.12 (1991): 1406-1416.
[4] Chen, Hong, and Hanqin Zhang. "Stability of multiclass queueing networks under
priority service disciplines." Technical Note (1996)..
[5] Bramson, Maury. "Instability of FIFO queueing networks." The Annals of Applied
Probability (1994): 414-431.
[6] Dai, J. G., and G. Weiss. "Stability and instability of fluid models for reentrant
lines." Mathematics of Operations Research 21.1 (1996): 115-134.
[7] Dai, J. G., and J. H. Vande Vate. "The stability of two-station multitype fluid
networks." Operations Research 48.5 (2000): 721-744.
[8] Dai, J. G. and VandeVate, J. (1996) Global stability of two-station queueing
networks. In Proceedings of Workshop on Stochastic Networks: Stability and Rare
Events (K.S.P.
[9] Harrison, J. M., and R. J. Williams. "A multiclass closed queueing network with
unconventional heavy traffic behavior." Annals of Applied Probability (1995).
109 | P a g e

APPENDIX A: m. file to simulate the Lu-Kumar network with

deterministic service and inter-arrival time
% This file is to RUN Deterministic simulation
%____________________________________________________________________
_
clear;clc
% 1. Simulation sample set up
numSample =30;
sizeSample = 1;
warmup = 0;
%No of sample batch

%Sample size set up
%warmup size set up
%2. Arrival Distribution Set Up

%Distribution Type: Deterministic
K = 6;
variability
landaIni = [1.2 1.18 1.10 1.0 0.8 0.9];
%No of arrival
%Arrival variability
%3. RUNNING THE PROGRAM

%3.1 Loop along the arrival variability values
collectSample = zeros(numSample+1,K);
collectSample2 = zeros(numSample+1,K);
%Size of results matrix

for k = 1:K
landa = landaIni(k);
%4 Start the simulation and collecting data
sim('DD1')
collectSample(:,k) = avg(1:30+1);
collectSample2(:,k) = avg2(1:30+1);
end
%5 Saving the results into excel file
csvwrite([datestr(now, 30) 'Q1.csv'], collectSample,0,0);
csvwrite([datestr(now, 30) 'Q2.csv'], collectSample2,0,0);
pause(5)
% For neatness, clear some nonimportant variables
clear avgk
110 | P a g e

APPENDIX B: m. file to run virtual stations with exponential

arrival and service time
% This file is to RUN Exponential simulation
%____________________________________________________________________
_
clear;clc
% 1. Simulation sample set up
numSample =32;
sizeSample = 200000;
warmup = 0;
%No of sample batch

%Sample size set up
%warmup size set up
%2. Arrival Distribution Set Up

%Distribution Type: Exponential
K = 5;
landaIni = [4 1.6 1 0.88889 0.84211];
%No of arrival variability

%Arrival variability
%3. RUNNING THE PROGRAM

%3.1 Loop along the arrival variability values
collectSample = zeros(numSample+1,K);
%Size
%Size
%Size
%Size
of
of
of
of
results
results
results
results
matrix
matrix
matrix
matrix
for k = 1:K
landa = landaIni(k);
%4 Start the simulation and collecting data
se_randomizeseeds('FBFS_exponent_24');
%
Change
sequence.
sim('FBFS_exponent_24')
collectSample(:,k) = avg;
collectSample2(:,k) = avg2;
end
%5 Saving the results into excel file
csvwrite([datestr(now,
30)',13_var,24_fix,Q1.csv'],collectSample,0,0);
30)',13_var,24_fix,Q2.csv'],collectSample2,0,0);
random
number
pause(5)
% For neatness, clear some nonimportant variables
Clear avgk
111 | P a g e
APPENDIX C: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.85_0.85_0.85

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.75
1.95
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.45
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.8
5.15
5.4
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.85
7.05
7.4
7.7
7.9
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.05
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.55
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.05
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.85
2nd
0.8
3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st(0)
1st(0.2)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
0.85
4th
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
0.85
5th
5th(0)
5th(0.05)
5th(0.15)
5th(0.2)
0.85
0.85
0.85
6th
7th
8th
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th (0),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
8th(0.2)
0.85
9th
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
0.85
10th
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.05)
2nd(0.25),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.3)
3rd(0.5),4th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.55)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.5)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0)
6th(0.4),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.05),8th(0)
7th(0.25),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.3),9th(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0)
m3 (0.1)
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0),3rd (0)
2nd(0),3rd(0),4th(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0),4th(0)
3rd(0.05),4th(0)
3rd(0.1),4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.05)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
3rd(0.2),4th(0)
3rd(0.3),4th(0),5th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.35),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
Out
1st (0)
2nd (0)
3rd (0)
4th (0)
5th (0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
112 | P a g e
8
8.55
8.6
8.75
9.35
9.4
9.6
9.95
10.25
10.45
0.1
0.55
0.05
0.15
0.6
0.05
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.2
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0)
7th(0.05),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
7th (0.1),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
10th(0.1),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0)
15th(0)
13th(0.05),14th(0)
15th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0)
15th(0)
14th(0.1)
0.85
11th
11th(0)
11th(0.05)
11th(0.2)
0.85
12th
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
0.85
13th
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
0.85
14th
10.55 0.1
11.1
0.55
11.15 0.05
14th(0)
13th(0.55)
14th(0.05)
13th(0.6)
14th(0.15)
11.25 0.1
11.3
14th(0.2)
0.05
0.55
0.85
11.95 0.05
0.85
15th
12.15 0.1
12.25 0.1
12.35 0.1
12.45 0.1
0.05
12.55 0.05
0.6
12.65 0.1
12.8
0.15
13.1
0.3
13.65 0.55
13.7
0.05
15th(0)
15th(0)
12.05 0.1
12.5
14th(0)
14th(0)
11.35 0.05
11.9
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.55),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0)
11th(0.05)
11th(0.25),12th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.3)
12th(0.5),13th (0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
0.85
16th
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
0.85
17th
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.55)
14th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.05),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.05)
6th (0)
7th(0.15),8th(0)
7th(0.25),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.35),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0.45),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
7th(0.55),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0)
8th(0.05),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0)
8th(0.15),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
8th(0.3),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0),11th(0),
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
9th(0.55),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11th(0),12th(0),
7th (0)
8th (0)
9th (0)
113 | P a g e
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14.3
0.6
14.5
14.9
15.35
15.5
16.1
0.2
0.4
0.45
0.15
0.6
0.85
16.2
0.1
0.85
16.7
0.5
16.9
0.2
17.05 0.15
17.1
0.05
17.3
17.5
17.7
17.9
18.1
18.3
18.7
18.75
18.95
19.3
19.6
19.8
19.9
20.45
20.5
20.65
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.05
0.2
0.35
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.55
0.05
0.15
21.1
0.45
21.3
0.2
21.5
0.2
21.7
0.2
22.15 0.45
13th(0),14th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0)
11th(0.2),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.45),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.1)
0.85
0.85
18th
19th
20th
21st
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0)
15th(0.2),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),
20th(0)
16th(0.15),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
0.85
22nd
0.8
0.85
23rd
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
0.6
0.85
24th
24th(0)
24th(0.2)
0.85
25th
25th(0)
25th(0.05)
25th(0.2)
0.85
26th
14th(0.6)
27th
12th (0)
13th (0)
14th (0)
15th(0.15)
15th(0.2),16th(0)
15th(0.4),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.4),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.05),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.25),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
19th(0.3),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
19th(0.5),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
20th(0.55),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
21st(0.15),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
26th(0)
22nd(0.2),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
26th(0.2)
22nd(0.4),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
27th(0)
11th (0)
15th(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
0.85
10th (0)
23rd(0.45),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0)
15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0)
114 | P a g e
22.3
0.15
22.35 0.05
22.9
0.55
23
0.1
23.2
0.2
23.5
0.3
23.85 0.35
0.05
24.7
0.6
24.9
0.2
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
27th(0.2)
24th(0.05),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
0.85
28th
28th(0)
25th(0.1),26th(0),27th(0)
28th(0.2)
25th(0.3),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
0.85
29th
24.05 0.2
24.1
27th(0.15)
29th(0)
26th(0.35),27th(0),28th(0)
29th(0.2)
26th(0.55),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
0.85
30th(0)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0)
30th(0.2)
28th(0.2),29th(0),30th(0)
30th
28th(0.6), 29th(0), 30th(0)

25.3
0.4
25.55 0.25
0.85
31st(0)
29th(0.25), 30th(0)
31st(0.2)
29th(0.45), 30th(0), 31st(0)
31st
25.75 0.2
29th(0.6), 30th(0), 31st(0)
25.9
26.4
26.5
26.6
0.15
0.5
0.85
32nd (0)
30th(0.5), 31st(0)
32nd(0.1)
30th(0.6), 31st(0)
32nd (0.2)
31st(0.1), 32nd (0)
32nd
0.1
0.1
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0)
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),
21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0),28th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29 h(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29 h(0),
30th(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0)
115 | P a g e
31st(0.6), 32nd (0)

27.1
0.5
27.25 0.15
0.85
33rd (0)
32nd (0.15)
33rd (0.2)
32nd (0.35), 33rd (0)
33rd
27.45 0.2
32nd (0.6), 33rd (0)
27.7
28.1
28.3
0.25
0.4
0.85
34th (0)
33rd (0.4)
34th (0.2)
33rd (0.6), 34th(0)
34th
0.2
34th(0.6)
28.9
0.6
35th (0)
28.95 0.05
0.85
35th
35th (0.05)
29
0.05
35th (0.15)
29.1
0.1
35th (0.2)
35th (0)
29.15 0.05
35th (0.05)
29.2
0.05
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),

20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0)
15th(0), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
15th(0.05), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
15th(0.1), 16th(0), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
16th(0.1), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0),
26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
17th(0.05), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0),
22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0),
27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
17th(0.1), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0),
22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0),
27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
15th (0)
15th (0), 16th (0),
15th (0), 16th (0),
15th (0.05), 16th (0), 17th(0)
116 | P a g e
35th (0.15)
29.3
0.1
35th (0.25)
29.4
0.1
35th (0.35)
29.5
0.1
29.6
0.1
29.7
0.1
35th (0.45)
35th (0.55)
35th (0.6)
29.75 0.05
36th (0)
29.8
0.05
0.85
36th
36th (0)
29.85 0.05
36th (0)
29.95 0.1
36th (0)
30.05 0.1
36th (0)
30.15 0.1
36th (0)
27th (0.1), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),

32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0)
28th(0.1), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),

33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0)
29th(0.1), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),

34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0)
30th(0.1), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),

35th(0)
30.25 0.1
30.35 0.1
30.45 0.1
30.55 0.1
18th(0.1), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0),

23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0)
19th(0.1), 20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0)
20th(0.1), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
21st(0.1), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0),
26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
22nd(0.1), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0),
27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0)
22nd(0.1), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0),
27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
23rd(0.05), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
23rd(0.1), 24th(0), 25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
24th(0.1), 25th (0), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
25th (0.1), 26th (0), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
26th (0.1), 27th (0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
15th (0.15), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0)
15th (0.25), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0),

19th(0)
15th (0.35), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0),

19th(0), 20th(0)
15th (0.45), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0),
19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0)
15th (0.55), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0),
19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0)
15th (0.6), 16th (0), 17th(0), 18th(0),
19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0)
15th (0)
16th (0.05), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),

20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0)
16th (0.1), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0)
16th (0.2), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0)
16th (0.3), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0)
16th (0.4), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0)
16th (0.5), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0)
16th (0.6), 17th(0), 18th(0), 19th(0),
20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0),
28th(0)
17th(0.1), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0)
17th(0.2), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
16th (0)
117 | P a g e
30.65 0.1
0.85
36th (0), 37th(0)
31st(0.1), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0)
32nd(0.1), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0)
33rd(0.1), 34th(0), 35th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0)
34th(0.1), 35th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0)
35th(0.1)
37th
30.75 0.1
30.85 0.1
30.95 0.1
31.05 0.1
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0)

31.5
0.45
0.85
38th
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0)

31.55 0.05
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0)

32.15 0.6
0.65
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0)

32.35 0.2
0.85
39th
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0)
32.75 0.4
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),

29th(0), 30th(0)
17th(0.3), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0)
17th(0.4), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0)
17th(0.5), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0)
17th(0.6), 18th(0), 19th(0), 20th(0),
21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0)
18th(0.1), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0),
22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th(0),
26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
18th(0.55), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0),
22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th(0),
26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
18th(0.6), 19th(0), 20th(0), 21st(0),
22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th(0),
26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
19th(0.6), 20th(0), 21st(0), 22nd(0),
23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0),
27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
20th(0.2), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
20th(0.6), 21st(0), 22nd(0), 23rd(0),
24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
17th (0)
18th (0)
19th (0)
20th (0)
118 | P a g e
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0)

33.2
0.45
0.85
40th
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0)
33.35 0.15
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0)
33.95 0.6
34.05 0.1
0.85
41st
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0)
34.55 0.5
34.9
0.35
0.85
42nd
0.85
43rd
0.25
0.85
44th
0.85
45th
37.55 0.1
38.15 0.6
38.3
0.15
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0)
36.95 0.35
37.45 0.5
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0)
36.35 0.6
36.6
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0), 42nd (0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0)
35.15 0.25
35.75 0.6
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0)
0.85
46th
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0)
21st(0.45), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),

25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
21st(0.6), 22nd(0), 23rd(0), 24th(0),
25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
22nd(0.6), 23rd(0), 24th(0), 25th(0),
26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
23rd(0.1), 24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0),
27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
23rd(0.6), 24th(0), 25th(0), 26th(0),
27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
24th(0.35), 25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
24th(0.6), 25th(0), 26th(0), 27th(0),
28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
25th(0.6), 26th(0), 27th(0), 28th(0),
29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
26th(0.6), 27th(0), 28th(0), 29th(0),
30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
27th(0.25), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
27th(0.6), 28th(0), 29th(0), 30th(0),
31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
28th(0.5), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
28th(0.6), 29th(0), 30th(0), 31st(0),
32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
29th(0.6), 30th(0), 31st(0), 32nd(0),
33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
30th(0.15), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),
34th(0), 35th(0)
21st (0)
22nd
(0)
23rd (0)
24th (0)
25th (0)
26th (0)
27th (0)
28th (0)
29th (0)
119 | P a g e
38.75 0.45
39.15 0.4
0.85
47th
39.35 0.2
39.95 0.6
40
0.05
0.85
48th
40.55 0.55
40.85 0.3
0.85
49th
41.15 0.3
41.7
0.55
0.85
50th
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),

41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0), 48th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0), 48th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0), 48th(0), 49th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0), 48th(0), 49th(0)
36th (0), 37th(0), 38th(0), 39th(0), 40th(0),
41st(0), 42nd (0), 43rd(0), 44th(0), 45th(0),
46th(0), 47th(0), 48th(0), 49th(0), 50th(0)
30th(0.6), 31st(0), 32nd(0), 33rd(0),

34th(0), 35th(0)
30th (0)
31st(0.4), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),

35th(0)
31st(0.6), 32nd(0), 33rd(0), 34th(0),
35th(0)
31st (0)
32nd(0.6), 33rd(0), 34th(0), 35th(0)
32nd
(0)
33rd(0.05), 34th(0), 35th(0)
33rd(0.6), 34th(0), 35th(0)
33rd (0)
34th(0.3), 35th(0)
34th(0.6), 35th(0)
34th (0)
35th(0.55)
120 | P a g e
APPENDIX D: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_1.10_1.10_1.10

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2
2.2
2.3
2.9
3
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.6
5
5.3
5.5
5.6
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.9
7.5
8.1
8.3
8.5
8.6
8.8
8.9
9.5
9.7
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.9 2nd
1.1 3rd
m1 (0.2)
1st(0)
1st(0.2)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
0.9
1.1 4th
1.1 5th
0.8
1.1 6th
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
0.9
1.1 7th
1.1 8th
1
1.1 9th
0.9
1.1 10th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
10th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.3)
2nd(0.5),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.3)
5th(0.5),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
7th(0.3),8th(0)
7th(0.5),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.2)
m3 (0.1)
1st(0)
1st(0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st(0)
1st(0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
121 | P a g e
9.9
10.1
10.7
10.8
10.9
11
11.1
11.4
11.9
12
12.6
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.1
14.3
14.6
15.2
15.4
15.8
16.3
16.4
16.5
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.8
18.4
18.5
19
19.6
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.7
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
10th(0.2)
1
1.1 11th
0.6
1.1 12th
1.1 13th
0.8
0.8
1.1 14th
1.1 15th
0.6
1.1 16th
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11th(0.2),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
9th(0.4),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.6)
16th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0.2),12th(0)
11th(0.4),12th(0),13th(0)
11th(0.6),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
12th(0.3),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.2),15th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
15th(0.5)
15th(0.6)
16th(0.2)
16th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.6)
1.1 17th
1
1.1 18th
1.1 19th
1
1.1 20th
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
10th(0.1)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0)
11th(0),12th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11th(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
11th(0.1),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.3),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.4)
10th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.3),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
12th(0.4),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.6)
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
17th(0.3),18th(0)
122 | P a g e
20.8
21
21.6
21.8
22
22.2
22.8
22.9
23.1
23.4
24
24.1
24.2
24.8
24.9
25
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
26
26.2
26.6
27.2
27.3
27.8
28.4
28.6
28.8
29
29.2
29.5
29.7
29.8
30.4
30.6
30.8
31
31.6
31.7
31.9
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
19th(0.2),20th(0)
0.6 20th(0.2)
0.9
1.1 21st
1
1.1 22nd
1.1 23rd
21st(0)
21st(0.2)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.1)
23rd(0.2)
0.8
1.1 24th
0.6
0.9
1.1 25th
1
1.1 26th
1.1 27th
0.8 -0.4
1.1 28th
0.9 0.3
1.1 29th
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0.2),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.2),26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0.2),27th(0)
27th(0.2)
28th(0)
28th(0.2)
29th(0)
29th(0.2)
0.6
1
1.1 30th
30th(0)
30th(0.2)
17th(0.4),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0)
21st(0.1)
21st(0.3),22nd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0)
22nd(0.6)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0.2),25th(0)
24th(0.4),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.3),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.5),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0.2),28th(0)
27th(0.4),28th(0),29th(0)
27th(0.6),28th(0),29th(0)
28th(0.6),29th(0)
29th(0.1)
29th(0.3),30th(0)
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
17th(0),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0)
23rd(0.1)
17th(0)
17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.3),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0.4),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.5),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
123 | P a g e
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
APPENDIX E: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.9
3
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.7
5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.7
8.1
8.3
8.9
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.6
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.9 2nd
1.2 3rd
1
1.2 4th
0.9
1.2 5th
1.1
1.2 6th
1.2 7th
0.8
1.2 8th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd (0)
3rd (0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0)
7th(0.2)
8th(0)
8th(0.2)
0.8
1.1
1.2 9th
9th(0)
9th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.4)
2nd (0.6),3rd (0)
3rd (0.1)
3rd (0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
4th(0.3),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0)
7th(0.4)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0),3rd(0)
2nd (0.1),3rd(0)
3rd (0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0),7th(0)
6th(0),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.1),3rd(0)
2nd (0.3),3rd(0)
2nd (0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd (0)
3rd (0)
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.6)
4th(0)
5th(0)
6th(0)
6th(0.1),7th(0)
6th(0.2),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0.3),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0.6),7th(0),8th(0)
6th(0)
124 | P a g e
10.2
10.5
10.8
11
11.2
11.6
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.8
12.9
13
13.1
13.5
14.1
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.5
16.1
16.5
16.7
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
18
18.6
18.9
19.2
19.8
20
20.1
20.2
20.4
20.6
21.2
21.3
21.5
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.9
1.2 10th
1.1
1.2 11th
1.1
1.2 12th
1.2 13th
1.2 14th
1.2 15th
9th(0)
9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11th(0)
11th(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.3)
8th(0.6)
9th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.1)
10th(0.3),11th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0)
11th(0.6)
12th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
12th(0.4),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
14th(0.4)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
15th(0.6)
1
1.2 16th
1.2 17th
1.1
1.2 18th
1.1
1.2 19th
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0)
17th(0.2),18th(0)
18th(0.2)
19th(0)
19th(0.2)
16th(0)
16th(0.1)
16th(0.2),17th(0)
16th(0.4),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0),18th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0)
18th(0.1)
18th(0.3),19th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0),10th(0),11th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0.1),11th(0)
11th(0.1)
12th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0)
15th(0.1)
7th(0)
8th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0),11th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11th(0)
10th(0.6),11th(0)
11th(0.6)
9th(0)
10th(0)
11th(0)
12th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.3),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0.3),15th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
15th(0.6)
12th(0)
13th(0)
14th(0)
15th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0),17th(0)
125 | P a g e
21.8
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
23.1
23.7
24.3
24.9
25.1
25.3
25.5
25.7
25.9
26.1
26.3
26.5
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.8
28.4
28.5
29
29.6
29.7
29.8
30
30.2
30.4
30.9
31
31.1
31.6
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.9
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.2 20th
1.2 21st
1.2 22nd
1
1.2 23rd
1.1
1.2 24th
1.1
1.2 25th
1.1
1.2 26th
18th(0.6),19th(0)
19th(0.6)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.2),25th(0),26th(0)
25th(0.2),26th(0)
26th(0.2)
1.2 27th
27th(0)
27th(0.1)
27th(0.2)
1.2 28th
28th(0)
28th(0.1)
28th(0.2)
20th(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0)
20th(0.4),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
22nd(0.4),23rd(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
24th(0)
24th(0.2),25th(0)
24th(0.4),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0)
25th(0.5),26th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0)
26th(0.1),27th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0)
27th(0.5)
27th(0.6)
28th(0)
28th(0.6)
16th(0),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.1),18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0)
19th(0.1)
20th(0)
20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0)
23rd(0.1)
24th(0)
24th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0)
16th(0.2),17th(0),18th(0)
16th(0.3),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0),18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.6),18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0)
19th(0.6)
16th(0)
17th(0)
18th(0)
19th(0)
20th(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.3),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0)
23rd(0.6)
20th(0)
21st(0)
22nd(0)
23rd(0)
24th(0)
24th(0.6)
24th(0)
126 | P a g e
33
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.6
34.2
34.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
1.1
1.2 29th
1.2 30th
25th(0.1),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.1),27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0.1),28th(0)
28th(0.1)
29th(0)
29th(0)
29th(0)
29th(0),30th(0)
25th(0)
25th(0.1),26th(0)
25th(0.2),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.3),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0),28th(0)
27th(0.3),28th(0)
25th(0)
26th(0)
APPENDIX F: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_0.8_0.8_0.8

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.2
4.3
4.4
5
5.1
5.2
5.6
5.8
6.2
6.6
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
0.5
0.8 4th
0.8 5th
0.8 6th
0.8 7th
0.8 8th
0.8 9th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0.2)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.3)
3rd(0.5),4th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.5)
4th(0.6)
5th(0)
5th(0.6)
6th(0)
6th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0),4th(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0),4th(0)
3rd(0),4th(0),5th(0)
3rd(0.1),4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
3rd(0)
3rd(0),4th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.2),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.4)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
127 | P a g e
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
8.2
8.4
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.8
10
10.6
10.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.2
11.2
0.4
11.4
0.2
11.6
0.2
11.8
0.2
12.2
0.4
12.4
0.2
13
0.6
13.1
0.1
17th(0.1)
13.2
0.1
17th(0.2)
13.7
0.5
13.8
0.1
13.9
0.1
18th(0)
14
0.1
18th(0)
14.1
0.1
18th(0)
14.2
0.1
18th(0)
0.8 10th
0.8 11st
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.2),9th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0.2)
0.8 12th
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
0.8 13th
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.2)
0.8 14th
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
7th(0.4),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0),11st(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0.2),11st(0)
10th(0.4),11st(0),12th(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0.4),12th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.2),14th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0)
0.8 15th
15th(0)
14th(0.2)
15th(0.2)
14th(0.4),15th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
0.8 16th
0.8 17th
16th(0)
15th(0.4)
16th(0.2)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
17th(0)
16th(0.6)
17th(0)
17th(0.5)
0.8 18th
18th(0)
17th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),
13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),
14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
11st(0.1),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),
16th(0),17th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),
17th(0)
6th
7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
7th
8th(0.1)
8th(0.2),9th(0)
8th(0.3),9th(0),10th(0)
8th(0.4),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0)
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0)
128 | P a g e
14.3
14.4
0.1
0.1
18th(0)
18th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14.5
0.1
18th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0),17th(0)
14.6
0.1
18th(0),19th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0)
14.7
0.1
18th(0),19th(0)
17th(0.1)
14.9
0.2
18th(0),19th(0)
15.4
0.5
15.5
0.1
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
16.1
0.6
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
16.2
16.7
17
17.3
17.8
17.9
18.5
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.6
18.6
0.1
19.1
0.5
19.4
0.3
19.7
0.3
19.9
0.2
20.1
0.2
20.2
0.1
20.3
0.1
20.5
0.2
20.7
0.2
20.9
0.2
21
0.1
0.7
0.8 19th
0.8 20th
0.8 21st
0.8 22nd
0.8 23rd
0.7
0.8 24th
0.8 25th
0.7
0.8 26th
0.6
0.5
0.8 27th
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0),
24th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0),
24th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
22nd(0.2),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
9th(0.2),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),
15th(0)
9th(0.3),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),
15th(0),16th(0)
9th(0.4),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),
15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
10th(0.5),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),
16th(0),17th(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),
16th(0),17th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),
17th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
13th(0.3),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.5),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0),17th(0)
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th(0.1),17th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0)
16th
17th(0.3)
17th(0.6)
17th
18th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
18th(0.3),19th(0)
18th(0.4),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0)
23rd(0.2),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
18th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
19th(0.5),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
18th(0)
129 | P a g e
0.6
21.1
0.1
21.3
0.2
25th(0.2),26th(0),27th(0)
21.5
0.2
26th(0.2),27th(0)
21.7
0.2
21.8
0.1
22
0.2
22.3
0.3
22.6
0.3
22.8
0.2
22.9
0.1
23.4
0.5
0.7
24th(0.2),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
27th(0.2)
0.8 28th
28th(0)
28th(0.2)
0.5
0.8 29th
29th(0)
29th(0.2)
0.8 30th
30th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0)
20th(0.4),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0),27th(0)
21st(0.3),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0),27th(0),28th(0)
22nd(0.3),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0),28th(0)
22nd(0.5),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),
27th(0),28th(0),29th(0)
23rd(0.5),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0),
28th(0),29th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
APPENDIX G: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.0_1.0_1.0

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.8
2.9
3
3.6
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
0.5
1 4th
0.6
0.8
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0.1)
4th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.5)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0)
4th(0.6)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0),4th(0)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.6)
130 | P a g e
3.7
3.8
4.3
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.7
5.8
6.3
6.4
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.8
8
8.4
8.8
9
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10
10.3
10.8
10.9
11.5
11.8
12.1
12.3
12.5
12.7
12.8
12.9
13
13.5
13.8
14
14.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
1 5th
1 6th
0.9
1 7th
5th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.2),6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
0.6
1 8th
3rd(0.1),4th(0)
4th(0.1)
5th(0)
5th(0.2),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
5th(0)
5th(0.1)
6th(0)
6th(0.1)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
1 9th
1 10th
1 11st
1 12th
1 13th
0.9
1 14th
1 15th
7th(0.2),8th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0.2)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0.2),9th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
9th(0.4)
7th(0),8th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
10th(0.6)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0.2),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
14th(0.2)
15th(0)
15th(0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.1),4th(0)
3rd(0.6),4th(0)
4th(0.5)
4th(0.6)
3rd
5th(0)
5th(0.5)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.4)
6th(0.6)
5th
7th(0.1),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0),10th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
9th(0.1),10th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0),9th(0)
10th(0.1)
7th(0.3),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
4th
6th
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0),10th(0)
7th
8th(0.5),9th(0),10th(0)
8th
9th
8th(0.6),9th(0),10th(0)
9th(0.6),10th(0)
10th(0.3)
10th
10th(0.6
11st(0)
11st(0.2),12th(0)
11st(0.4),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0.5),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0)
13th(0.3),14th(0)
13th(0.5),14th(0),15th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0)
11st(0)
11st(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
131 | P a g e
14.7
14.8
15
15.3
15.8
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
15.9
0.1
16
0.1
16.6
0.6
16.7
0.1
16.8
16.9
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.8
17.9
18.5
18.8
19.1
19.7
19.8
20.3
20.5
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.1
21.3
21.7
21.8
22
22.3
22.8
22.9
23
23.5
23.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.9
1 16th
1 17th
17th(0)
17th(0.1)
14th(0.6),15th(0)
15th(0.1)
15th(0.3),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.5)
16th(0.6)
17th(0.2)
17th(0)
16th(0)
16th(0.2)
17th(0.6)
1 18th
1 19th
1 20th
1 21st
1 22nd
0.9
1 23rd
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.2),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.2),22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2)
1 24th
24th(0)
24th(0.1)
24th(0.2)
1 25th
25th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
18th(0.3),19th(0)
18th(0.4),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.3),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.5),22nd(0),23rd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0),24th(0)
22nd(0.6),23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0.3),24th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
11st(0),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),
16th(0)
11st(0.1),12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),
16th(0)
12th(0),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),
17th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),
17th(0)
13th(0.1),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0)
17th(0.1)
11st(0)
11st(0.6)
11st
12th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
12th(0.2),13th(0),14th(0)
12th(0.3),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0)
12th(0.4),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
12th(0.5),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
13th(0.5),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
13th(0.6),14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.3),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0)
17th(0.1)
17th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
132 | P a g e
12th
14th
15th
16th
17th
24
0.2
24.1
0.1
24.7
0.6
24.8
0.1
25
0.2
25.3
0.3
25.8
0.5
25.9
0.1
26
0.1
26.6
0.6
26.7
0.1
26.8
0.1
26.9
0.1
27
27.1
27.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
27.3
0.1
27.4
0.1
27.8
0.4
27.9
0.1
28.5
28.8
0.6
0.3
25th(0.2)
23rd(0.5),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),
24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0),26th(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
22nd(0.1),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
23rd(0.1),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0)
25th(0.1),26th(0)
28th(0)
26th(0.1)
24th(0.6),25th(0)
1 26th
26th(0)
25th(0.1)
26th(0.2)
25th(0.3),26th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0)
1 27th
27th(0)
26th(0.5)
27th(0.1)
26th(0.6)
27th(0.2)
27th(0)
0.8
27th(0.6)
1 28th
28th(0)
28th(0)
0.6
0.6
1 29th
28th(0),29th(0)
28th(0),29th(0)
0.7
1 30th
28th(0),29th(0)
28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.6)
18th
19th(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0),21st(0)
19th(0.3),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0)
19th(0.5),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),
25th(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
20th(0.5),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),
26th(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
22nd(0.3),23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
133 | P a g e
19th
20th
21st
APPENDIX H: Book-keeping for Inter-arrival time = 0.9_0.9_1.20_1.20_1.20

Time
0
0.2
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
2.9
3
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.6
5
5.4
5.6
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.9
7.5
7.8
8.1
8.3
8.5
8.9
9
9.2
time
diff
IA
Entity
1st
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.9 2nd
0.8
0.9 3rd
1.1
1.2 4th
1.2 5th
0.8
1.2 6th
1.1
1.2 7th
0.9
1.2 8th
1.2 9th
m1 (0.2)
1st (0)
1st (0.2)
2nd (0)
2nd (0)
2nd (0.2)
3rd(0)
3rd(0.2)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
5th(0.2)
6th(0)
6th(0.2)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
8th(0.2)
9th(0)
9th(0.2)
m2 (0.6)
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1)
2nd(0.3),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
4th(0.2),5th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0)
5th(0.4)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.6)
7th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0)
8th(0.1)
8th(0.3),9th(0)
m3 (0.1)
1st (0)
1st (0.1)
2nd(0)
2nd(0),3rd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
3rd(0.1)
4th(0)
4th(0)
4th(0),5th(0)
4th(0),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.1),6th(0)
6th(0.1)
m4 (0.6)
Out
1st (0)
1st (0.6)
1st
2nd(0)
2nd(0.1),3rd(0)
2nd(0.6),3rd(0)
3rd(0.6)
2nd
3rd
4th(0)
4th(0.1),5th(0)
4th(0.2),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.3),5th(0),6th(0)
4th(0.6),5th(0),6th(0)
5th(0.6),6th(0)
6th(0.3)
6th(0.6)
4th
5th
6th
7th(0)
7th(0)
7th(0)
134 | P a g e
9.5
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.8
11.4
12
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.4
13.8
14
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15
15.3
15.9
16.2
16.5
17.1
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.7
17.9
18.5
18.6
18.8
19.1
19.7
19.8
19.9
20
20.1
20.4
21
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.2 10th
1.2 11st
1
1.2 12th
0.8
1.2 13th
1.2 14th
0.9
1.2 15th
0.9
1.2 16th
1.1
1.2 17th
1.1
1.2 18th
0.6
1.2 19th
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0.2),11st(0)
11st(0.2)
12th(0)
12th(0.2)
13th(0)
13th(0.2)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0.2),15th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0)
15th(0.2),16th(0)
16th(0.2)
17th(0)
17th(0.2)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
10th(0)
10th(0.2),11st(0)
10th(0.4),11st(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0),12th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0)
12th(0.4)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.6)
14th(0)
14th(0.1)
14th(0.2),15th(0)
14th(0.4),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0)
16th(0.1)
16th(0.3),17th(0)
16th(0.6),17th(0)
17th(0.6)
7th(0),8th(0)
7th(0),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.1),9th(0)
9th(0.1)
10th(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0),11st(0)
10th(0),11st(0),12th(0)
10th(0),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0.1),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.1),13th(0)
13th(0.1)
14th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0),15th(0)
14th(0),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.1),16th(0),17th(0)
16th(0.1),17th(0)
17th(0.1)
7th(0)
7th(0.1),8th(0)
7th(0.2),8th(0),9th(0)
7th(0.6),8th(0),9th(0)
8th(0.6),9th(0)
9th(0.6)
7th
8th
9th
10th(0)
10th(0.1),11st(0)
10th(0.2),11st(0),12th(0)
10th(0.3),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
10th(0.6),11st(0),12th(0),13th(0)
11st(0.6),12th(0),13th(0)
12th(0.3),13th(0)
12th(0.6),13th(0)
13th(0.6)
10th
11st
12th
13th
14th(0)
14th(0.1),15th(0)
14th(0.2),15th(0),16th(0)
14th(0.3),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
14th(0.6),15th(0),16th(0),17th(0)
15th(0.6),16th(0),17th(0)
14th
15th
135 | P a g e
21.6
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8
23
23.4
23.6
24.2
24.6
24.8
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
26.1
26.7
27
27.3
27.9
28.2
28.5
28.7
28.9
29.1
29.3
29.4
29.6
29.9
30.5
30.6
30.8
31.1
31.7
31.8
31.9
32
32.1
32.2
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.2 20th
0.8
1.2 21st
0.8
1.2 22nd
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0)
19th(0.2),20th(0)
20th(0.2)
21st(0)
21st(0.2)
22nd(0)
22nd(0.2)
0.8
1.2 23rd
0.9
1.2 24th
0.9
1.2 25th
0.6
0.9
1.2 26th
1.1
1.2 27th
1.1
1.2 28th
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.2),24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0.2),25th(0)
25th(0.2)
26th(0)
26th(0.2)
27th(0)
27th(0.2)
28th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
28th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0)
18th(0.4),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0)
19th(0.4),20th(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0)
21st(0.4)
21st(0.6),22nd(0)
22nd(0.6)
23rd(0)
23rd(0.2),24th(0)
23rd(0.4),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0)
24th(0.3),25th(0),26th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0)
26th(0.1)
26th(0.3),27th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0)
27th(0.6)
18th(0)
18th(0)
18th(0),19th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0.1),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.1),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.1),22nd(0)
22nd(0.1)
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0)
23rd(0),24th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
23rd(0),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
23rd(0.1),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0.1),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.1),26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0.1),27th(0)
27th(0.1)
16th(0.6),17th(0)
17th(0.6)
16th
17th
18th(0)
18th(0.1),19th(0)
18th(0.2),19th(0),20th(0)
18th(0.3),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0)
18th(0.4),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
18th(0.6),19th(0),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
19th(0.6),20th(0),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.3),21st(0),22nd(0)
20th(0.6),21st(0),22nd(0)
21st(0.6),22nd(0)
22nd(0.3)
22nd(0.6)
18th
19th
23rd(0)
23rd(0.1),24th(0)
23rd(0.2),24th(0),25th(0)
23rd(0.3),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0)
23rd(0.4),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
136 | P a g e
20th
21st
22nd
32.4
33
33.6
34.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.2 29th
1.2 30th
28th(0)
28th(0),29th(0)
28th(0),29th(0)
28th(0),29th(0),30th(0)
23rd(0.6),24th(0),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
24th(0.6),25th(0),26th(0),27th(0)
25th(0.6),26th(0),27th(0)
26th(0.6),27th(0)
137 | P a g e
23rd
24th
25th
26th

Final Report Mean Queue Time Study For The Lu - Kumar Network - Nyan Soe Lynn

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Final Report Mean Queue Time Study For The Lu - Kumar Network - Nyan Soe Lynn

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Acad Year

MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR

MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR NETWORK

NYAN SOE LYNN

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

MEAN QUEUE TIME STUDY FOR THE LU-KUMAR NETWORK

NYAN SOE LYNN

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

A final year project report

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

Scope of Work ......................................................................................................... 2

Queuing theory ......................................................................................................... 4

Basic queuing process ...................................................................................... 4

Input Source (Calling population) ................................................................... 4

Queue Discipline .............................................................................................. 5

Service Mechanism .......................................................................................... 5

Utilization factor .............................................................................................. 5

Stability of queuing system .............................................................................. 6

Littles Law ...................................................................................................... 6

Kendalls Notation ........................................................................................... 6

Lu-Kumar re-entrant Network ................................................................................ 7

Stability of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network ....................................................... 7

Virtual Stations of Lu-Kumar re-entrant network ............................................ 8

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network ............................................................... 9

Development of Simulation model .................................................................. 9

Parameter of the simulation model, deterministic case .................................. 18

Parameters of the simulation model, uniform distribution arrival time ........ 19

Stability, Instability and their relationship ............................................................. 20

arrival time of 0.9 ........................................................................................................... 20

arrival time of 0.9 ........................................................................................................... 21

Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar Network ............................................................ 22

Development of Simulation model ................................................................ 22

Parameters of the simulation model ............................................................... 22

Parameters of virtual stations ......................................................................... 22

Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network.............................. 24

Development of Simulation model ................................................................ 24

Parameters of the simulation model ............................................................... 24

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .......................................... 27

Stability region of the Lu-Kumar network ............................................................. 27

Simulation Result, deterministic inter-arrival time ........................................ 27

Simulation Result, uniform distribution inter-arrival time ............................. 61

Stability, Instability and their relationship ............................................................. 63

System started single 0.9 inter-arrival time .................................................... 63

System started with double 0.9 inter-arrival time .......................................... 79

Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network........................................................... 101

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

Relationship between virtual stations and MM1 queue ............................... 101

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION........................................... 106

CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 106

Stability Region of the Lu-Kumar network.................................................. 106

Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network ................................................... 107

Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network .................... 107

LEARNING ......................................................................................................... 107

RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK ................................................. 107

Virtual Stations in the Lu-Kumar network ................................................... 108

Merged Queue at Service Centre B of the Lu-Kumar network .................... 108

REFRENCES ....................................................................................................................... 109

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

NTU Final Year Project Report on:

NTU Final Year Project Report on: