Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
4.6
In this
section
Minors
(4-39)
237
The solution of linear systems involving three variables using determinants is very
similar to the solution of linear systems in two variables using determinants.
However, you first must learn to find the determinant of a 3 3 matrix.
Minors
Evaluating a 3 3
Determinant
Cramers Rule
E X A M P L E
Finding minors
Find the minors for the elements 2, 3, and 6 of the 3 3 matrix
1
2
6
2
0
4
8
3 .
7
Solution
To find the minor for 2, delete the first row and first column of the matrix:
Now find the determinant of
2
1
2
6
2
2
0
4
8
3
7
6 7:
3
The minor for 2 is 4. To find the minor for 3, delete the second row and third column
of the matrix:
2 1 8
0 2
3
4 6
7
Now find the determinant of
4
2
4
2
1
:
6
1
(2)(6) (4)(1) 8
6
The minor for 3 is 8. To find the minor for 6, delete the third row and the second
column of the matrix:
2
0
4
1
2
6
8
3
7
238
(4-40)
Chapter 4
8
:
3
0
8
(2)(3) (0)(8) 6
3
0
Evaluating a 3 3 Determinant
study
tip
E X A M P L E
Determinant of a 3 3 Matrix
a1
a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
b c
b
c2 a1 2 2 a2 1
b3 c3
b3
c3
c1
b c
a3 1 1
c3
b2 c2
Note that the determinants following a1, a2, and a3 are the minors for a1, a2,
and a3, respectively. Writing the determinant of a 3 3 matrix in terms of minors
is called expansion by minors. In the definition we expanded by minors about the
first column. Later we will see how to expand by minors using any row or column
and get the same value for the determinant.
Determinant of a 3 3 matrix
Find the determinant of the matrix by expansion by minors about the first column.
1
2
0
3
4
7
5
6
9
Solution
1
3 5
3 5
3 5
4 6
2
4
6 1
(2)
0
7
9
4
6
7 9
0 7
9
1 [36 (42)] 2 (27 35) 0 [18 (20)]
1 78 2 (8) 0
78 16
62
The sign array is easily remembered by observing that there is a sign in the
upper left position and then alternating signs for all of the remaining positions.
4.6
E X A M P L E
239
Determinant of a 3 3 matrix
Evaluate the determinant of the matrix by expanding by minors about the second
row.
calculator
close-up
(4-41)
1
3 5
2
4
6
0 7
9
Solution
For expansion using the second row we prefix the signs from the second
row of the sign array to the corresponding numbers in the second row of the matrix,
2, 4, and 6. Note that the signs from the sign array are used in addition to any
signs that occur on the numbers in the second row.
From the sign array, second row
Now use the determinant
function from MATRX MATH
and the A from MATRX NAMES
to find the determinant.
1 3 5
3
2 4
6 (2)
7
0 7
9
5
1
4
9
0
5
1
6
9
0
3
7
Note that 62 is the same value that was obtained for this determinant in
Example 2.
It can be shown that expanding by minors using any row or column prefixed by
the corresponding signs from the sign array yields the same value for the determinant. Because we can use any row or column to evaluate a determinant of a 3 3
matrix, we can choose a row or column that makes the work easier. We can shorten
the work considerably by picking a row or column with zeros in it.
E X A M P L E
3
4
7
5
6
9
0
0
2
Solution
We choose to expand by minors about the third column of the matrix because the
third column contains two zeros. Prefix the third-column entries 0, 0, 2 by the signs
from the third column of the sign array:
3
4
7
5 0
4 6
3 5
3
0
2
6 0 0
7
9
7
9
4
9 2
0 0 2[18 (20)]
4
5
6
240
(4-42)
Chapter 4
Cramers Rule
A system of three linear equations in three variables can be solved by using determinants in a manner similar to that of the previous section. This rule is also called
Cramers rule.
Cramers Rule for Three Equations in Three Unknowns
Dz
,
D
where
a1 b1
D a2 b2
a3 b3
c1
c2 ,
c3
d1
D x d2
d3
c1
c2 ,
c3
a1
D z a2
a3
a1 d1
D y a2 d2
a3 d3
b1
b2
b3
b1 d1
b2 d2 ,
b3 d3
c1
c2 ,
c3
provided that D 0.
Note that Dx , D y , and D z are obtained from D by replacing the x-, y-, or
z-column with the constants d1, d 2, and d 3.
E X A M P L E
Solution
We first calculate D, D x , D y , and D z . To calculate D, expand by minors about the
third column because the third column has a zero in it:
1
D 1
1
1
1
1
1
0 1
1
2 1
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
(1)
2
1
1 [2 (1)] 0 (1)[1 1]
302
5
1
1
4.6
(4-43)
241
calculator
4
Dx 3
0
close-up
When you see the amount of
arithmetic required to solve
the system in Example 5 by
Cramers rule, you can understand why computers and
calculators have been programmed to perform this
method. Some calculators can
find determinants for matrices as large as 10 10. Try
to solve Example 5 with a
graphing calculator that has
determinants.
1
1
2
1
1
0 4
2
1
0
1
(3)
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
4 (1 0) 3 (1 2) 0
4 9 0 5
For Dy , expand by minors about the third row:
1
Dy 1
1
4
3
0
1
4
0 1
3
1
0 (1) 1
1
1
0
0
1
4
3
1
1
1 3 0 (1)(7) 10
To get Dz , expand by minors about the third row:
1
Dz 1
1
1
4
1
1 3 1
1
2
0
4
1
2
3
1
4
1
0
3
1
1 1 2(7) 0 15
Now, by Cramers rule,
Dx 5
x 1,
5
D
Dy 10
y 2,
D
5
Dz 15
z 3.
D
5
and
If D 0, Cramers rule does not apply. Cramers rule provides the solution
only to a system of three equations with three variables that has a single point in the
solution set. If D 0, then the solution set either is empty or consists of infinitely
many points, and we use elimination of variables to find the solution.
E X A M P L E
(1)
(2)
(3)
Solution
Calculate D by expanding about the first column:
1
2
D
3
1
2
3
1
2 1 2
3
3
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
(3)
3
2
1
2
1 0 2 0 (3) 0 0
Because D 0, Cramers rule does not apply to this system. If we multiply Eq. (1)
by 2, we get Eq. (2). If we multiply Eq. (1) by 3, we get Eq. (3). Thus all three
equations are equivalent, and they are dependent. The solution set to the system is
(x, y, z)x y z 2
.
242
(4-44)
Chapter 4
WARM-UPS
4. 6
EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section, write out the
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences.
1. What is a minor?
A minor for an element in a 3 3 matrix is the determinant of a 2 2 matrix.
9. Minor for 7 3
10. Minor for 0 1
11. Minor for 1 1
12. Minor for 6 1
Find the determinant of each 3 3 matrix by using expansion
by minors about the first column. See Example 2.
1
3
1
2
1
5
15.
1
0
1
0
1
2
17.
19.
13.
5. Minor for 3
7. Minor for 5
11
4
3
4
0
2
5
3
7
1 6
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
3
5
1
0
0
1
3
4
1
3
2
7
14.
1
2
1
0
5
2
3
5
1
1
4
3
2
6
1
16.
0
1
3
2
3
0
5
18.
20.
2
1
3
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
0
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
3
2
1
6
4
9
26
Evaluate the determinant of each 3 3 matrix using expansion by minors about the row or column of your choice. See
Examples 3 and 4.
21.
3
2
4
1
0
0
5
6
1
22
22.
2
1
3
1
2
0
2
5
0
4.6
23.
2
1
3
0
1 1
2 4 3
2 3 0
4 1 0
0
3 5
25.
27.
2
0
5
1
0
0
1
5
4
70
25
2
0
3
2
4 2
26.
2
0
1
28.
24.
2
6
1
3
4
2
1
5
6
6 3
4 0
4 5
0
1
0
6
28
1
(4-45)
243
175
143
139
Cassandra
Mimi
Mitzi
Cassandra
Mimi
Cassandra
Mitzi
xyz6
xyz2
2x y z 7
(1, 2, 3)
30.
xy z2
x y 2z 3
2x y z 7
(1, 2, 3)
31. x 3y 2z 0
x y z2
x y z0
(1, 1, 2)
32. 3x 2y 2z 0
x y z1
x y z3
(2, 1, 2)
33. x y
1
2y z 3
x yz0
(3, 2, 1)
34. x y
8
x
2z 0
xy z1
(6, 2, 3)
35.
x yz0
2x 2y z 6
x 3y
0
3 1
, , 2
2 2
36.
xy z0
2y 2z 0
3x y
1
(0, 1, 1)
38. x
z0
x 3y
1
4y 3z 3
(1, 0, 1)
37.
xy z1
5x y
0
3x y 2z 0
1 5
, , 2
2 2
2x y z 1
40. x y z 4
6x 3y 3z 3
2x 2y 2z 3
4x 2y 2z 2
4x y z 1
(x, y, z) 2x y z 1
41. x y
1
y 2z 3
x 2y 2z 5
42.
x y z5
2x 2y 2z 10
3x 3y 3z 15
(x, y, z) x y z 5
43. x y
4
y z 3
x
z 5
(1, 3, 6)
44. x y
0
x
z 1
yz3
a b 0
c d 0
b a 0
244
(4-46)
Chapter 4
4.7
53. The solution to an independent system of four linear equations in four variables can be found by using determinants
of 4 4 matrices in the same manner as Cramers rule for
three variables. Write Cramers rule for four variables.
Make up a system of four linear equations in four variables
and solve it using your new rule and a graphing calculator
to evaluate the determinants.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
In this section we graph the solution set to a system of several linear inequalities,
much as we graphed compound linear inequalities in Chapter 3. We then use the
solution set as the domain of a function for which we are seeking the maximum or
minimum value. The method that we use is called linear programming, and it
can be applied to problems such as finding maximum profit or minimum cost.
Maximizing or Minimizing a
Linear Function
In this
section
In linear programming we have two variables that must satisfy several linear
inequalities. These inequalities are called the constraints because they restrict the
variables to only certain values. A graph in the coordinate plane is used to indicate
the points that satisfy all of the constraints.
E X A M P L E
x
0, y
0
3x 2y 12
x 2y 8
y
5
(0, 4)
3
2
x 2y 8
(2, 3)
3x 2y 12
1
1
1
2
1 2 3 (4, 0)
FIGURE 4.7
Solution
The points on or to the right of the y-axis satisfy x
0. The points on or above the
x-axis satisfy y
0. The points on or below the line 3x 2y 12 satisfy
3x 2y 12. The points on or below the line x 2y 8 satisfy x 2y 8.
Graph each straight line and shade the region that satisfies all four inequalities as
shown in Fig. 4.7. Three of the vertices are easily identified as (0, 0), (0, 4),
and (4, 0). The fourth vertex is found by solving the system 3x 2y 12 and
E X A M P L E