Membership of Task Group ee Prafso Sir Edmund Happold, RD. BS, DSc Eng, Seu, FICE, FCIOR (Bee Hippo) Chairman 418 Menzies, BSciEng, PRD, Fay FISuvctE (Engineering Consitan) Vice Chelmer Profesor W D Biggs ODE, PMD. CEng. Sia FIOR (Constant o us Hapeld) WA Blk MSc, CE, MISsucif, MICE, FRICS (Divers nay : Beekman, MSe(Eng CEng, FSinci, MICE, HonRIBA previo Arup R&D) RJ Curse, BSE) CEng. FSi, MICE (lng Research sai J DK Doran, BSctEng), DIC, FCG, CEng, Fist. FICE (Coning Engine) Robert J Evans, MA‘Cana), LLB, CEag, MICE, MHKIE. FCA Bares) MG Green Be, CEng, MiSinci, MICE (Bus Hyped) 1 Hume, DIC DiptConsAA, CEng, Mista Engst esas) SSL Matthews Bg, PRD, CEng, MISiuc, MICE, MIWEM (Buin Reseuch Essen) Stags Ss, CEng MISUUEE, MICE (ling Desig Pare), RM Sutberind, BA, Feng Fine, FICE (Conan, Haris & Suen) RM Mess 8S PHD. DIC. Cag, MICE (crespening mers) (Buling Research Esabshnen) Profesor Frit Wenzel corespnding memter (Unversity of Karst) RY Wing, BSe previously The Insion of Sretral Engine) Seretary bls by ETO Li, 1 Upper Berve Stet, Landon, SWIX 88H 1 1 s7e25628 x espe 1950 ‘Second eon 1996 1 1996 Te Insnsion of Stl Engineers se erent by se eng op shot the ct ofthe prculr ie tnd spect ate ald be outed se Serene eS egigenceofobernseiaciaionothsepor ais conensneacepedty tetas ha ke ‘TT Comme teva pet No rato hs pubicaon my be teprogieed. sore in aris EEE aetna eon Ss lyst of eam nay form, 15017 Upper Belge Suter, Condon SWIX ual Eapinces who maybe cone te the st eon (1980) at a tobe second eton (1996) . Profs Si Edmund Happelé . 23 larodtion : 2513 Genera cosdersin’ bias fae lactone 23 raced specs EL kepan fomet 376 Crowd oar 377 bas aaa from machinery 378Wd oats 378 Snow ances 2710 Fownatins 7 211 Mig deity ate S712 elon ard impac Fire ILI Saveatistion 2132 Preeingonalsurcee 3135 Oran degradan 134 Daler ners Bis agers condone caused by bln se 2316 Fangl and moet opesion Sir Aambiicre conan 210 Abraton cd ern 42 Me ph of april 3 Te fa age Secondo, 4S improving he aisanpons To epte ates tara! 452 The composition of salen actor sr Tan as 471 Genera. 172 Thad virion fact 473 The load combat nd Seen fair 425 The aructaral perormon fOr eatoemmenair or, 1) Cateanons rug ipl Cnsdiaion $91 Gener 49 2arte mails 193 Combiedaesres 125 aecting 16 Comectons 107 ed connects 395 Welded ome. 199 dierent oe fecs offie S Tene Ge tocin ta Fotis feng and detract ‘ering reqimtene 2Simpleon ste eine 55 Neral esting Sa Lon sing 5S Monionog of races (6 Useand properties of materiale - 62 Mason BT eal is 622 dnceond locks 623M 25 Srentihofmasony aractrisi Seng a Soe aici Frere HR cia iene 7S ieee, Fees Hier Sie658 Perened mere 2 655 Pecan conor e 63 10Glarenfored coerce a ‘6 Cangonecomncbe eevencee) a ‘66 befninon “ B62 nino erase a 883 Dumber a 6.64 Types ond propre a Sesame ° rtotymere meats. % ett ofuce 2 872 tenifeaion ® {623 Mecho proper ° fa Dwbiig. 2 68Ccmposie mati & 6a) ery of ae 3 $83 Dirnbuton % {83 Prperer 2 684 Dery 2 so'adaned compels & 8) Hines of ue 2 632 Recoriton no 653 bur sab Advaver st 1a Dimon 31 10.2 Hino ofue 3 703 tet o {10a Popes 3 {£703 banat sinbr and itn 3 s.1 Prarie marie 2 (611) Brunton mers 3 S11 2eed 3 11S 3 opens | Soares ef isormation on desion, ‘cuotrectoe sna ater .9 ‘Appendix 2 Health and safety considerations « «+ « 62 Appendix 3 Types defect « Append 4 Damage duo explasion Append Fire performance of exiting contruction . 78 Append 6 sessment ofthe eet fre a Appendix 7 Test techniques * Appendix 8 Other test ecigues 6 100 Appendix 9 Methods of montis 104 Acknowledgments os ees os 3 IOS Foreword to the first edition (1980) 1 1742 Pope Benedict XIV, concerned with the state of the dome of St Peter's, equested three men, Le Seu, Jaequier and Boscowich to carry out structural survey 10 determine the causes of cistress and to devise remedial measures. The report, published the following year, was prefaced by an apology that said they had assessed it with theoretical ‘mathematical refletion only because the building was so unique. Then followeda detailed survey ofthe dimensions and a discussion on possible explanations forthe damage and ‘named the yielding ofthe Ge rings atthe circumference asthe cause, But the interesting part ofthis report was the second part because an aempt was made to calculate the horizontal thris and to prove thal the two rings bull i at the time of erection were no longer abet cary this thnsst ‘Thereporteauseda furore. One commen atthe time stated: ‘fit were possible ro design and build St Peter's dome without mathematics and especially without the new fengled ‘mathematis of ou time, it wil also be possible to restore it without the aid of mathem cians and mathematics. Michelangelo knew no mathematics and yet was able o build the dome .. Heaven forbid thatthe ealoulaion is corect. For, in that ease, nota minvte ‘would have passed before the entre structure would have collapsed’ Cetainly the analysis ‘conned some errors. But in pie of disagreements ast the causes ofthe damage most people were agreed on the measure to be taken, and in 1743 five addtional rings were bolt in the cupola "The importance ofthis event was that, contrary to tration, the stability of a structure thad not been based on empirical rules and opinions but on # detailed survey and mathematical analysis, ‘Today we are even more interested in developing the art of sinctural appraisal. We have a large sock of stoctures and buildings representing suocessive deposits of human ‘imagination, which we are reluctant to discard for emotional or hard economic reasons. ‘Urban renewals rapidly expanding exercise. ‘The an of appraisl of structures is different from design. Indesign the Forces follow the choice of form and the analysis follows that. kn appraisal the engineer is lef ace to face with an existing structure of definable qualities and must determine its condition and suitability of use. This is not an easy ask In defining the stractre's qualities the engineer may gain fm the experience of other engineers’ meibods, available testing procedures snd curren developments in analytical techniques. and this report hopes to assis im “The group who wrote the repor ae nat the fount of all current wisdom. The repor will hopefully be amended and improved, and is our wish tht engineers who read it will, comment, draw the Institution's attention to omissions and add tothe useful references "The Chairman thanks the members ofthe commitee and those other engineers who ‘commented on this report.ccs a peng amine ey Foreword othe sscond edition (1806) ceretary (Techical), whose constant atendance and help gave much iow a ee Ear In the late 1970s 3 group of us laboured for four years producing the Fest issue ofthis epon Its Foreword is as pertinent today as it was then, which is why we have reprinted Tsay aboured because we struggled very hard both collecting the infocmation and with the format of the report. The eaposure ofthe tae of knowledge at that time of important neglected areas such a load testing led o major new research work being done, and the Format not only led 10 new types of codes, bu plagiarisation ofthe work overseas! ‘We are all very conscious, however, that we had not addressed all we should have, We justran ou of steam, So when, 10 years later, we were asked if we would evse the report, ‘we knew we had the opportunity not only to update it, but complete it, and the main areas of information added are: + histrial use and properties ofa wider range of materials + diagnosis of defects + selection of test techniques assessment of fire resistances + appraisal of structures after fire Several people have sat on both commitees. Everyone deserves great thanks, The Final editing ofthe firs report was done by myself wth Joha Menzies, Poul Beckmann and Bob Milne. Unfortunatly this time cardiomyopathy struck me inthis last year and those other three have had o do all the fall editing work on this report without me ~ a tremendous task and carried outa avery high standard. lam intensely grateful other, [think avery reat number of engineers wil be Professor Sir Edmund HAPPOLD ChairmanTribute to Professor Sir Edmund Happold 4 Introduction Professor Sir Edmund (Ted) Happold exuded 2 contagious sense of enthusiasm and ‘purpose. He had the ability to bring together engineers, architects and academics and give ‘hem the motivation and leadership necessary to develop sound consensus views on many engineering issues. The success ofthe firs edition ofthe report Appraisal of existing structures polished in 1980, was toa very great part dv to the way he, 26 chairman, was the driving force of the ad hoe committee that produced it He was listened 1o by all, not only because of who he was or what be had achieved, bot because he always had something interesting and relevant 1 say. This Task Group, convened by Ted Happold, i indebted to him for his guidance, Inspiration and leadership in the preparation of the revised report and dedicate i 10 his memory. 2.3 Scope bP aay cnet vn une api ates trees trees iret babar hp ie Pact eee ps bean etch Sena en initece se eslitnn Seioe Srp tart Btw ey oie Gir a a a reat acl et aces ce Sr SE a eta ce Te Ernie aererias isecetnt Sooadachcpey a Eo ae re iron conten ON ee pe Se maieae i. 2 Reasons for stractral appraisal igen og Se nna eee tn, eae et ance parce, nssruce eal uote > ehange owe + detec in design and consucion + seriorae with ime or inservice + secdel Gir Fer damage + suring safety andor servieabiy Fer fore se © rca Bij, change of environmental conditions. Espesenc inthe spre of lng aslo othe desloge sfc face oc apie 9 Snacton These ge coisleraten of he levels of oles fern ote stor carssctn, easter! ct ting the methods ordering ie wengofasnetue, epnporent and conse mara an eso ol sae aa eras to eucis design1 esis te el onde of an eaing Ste “The uetons to be ane verde the etre egy safe nw a wil kein ne fe Cant Better he mended pone sn cant comoue be ie "Therein able meaere of agus and even et olienieaiiy Therecoes, however casa gerealy ceed Tevelefsateryovcedb ig endconsaion accordance ‘Sih cet epson and odes of proces, Tas vel of $Bley'povutes wet dao fa uhte secre ese Eeupias be deed css of oe racic or "The proce lor design of new sacra oe appa fens sucuresare ule differen, The psopicr east {Seappralnceds oe ere otha sped nthe dees Feces ceiatany oe eed eo ep ce A soutetenc eae Sey ty ee “the ley afar ominaed by be boa oe wine Stuer frmlcuats ow eas haybedsbucd and ‘Geemuuenesofecal weiget orale Toe eoest deen ecm ee ay a ecg ean cn sepa on hee ng ees Mid y teenies a "Foo guna tobe ated when sting the ely of 4 (0), 8) what mechanism mechanisms can he sce all? (2), What ae te eonequese or the vel uct of 4 Incl are robs) ad wate he pain ot Ihe rafery ote balling we cn te esos fn ei oe eo seis ei se a Rendle tear eames srsS sou fake hes Sues er remecret cee Siete cba cnc Sci rceiedr me mca nce ge SEU deemed u pa erent el fe er i a ee eieiersdeed Gmeecceare est ped ieee eh‘hc vvermcs th fd ales, ile hoe a he resistance ‘SL'SsTitniedwcoveronceraimtes inthe sng of he Sie ey sen cr ee a ‘Spier Tus aporearh ge an vel ta hat experence ‘gens leds rable ste, ois ha spore beestoniontan fenced imps i Ung ze comservaive ssumpns that maybe ppt or lower bound aes inherent Be desi ans hhc seist on aay of such ees ll and ‘Simensona’ behave Sathconeraive asumpns have ‘ntvncedjgmet about oeral sto: fee thane ‘ezomeconstdeedsprpte Pct Sg et ui of ny ‘The pone armless oer lus ca {edn for ne teens ad ou vide the eaualons o ‘here question “sine acta adel se "Roach apa ate gue ater bcaie ieee toate he el conion of ie bul secre. Tt Invcles intrpesng recon. cbaervauoes and matures Shiba dtely fed domneice Rarmesscancheorion ‘teaet incu ge al codon sd evar of he Stites oposed ish he eget sumed procedure ergs fens 2 a eS um intec ata cin et th acetate, ce teperatisnacanure es ie eigraocamencie eet en i se aes aaiecpeories retire tetera seh tt suse acs oe gpa Re suenfe pril nibe pty may ne ethaencel by ne eben sos (ew a Fa ae coun shod he of as When Peg ee. Since net ei for what arose te let requ erp ‘liye bead isimpcatas with he cen ao Sethe wting ny Qualifications, Ts sould ‘bons eloe seep the commision 83000 afer ee thee here mow ow cll hats in done and mote wil gt repon deine the dvson ad exent of repos epeialy ‘Stenting appraisal jy oron bea aren one pay «le see ats that ae eal he ine os ‘Rents pense aoa echt kom medal ‘Siatnfnew olen ort wre oon be pra Fhe’ Weppope an ier epon and 3 proposed Epstng of eb fe in general emstow he wil ceed wih pra Sahu wise stabs andi work wade De + gre te exes of te asl (eg egal physio BiSagistne rch St openng-p and exactions are remus) ve the ea in estimate os ost Ivison whether tec expense esinghowes arabe ‘layed and itso ey se ObeTaE sais he ine aalable see cet fay era mig ioc nde geapprneel any peal expense (tebe sein 0) a vise he in on he nee se aa advce take sce mate i appised cma popes eglopreement ‘Seriysemng ont hiss aod oigsiom ‘make sure nt bis ssarance covers the ability that Reece reac definite concise ese ety In ‘Sita teprseeonmendton tpl elo ae ‘pon ony iar been eed mith ie let Dat ‘tose we equrel 2.2 Responsibilities Aven canta av eee fr i tn iueves, exept in relation so.cenon heat) and 31) ilar. he not ude 2 ie yt under 0 dty sere rasiebl la ae Toe estan wheter tee Sieh to yeach arsenal assy ‘eene to nanan te oder sled man eke ‘ud potesing wave tht spect sh Ths fie spring Epc bS is pions an vce lea gee Bt ‘aitse Sod canbe sen have sed what tectvel aol front dette else dees sil he sho ave feed men atin gent os “Ine engince sous + sci et te oo ey and pera sega dtidewtetertoareptroetiterpersa thechew walter it eri + pe nvr of espns for publi safety an dese Sacro ep corso igs no covered by nal + ep hepos an cigsf as nae Sti fon Getmaon ad el by inlet or Fates ements wheter mace wang Foal ren te apprenty ie eat’ + avi aying tose i be aoa or giving ante ‘Rouplepetsona esponsbies caer thane cents ‘an apoaisigengioe il aways ome i est acon AGFIWSEETEsabe sl andes Hemay welaso ove ME ens day of exe infor negligence Inspect af Hiscl damage to pemone oe proper fOr TegbER Peon pel peal danger scone ey Be Payreame oo dm cee le Tay etna het dange twice en my bee Soe poe tu ey oy "Rvroc by Lard nice Graham om day of cae a tence reps wrsen in 1979 et 0 eb Bote page of toe: he pecs sted thr il ph hough fae a poving a of ne Ded ei Elicment batiemntconced mene: Tents nis et posible nor prog define dat fase potest respi nny dtl Apa oe ees whe Erecpeiy Sete Ens ofa 2S Itty tse one Common aw oeglgens woh sbene rete doy ey oy he cour Te lowes eo Serpe ote fanart tand a pesca ih ty eptndlany te poston nvequ to espe Day of care ‘Pecpelcetenl pesos heady. sta mah sanyo 636 arta Uocumnass W exer remonale ce re Pad spsonsemchcan teresa eee be Fly ocnsepysteato ancy pesos ore Neggece slates to cree bat ae Toes ata ering why ea cerns sone speed laity expences Seep neces eso xen the as of SA SG tifencace wc hac pace demo pene a an acs suc a person, a Fel a Fre oot sbyangenpercace whch ual PES poking ert be meget ose elsbi andexprence which potsses or hich i demanded epee he wb lable er breach of dy. Tas Guy ‘oti o hoe pues wot wom he at coeracta ‘Srangement, eg ty woe hehasteen eopoyed come, Baracoa gsos who we seh eds alec igen act ha ey ou veasony to ave een freer Siigniesune tonnwce Dot eaes eises wha here iach primi between woes tae epipenceof ones eles ioe Inonowi. Liab for damages by stares to neleence ct ony whee Is the oe ‘lene cane but we is ao a combat eae oF "NShigence fa professional person thus ives nse to ibis eters te nen apron te morecoon aa {er breahot contact. Whetean employes epgens, both 1 sndtgemptoyer wil aormally oe Hable. A peson who hs TeceSte fo cligene, snoop fable selma insome fcheeinces sie wpe oh hay semtone ee mesmo contain ora profs man ¥0O 8 {SEH reps orth aru eget “ire eect aren arn TES Peemoc cu, ane ig eal ace Mocivieconsred ae son aan serous gestion iy ‘em lmclytosre As the pssae sae, nt posible pr appropriate 10 chacbfeke tt paceonl opens nda The Soyo eognee haynes gal ace ‘Phtarfestepponaraty wheat protssion udement ore SeteeheStprmost ncaled no qonston He shoud sso ‘ouly sneer Ime. Fonte ilamaton ate oun i + Hay stowsofEnglind Neg? el 9, eon 1 Jackson & Powell on profesional nplpence29 3rd ‘hin td sppements (Sweet & Maxwell stoop car mute taken sie teow constant developing 2.3 Report 23:1 Introduction Ey cel ail as ne et sed fin wha he len pas for eb vase oy of ass ne ‘Rp wlibeinswaten format sesenel ery asmuch {Spun eapeve tei repro ans bern tse ne ‘Sesmen oe mena sche tae nd alience requ ben preparing he rp ‘oth realseagprove seca Weep ino ‘ymca pect aii iar paar eain abe fhe wien eon he clumsenaletiorelyonbeticonmensinbe ne wa) hwo ‘ives women mp Tow thre fro aieesce Homes, ‘Bopaeset nance ofan ol reperimey sea nay (rae ded cuenta enon comes ara ep Peet Ce gnc tearm aa eh york tec? saga apie rd rs Tratnlbe pote ca Tae repos ern pepe or Ageless pry soa lyon in any ward ernest way ar Ere maple eke woh yen 2.32 General consider Seductions fher erg th eon on ara pasa ofa bine TBrergmoervnid onal he pe ver eo ions: imitations ues es an, el ty ie i (Siemens anche Jargon Above ale repon ert : ibe rahingeqesmuc ef hough review treatin -rureenig if caonnce mane examicd realy. Te ‘epor snould be spe and cea Atte sme te us (GPrzimenly accra and proper weight mea e ven (| Ieee tect tase tls cr attra, IMs emrly andor ty msde sven re ‘Means inf et sb a0 conan, “Tee pons fore! shui te opel, hve comin an eles felon Ite porane tie bepoang, of he pro the engines to get hs espns ty by qtng Chetan! he iupecion he terms of reference and Ihe sa soit: Ree a pot ete "Wn eld ote ay include apeculaon abo cuses fetch ner ni oben nig te pe, se Geucived fase aed hypothe nrpeiaons, clea er ent Gee way of uceving ok By aes Span ecins oie ah fs Fhe repen bold inde ppropineackeound infermaie to alow’ sure oie ble become are of ie fl ‘ontonty reading be rear Tis approach aso ensaes ik ST epets et fr some pried ori prone anges oc SG? cleus erenpteess canton, mach spetton isc wah ma bee Ts patent ouch acarcy of the methods eplyed wee ere ne findings, hay rosea Srimaons inp he apprasal mods, Techni ape ere tle ely a ‘eel ae cal cmieson er t aay copy mabe ech opr pea. ‘Wher bse eke nfcen formation theese ‘Nfsy ress ngncuse,blosbold belly sie de conlesanegunlies searing "key resommendioes shold be fay based on te conlistny They ay cide popes for remedial wor, ‘Su rent econ erin oes oe ‘ft seccmmenéston fromthe paisa leave he cle wis ese tty otf courte Of cto, spot Uhutierepor peovge safitent information, or nce Sereand sou such information may be obtalcd 0 TA tue een eas makes vb deo. requed by rl enema eee ne Slow cles wrteng daadsanages amd advanas. T= eens het fae fu eter len, bt te fd ‘Bee thowsd bee whe ch. ‘Arson ncn areompenin tri mt talligenpen shouldbe sgh srmperave at heen ‘Ser'nh Pipe oy commen orc beyond the eld of ‘erie the eto. ens may wish 4 coment ono nea, he repo ‘a Gt supe Tag ie scopatle provided tha the eRe Sa cee tte arpa nt ee oe fa eer pcm un he oe ove 'Snce escpr wil beisued under the engoers rane ea Senne ever cf Suarecmen oe! Cone fon poral ilps an nna srctra condition eet roibetldig uses Forget pie the cit rs fmoccevucct eeinnedich. 2.3.3 Practical aspects Tie tepm shold be presented ad hound ina busines. nel Eutote wi of grphice a ark srt wl) fetueel, ba be presenaon sould Re pope, Inet ofc ppras eb aval Beha wt ‘ee ference mt cts cpm hd war ‘Mating sox comequrce’ A cen may Wish to rece bund cep a ease ay se saga may be inci he ding of apes a taeret ccty exe: Aline to SOMERS Weegee tne The se of sepuntey ota ote potgap od be reece mate Sete re aortoen eee) Oe cen tan pala ree rear togannteepo leavin or bel psy egg congeners te bd tes Type tec osha mre record of ete) ormaive potas oe bull. ng arf he provers le Tigi an ene peed eae uon. Pree ase te neal ews ofthe ce awe Se Bae is lens ones canes end col Seep na eosenl be detaed eicl indeed pete the appalling es eas Fema eee up ower ees POS Peer et Apensces shows tere efor Fe est ch frmstan sul, bowen, Be Sr cates wl nt ete oe pend sence snoibe wnten arcing. Tenors oc prec eon ery i a sn be aprotic oes an Oe face meal Pt ‘eins nay pace rept ty sould eth mabe ape hem 22.4 Report form Fee rn oma fr prs may bebo THe mitt a el ee A ‘ae cpesto fl spas sn em () =n) A arr al se eng ft wah Tee Hower erenan il ema see Gee rent theron mesa em O11 Utahns cain (Te ‘esos normaly ed: + Swarr apni of 1 me odes he algo sec 1 givin aes) + se lor whom rear (ll nme fhe tet) + ste by whol nee engines ard frm) “The ie ge shoul ede and may have an desir Tanto {fbn gve me nansol he repre wheter ‘rune Weomatnoe st Soca scar vey ch may yw eta ches Usesoey inacrdace wate RICSsdetiioo ofa sores bess ce ou 2)Symopse Sn he me mo, pees of pa ee, ee ‘mnarang te rte vested ea ing ‘puticant fetores, andthe prvetpal conclsiOns an Telommserdaiorsncbing ar epra eso ae ‘avons Thr fran eneatve, bho ray mabe a e=iion ‘Sion be bas of te sop Ica als be pails ‘etl pacicn who meee te pevente summary of e report Sather atone comma sh iy tide ebay of erp hee should sch at Weanbe erly aera yma ‘Tesytopsssbofd se al te port hs ee epee or Sia ay rw ee oe (3) of conens ea reper ner ha rags is se soy se pb ee ed aa ‘etaliodpancur ree 7 (4) Terms of reference Bri ‘i shot ou te coe oth wrk a5 ard betwen ‘Tub nd ence Ale ines defi the Fa ms of ‘eee are wid dees ne of eer Tae teva pans maybe une, oF te NE ‘ignmts T ppt leone conten mane Fee ns Recon, Ary general hmatons ome 1 Slendoimposediy een Timp acescraneall erestzgion nig be ecorded hae (Tus est toh vie te engines sake sue tat he ane [beg questions tn srmaes cleat he rede wat he Sarmhediodo-ornetdo) (5) Documents examined ‘fe dsuments ae ile the ee hou ea Teper mi the proves ef hens sao Tees ‘BEetngs andr party erst by cent, “Became utter eptapse Steam ted peter whe fas Why 1D. MONE Altawingrerenulaos not ent espe aseabe sea nde ote ede rom wba anf ees dd cginer ser was cored out and may st) ‘eit question ema sarge. aso checks Wut lcengesbasloouedtaceugh rnin) (6) Desription of he sructare ‘Terai Soul even ear ice of wha ke gine sr rain sd be eld a 2 ented isn ok opal constuction, ecg sire psec Hoare Sar serena petagepongrpts ine ror Any gma denne ce oan re Sree micron: foi i ibe documents, Os ‘aoudat tere (Inspections it {Cray be imporant sk lear aa deste ne of = people The peor sir {ice stualy ge nates opener wih seo te len anes caorts wha hve een tenance The SEP pesuce may be mparant nd sal htefore Be ‘rede Sat avon on ie ffestivenes ofthe espetions. dye ate etal ihe capes col, seo be eer uae peing sp pened (hy beth He Sapercl yotal examanaoe pose OF Bd SR sl wal epee ad ee Tih ee upper els were spect Ue Teresi ls sbolé be fotowed by sconcite descrip of Sear cmon ech ocean I aces on apente wb LASS Sst ada burton can be fered 1. THe Seta of cane ofr oservatens shuld, Ser Nowe desi in ths eton (8) Adina (oral information fans) ylation shots be sumac, the eames) aunt ef be afomam( shout iver ote ih teem ge erento th epee suse of ‘Begin of he stement ma, (9) Sampling ad testing F209) ‘Fcnntere ante of sampes tenor ratte pd manbet Tamar ewe ea en ech scab and he ae whet ts cre ake sou be tae, egetet wih he EU tice ey were hen ee be impian a re es and mares aml ot ere cena py is fore sh andor repute miepencen abt Te rane of ‘Coaraiual artangemerws fr sampling nd tesorg tec 8.1) Thepose ad nate of the tetany shoul be ie, fotowad by» resun othe eal Cops he bray ""Simiony aon of re of estou mx OF ess shoul be gnen Ibe Mean ofthe est ests shold NOT be dsaned (10) Caealation check ifany) ‘ty felevant and necessary formation, oined. om dronings erica or orig gesencacaoss shale ‘cbed fre. ny parameters at ave had a be ued Dr deduced shoal be piven The ype of eaesats eed asthe eran put whihidereahshavebecneoneg Should bested Telia shoe iemaree Resch ‘elon: can be epduced nan space (Ths ny oe {eile dag he rept oe sessed by anther engine: ris «good disper ne spree ffgloesrin ny event Conteris tactic NOISE ten ; . ee ay be ocetons whe itinavanageosto presen the ses covered tems 51-9 andlOleeoniog ede, ‘yen if meats ht eat aye pt io fe or eee Patheg ‘Intl npn Govelcesgncnt Seicd Prpetine"Beaied ues arasool Spy aed ‘Up hip he rept tas dese ats which cane, o