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VLSI Design
Curriculum
(2009 - 10 onwards)
University Core
Course
Code
EEE 609
ENG 601
- EEE 698
Course Title
Computational Techniques
0
2
0
0
4
0
2
2
1
Total credits
07
University Elective
Course
Code
Course Title
University Elective
Total credits
03
Programme Core
Course
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
Code
587
588
589
591
596
600
540
598
610
611
612
613
699
Course Title
Physics and Modeling of Semiconductor Devices
Digital IC Design
Analog IC Design
VLSI Digital Signal Processing
ASIC Design
VLSI Design Verification and Testing
Embedded System Design
Computer Aided Design for VLSI
Custom IC Design Lab
ASIC Design Lab
VLSI Digital Signal Processing Lab
Embedded System Design Lab
Student Project
Total credits
L
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
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48
P
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
C
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
20
Programme Elective
Credits to be taken: 15
Cour
se
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
EEE
Cod
e
597
599
601
602
603
604
605
590
Course Title
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
Credit Summary
Minimum Qualifying credits
Total credits Offered (UC+PC+PE)
University Core
University Elective
Programme Core Offered
Programme E lective
UC University Core
PC Programme Core
PE Programme Elective
UE University Elective
73
73
7
3
48
15
Cour Cod
se e
Course Title
EEE 609
Computational Techniques
Course
Offered
by
SSH
Syllabu
s
Version
1.00
AC approv
al
Date
18AC
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46
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38
4
EEE 587
EEE 588
EEE 589
Analog IC Design
EEE 590
IC Technology
EEE 591
EEE 610
SES
1.10
18AC
PC
SES
1.10
18AC
PC
SES
1.00
16AC
PC
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
SES
1.10
18AC
PC
SES
1.00
18AC
PC
EEE 611
SES
1.00
18AC
PC
EEE 612
SES
1.00
18AC
PC
EEE 613
SES
1.00
18AC
PC
ENG 601
EEE 698
2
1
SSH
SES
1.00
1.00
15AC
16AC
UC
UC
EEE 699
Student Project
20
SES
1.00
16AC
UC
EEE 596
ASIC Design
SES
1.10
EEE 597
SES
1.00
18AC
16AC
Course Ty
pe
UC
PC
PE
38
5
38
6
38
7
38
8
38
9
39
0
39
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39
2
26
1
EEE 598
SES
1.10
18AC
PC
EEE 599
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
EEE 600
SES
1.10
18AC
PC
EEE 601
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
EEE 602
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
EEE 603
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
EEE 604
SES
1.10
18AC
PE
EEE 605
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
EEE 540
SES
1.00
16AC
PE
3
3
3
3
3
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
SES
SES
SES
SES
SES
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.00
16AC
16AC
16AC
18AC
16AC
PE
PE
PE
PE
PE
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
SES
SES
1.00
1.00
16AC
16AC
PE
PE
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
SES
SES
1.00
1.00
16AC
16AC
PE
PE
SES
1.00
PE
Credit Summary
Minimum Qualifying credits
Total credits Offered (UC+PC+
PE+UE)
UC
PC Offered
PE Needed
UE
UC University Core
PC Programme Core
PE Programme Elective
UE University Elective
73
73
07
48
15
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
Course Objectives:
This course will help the students acquire a deep understanding of modeling FET devices which
plays an important role in fabrication of integrated circuits. This is likely the most advanced course
on this topic that students will encounter. It should prepare students for research or development of
device technology or digital or analog circuits for many years to come.
Course Outcomes:
A student completing this course will be able to
Explain and apply the semiconductor concepts of drift, diffusion, donors and acceptors,
majority and minority carriers, excess carriers, low level injection, minority carrier lifetime,
quasi-neutrality, and quasi-statics;
Explain the underlying physics and principles of operation of p-n junction diodes, metaloxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and MOS field
effect transistors (MOSFETs), and describe and apply simple large signal circuit models for
these devices which include charge storage elements.
Semiconductor Physics:
Metals, insulator, semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, direct and indirect band
gap, free carrier densities, Fermi distribution, density of states, Boltzmann statistics, thermal
equilibrium, current flow mechanisms, drift current, diffusion current, mobility, band gap narrowing,
resistance, generation and recombination, lifetime, internal electro-static fields and potentials,
Poissons equation, continuity equations, drift-diffusion equations.
PN-Junction Diodes:
Thermal equilibrium physics, energy band diagrams, space charge layers, internal electro-static fields
and potentials, reverse biased diode physics, junction capacitance, wide and narrow diodes, transient
behavior, transit time, diffusion capacitance, small signal model.
Bipolar Transistors:
Basic theory and operation, heavy doping effects, double diffused transistors, Ebers-Moll model,
low forward bias, junction and diffusion capacitance, transit times, parasitic, small-signal models,
Early effect, saturation and inverse operation, breakdown mechanisms, punch-through.
MOS Transistors
MOS capacitor, accumulation, depletion, strong inversion, threshold voltage, contact potential, oxide
and interface charges, body effect, drain current, saturation voltage, gate work function, channel
mobility, sub-threshold conduction, short channel effects, effective channel length, effects of
channel length and width on threshold voltage, Compact models for MOSFET and their
implementation in SPICE. Level 1, 2 and 3, MOS model parameters in SPICE.
UDSM Transistor Design Issues
Short channel and ultra short channel effects; Effect tox , effect of high k and low k dielectrics on the
gate leakage and Source drain leakage; tunneling effects; different gate structures in UDSM impact and reliability challenges in UDSM.
Text Books:
1.Y.P. Tsividis, The MOS Transistor, McGraw-Hill, international edition ed., 1988.
2.S.M.Sze, Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology, John Wiley & Sons Inc, (2/e).
References:
1.Getreu, Modeling the bipolar transistor, New York, NY: Elselvier, 1978.
2.D. Roulston, Bipolar Semiconductor Devices, McGraw Hill, 1990.
3.N. Arora, MOSFET Models for VLSI Circuit Simulation, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
4.P. Antognetti and G. Massobrio, Semiconductor Device Modeling with SPICE, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
5.D.W. Greve, Field Effect Devices and Applications, Prentice Hall Series in Electronics and VLSI, 1998
DIGITAL IC DESIGN
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3
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3
Course Objective:
This course is preparatory for study in the field of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) digital circuits and
engineering practice. The course focuses upon the systematic analysis and design of basic digital integrated
circuits in CMOS technology. Problem solving and creative circuit design techniques are emphasized
throughout. This course provides the foundation for subsequent courses in the design of digital integrated
circuits and systems. Basic principles, methodologies, and ad-hoc analysis and design techniques are
emphasized.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be familiar with modern VLSI circuits and will be able to
design most of them.
Introduction
Issues in Digital IC Design. Quality Metrics of a Digital Design. MOS Transistor. Manufacturing
CMOS Integrated Circuits. Design Rules. Layouts.
The CMOS inverter
Static CMOS Inverter: Static and Dynamic Behavior Practices of CMOS Inverter. Components of
Energy and Power: Switching, Short-Circuit and Leakage Components. Technology scaling and its
impact on the inverter metrics.
CMOS Combinational Logic Circuit Design
Static CMOS Design: Complementary CMOS, Ratioed Logic, Pass Transistor Logic. Dynamic
CMOS Design: Dynamic Logic Design Considerations. Speed and Power Dissipation of Dynamic
logic, Signal integrity issues, Cascading Dynamic gates.
CMOS Sequential Logic Circuit Design
Introduction. Static Latches and Registers. Dynamic Latches and Registers. Pulse Based Registers.
Sense Amplifier based registers. Latch vs. Register- based pipelines structures.
Interconnect and Timing Issues
Interconnects: Resistive, Capacitive and Inductive Parasitics. Computation of R, L and C for given
inter-connects. Buffer Chains.
Timing Issues: Timing classification of digital systems. Synchronous Design - Origins of Clock
Skew/Jitter and Impact on Performance. Clock Distribution Techniques. Latch based clocking.
Synchronizers and Arbiters. Clock Synthesis and Synchronization using a Phase-Locked Loop.
Text Books:
1. Jan M.Rabaey, Anantha Chadrakasan, Borivoje Nikolic, Digital Integrated Circuits: A
Design Perspective, (2/e), PHI.2005
2. Neil.H.E.Weste, David Harris, Ayan Banerjee, CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuit and Systems
Perspective, (3/e). Pearson Education. 2006.
References:
1. David A Hodges, Horace G Jackson and Resve A Saleh, Analysis and Design of Digital
Integrated Circuits in Deep Submicron Technology TMH.2005
2. Sung-Mo Kang, Yusuf Leblebicii, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits- Analysis and Design
McGraw-Hill International Edition.
ANALOG IC DESIGN
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3
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C
3
Objective:
To design analog IC components and building blocks in CMOS technology. To understand the relationships
between devices, circuits and systems. Emphasize the design of practical amplifiers, small systems and their
design parameter trade-offs.
Course outcomes:
A student who successfully fulfills the course requirements will have demonstrated:
an ability to analyze bias circuit using CMOS current mirror.
an ability to design feedback and differential operational amplifier.
an ability to analyze stability of operational amplifiers
an ability to apply frequency compensation techniques for Amplifiers
an ability to analyze basic operation of PLL.
ASIC DESIGN
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3
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Course Objectives:
This course reviews the major components of the modern computer-aided circuit design flow. An important
motivation for the course is to explore the directions in which computer-aided circuit design evolves as it
copes with the challenges brought about by the increased complexity of deep submicron silicon technology.
Course Outcomes:
After the completion this course the students shall be able to
Understand the techniques and algorithms for physical and logic-level design automation.
Explain the optimization methods contemplate various performances such as silicon area, timing,
power consumption, and crosstalk.
Prerequisite to study the course:
Digital Design, Basic graph theory concepts, Data structure.
Introduction
Y Chart, Physical design top-down flow. Design styles: Full Custom, Standard Cell, Gate Arrays, Field
Programmable Gate Arrays, Sea of Gates.
Logic Synthesis and Technology Mapping
Computer-aided synthesis and optimization, Introduction to Combinational logic synthesis Binary decision
diagrams (BDD): Principles, Implementations and Construction, Manipulation, Variable ordering. Two-level
and multi-level logic optimizations. Sequential logic optimization.
Algorithms for Physical Design Automation
Partitioning: Problem formulation, Group Migration Algorithms Kernighan-Lin, Fiduccia-Mattheyses
algorithm, Performance driven Partitioning.
Floor Planning: Problem Formulation, Integer Programming, Rectangular dualization, Simulated Annealing
based floorplanning.
Placement: Breuers algorithm, Cluster Growth approach, Sequence pair technique.
Pin Assignment: General pin assignment, Channel pin assignment.
Routing: Global routing: Problem formulation, Maze routing, Line Probe algorithms, Weighted Steiner tree
approach.
Detailed routing: Problem formulation, Two layer channel routing Left Edge algorithm, Dogleg router, Net
Merge channel router, Three-layer channel routing HVH, VHV router. Introduction to switch box routing.
Over the Cell Routing: Two layer Over-the-cell routers.
Clock routing: Clocking schemes, Exact Zero skew algorithm.
Power and Ground routing
Compaction:
Problem formulation, One dimensional Compaction Constraint graph based, Virtual Grid based compaction,
Two dimensional compaction, Hierarchical compaction.
Timing Analysis
Static and Dynamic timing analysis for single and multiple path data flows. Compensation techniques. Critical
path delays. Back annotation.
Text Books:
1. Naveed Sherwani , Algorithms for VLSI Physical design automation, 3e, Springer International
edition, 2005.
2. Giovanni De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill, 1994
3. H. Yosuff and S.M. Sait, VLSI Physical Design Automation Theory and Practice, McGraw Hill
publication, 1995.
Reference Books:
1. Sung Kyu Lim, Practical Problems in VLSI Physical Design Automation Springer. 2008
2. Michael John Sebastian Smith, Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education Asia,
2001.
3. Sabih. H. Gerez , Algorithms for VLSI design Automation, John Wiley & sons Ltd.,2004.
4. M.Sarrafzadeh, C.K.Wong, An introduction to VLSI physical design ,McGraw-Hill international
editions,1996.
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Introduction to Embedded System: An embedded system, processor, hardware unit, soft ware
embedded into a system, Example of an embedded system, OS services, Embedded Design life
cycle; Modeling embedded systems
Processor and Memory Organization: Structural unit in as processor, processor selection for an
embedded systems. Memory devices, memory selection for an embedded system, allocation of
memory to program statements and blocks and memory map of a system. Direct memory accesses.
Devices and Buses for Device Networks: I/O devices, serial communication using FC, CAN
devices, device drivers, parallel port device driver in a system, serial port device driver in a system,
device driver for internal programmable timing devices, interrupt servicing mechanism, V context
and periods for switching networked I/O devices using ISA, PCI deadline and interrupt latency and
advanced buses.
Programming Concepts and embedded programming in C: Languages, Firmware development
environment, Start up code or Boot loader, Abstraction Layers, Application Layer, build download
debug process of firmware.
Program Modeling Concepts in Single and Multiprocessor Systems: software development
process, modeling process for software analysis before software implementation, programming
model for the event controlled or response time constrained real time programs, modeling of
multiprocessor system.
Inter-Process Communication and Synchronization of Processors: Tasks and threads; multiple
process in an application, problems of sharing data by multiple tasks and routines, inter process
communications. RTOS task scheduling models interrupt literacy and response times, performance
metric in scheduling models, standardization of RTOS, list of basic functions, synchronization.
Reference Books:
1. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis,Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware/ Software
Approach, John Wiley ,2002.
2. Steve Heath , Embedded Systems Design, EDN Series ,2003.
3. David E simon, An Embedded Software Primer, 1st edition, Addison Wesley 1999.
4. Wayne Wolf Computers as components: Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and Design, 2008
5.
6. Raj Kamal, Embedded systems Architecture, Programming and design, Second Edition,
2008.
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Course Objective:
The objective of this course is to involve the students in the theory and practice of VLSI test and
verifications.
Course Outcome :
After the course the students will be familiar with the testing and verification methodology of
VLSI circuits.
Prerequisite:
Undergraduate level Digital Logic Design Course
Digital IC Design
Introduction
Scope of testing and verification in VLSI design process. Issues in test and verification of complex
chips, embedded cores and SOCs.
Design Verification Techniques
Design verification techniques based on simulation, analytical and formal approaches. Functional
verification: Timing verification. Formal verification. Physical Verification and Analysis. Basics of
equivalence checking and model checking. Hardware emulation.
Fault modeling and Test Generation
Defects, Errors, and Faults. Functional Versus Structural Testing. Levels of Fault Models. Single
Stuck-at Fault. Testability measures: Controllability and Observability. Fault Simulation: Serial,
Parallel, deductive, Concurrent, Differential Simulation. Combinational Test Generations: Random
Test generation, Redundancy Identification (RID). ATPG for Combinational Circuits: D-Algorithm,
PODEM. Sequential Circuit Test Generations: ATPG for single-clock synchronous circuits, Timeframe expansion model, Designing a Sequential ATPG.
Advanced Testing
Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Trends. Functional DSP-Based Testing. Static ADC and DAC
Testing Methods. Analog Fault Models. Types of Analog Testing. Analog Fault Simulation. IDDQ
Test.
Text Books:
1. M. Bushnell and V. D. Agarwal, "Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and
Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
2. Masahiro Fujita, Indradeep Ghosh, Mukul Prasad Verification Techniques for System-Level
Design Elsevier.
3. Prakash Rashinkar, Peter Paterson, Leena Singh, System-On-a-ChipVerification
Methodology and Techniques KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS. 2002.
References
1. M. Abramovici, M. A. Breuer and A. D. Friedman, "Digital Systems Testing and Testable
Design", IEEE Press.
2. Michael Keating and Pierre Bricaud, Reusable Methodology Manual for System-on-a-chip
Designs, 2nd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
3. Parag K.Lala, Fault Tolerant and Fault Testable Hardware Design BS Publications, 2002
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Study of VLSI CAD Tools (Working environment, Introduction to Linux and vi editor,
Cadence Virtuoso ADE with Spectre simuulator/Mentor graphics Design Architect with Eldo
simulator)
Applying MOS I-V equations and small-signal models to MOS circuits
Analyzing switching characteristics and power consumption of the inverter
Analyzing and designing complex CMOS gates for speed
Designing an inverter chain to drive off-chip loads
Design and characterization of various digital blocks (combinational and sequential elements)
Physical Design of Analog and Digital cells (layout, DRC,LVS, RCX, Post-layout simulation)
Designing current sources and analyzing differential amplifiers
Analysis and design of the CMOS 2-stage and folded-cascode op-amps
Mini-project:
Standard cell design
Working on a team to implement a small analog and digital VLSI project
Presenting the team project in front of peers
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Working with VLSI CAD Tools(like Cadence IUC, RTL Compiler, SoC Encounter,
ModelSim etc.)
EDA tools and design kit configuration
Design project organization
HDL examples
Text editing
Design flow steps
Verilog simulation
Digital System Design using Verilog HDL
RTL synthesis
Starting the Design Vision graphical environment
RTL model analysis
Design elaboration
Design environment definition
Design constraint definitions
Design mapping and optimization
Analyze and resolve design problems
Report generation
VHDL/Verilog gate-level netlist generation and post-synthesis timing data (SDF)
extraction
Design constraints generation for placement and routing
Design optimization with tighter constraints using scripts
Standard cell placement and routing
Starting the Encounter graphical environment
Design import
Global net connections
Operating conditions definition
Floorplan Specification
Power ring/stripe creation and routing
Core cell placement
Timing analysis
Clock tree synthesis (optional)
Design routing
Timing analysis
Design checks
Report generation
Post-route timing data extraction
Post-route netlist generation
GDS2 file generation
Proto-typing of a design using FPGA Design Kit
Working on a team to implement a Digital System design project
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1. Software development tools - Introduction to cross assembler, Linker, Locator and conversion
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
utility
Assembly Language Programming
Interface to Switches, LEDs, and 7-segment displays
Interface to a Hexadecimal Keypad
Writing programs to perform user output to the LCD
Interfacing EEPROM/NVRAM to a typical microcontroller
Testing EEPROM/NVRAM access and performing user I/O
Writing Interrupt Service Routines
RS-232, RS-485, I2C Communication
Course Objectives:
To gain a sound knowledge of the sources of power consumption in UDSM CMOS designs and to
develop a broad insight into the methods used to confront the low power issue from lower level
(circuit level) to higher levels (system level) of abstraction.
Course Learning Outcomes:
Design a power efficient system in reasonable trade off.
Estimate and Analyze the power consumed in the circuit level
Construct a system with multiple supply and multiple threshold voltages.
Optimizing the code to reduce the power in the software level.
Pre-Requisite Courses: i) Digital IC Design, ii) Computational Techniques
Low Power Design Methods
Motivation, Context and Objectives, Sources of Power dissipation in Ultra Deep Submicron CMOS Circuits
Static, Dynamic and Short circuit components. Effects of scaling on power consumption, Low power design
flow, Normalized Figure of Merit (PDP, EDP), Power optimization at Algorithmic level, Architectural level,
Register Transfer level, Logic level and Circuit level. Power Estimation using Static and Dynamic techniques,
Hierarchical sequence compaction for reducing power simulation time.
Algorithmic and Architecture Level Optimization
Hardware/Software co-design, Pipelining and Parallel Processing approaches for low power in DSP filter
structures, Multiple supply voltage and Multiple threshold voltage designs for low power, Optimal drivers of
high speed low power ICs, Computer arithmetic techniques for low power.
Sleep Transistor Design
Design metrics, switch efficiency, area efficiency, IR drop, normal Vs reverse body bias. Layout design of
Area efficiency, Single row Vs double row, Inrush current and current latency.
Register Transfer Level Optimization
Low power clock, Interconnect and layout designs, Reducing power consumption in memory cells, Clock
gating, Deglitching for low power, Bus Encoding techniques.
Logic Level and Circuit Level Optimization
Theoretical background Calculation of Steady state probability, Transition probability, Conditional
probability, Transition density; Estimation and optimization of Switching activity, Power cost computation
model, Transistor variable re-ordering for power reduction, Low power library cell design (GDI).
Low Power Design of Sub-Modules
Circuit techniques for reducing power consumption in Adders, Multipliers. Synthesis of FSM for low power,
Retiming sequential circuits for low power.
IP Design for Low Power
Architecture and partitioning for power gating, power controller design for the USB OTG, Issues in designing
portable power controllers, clocks and resets, Packaging IP for reuse with power intent.
Software Level Power Optimization
Power analysis of embedded software, OS issues, Power management techniques.
Text Books:
1. Kaushik Roy, Sharat Prasad, Low Power CMOS VLSI circuit design, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2000.
2. Soudris, Dimitrios, Christrian Pignet, Goutis, Costas, Designing CMOS circuits for low power,
Springer International, 2004.
Reference Books:
1. G.K.Yeap, Farid N.Najm, Low Power VLSI design and technology, World Scientific Publishing, 1996.
2. A.P.Chandrakasan, R.W.Broderson, Low Power Digital VLSI Design, IEEE Press, 1998.
3. Gary K.Yeap, Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design, Kluwer Academic Press, 1998.
4. Jan M.Rabaey, Massoud Pedram, Low power Design methodologies, Kluwer Academic Press, 1996
5. Michael Keating, David Flynn Low Power Methodology Manual for System-On-Chip Design
Springer Publication 2007
IC TECHNOLOGY
L
Course Objectives:
This course introduces students to the fundamentals of VLSI manufacturing processes and
technology.
Course Outcomes:
After the completion of this course, Students will be able to
Understand physics of the Crystal growth, wafer fabrication and basic properties of silicon
wafers.
Learning lithography techniques and concepts of wafer exposure system, types of resists etc.
Understand Concepts of thermal oxidation and Si/SiO2 interface and its quality
measurements.
Learn concepts of thin film deposition including chemical Vapor Deposition and Physical
vapor deposition.
Understand back-end technology to define contacts, interconnect, gates, source and drain, and
measurements techniques to insure quality of designs.
Understand MOS and Bipolar Process Integration.
Introduction
Introduction to Semiconductor Manufacturing and fabrication. Physics of the Crystal growth, wafer
fabrication and basic properties of silicon wafers.
Lithography, Thermal Oxidation of Silicon
The Photolithographic Process, Etching Techniques, Photomask Fabrication, Exposure Systems,
Exposure sources, The Oxidation Process, Modeling Oxidation, Masking Properties of Silicon
Dioxide, Technology of Oxidation, Si-SiO2 Interface.
Diffusion, Ion Implantation, Film Deposition
The Diffusion Process , Mathematical Model for Diffusion, Constant- ,The Diffusion Coefficient ,
Successive Diffusions, Diffusion Systems, Implantation Technology, Mathematical Model for Ion
Implantation, Selective Implantation, Channeling, Lattice Damage and Annealing, Shallow
Implantations, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Physical Vapor Deposition, Epitaxy.
Interconnections and Contacts, Packaging and Yield
Metal Interconnections and Contact Technology, Diffused Interconnections, Polysilicon
Interconnections and Buried Contacts, Silicides and Multilayer-Contact Technology, Copper
Interconnects and Damascene Processes, Wafer Thinning and Die Separation, Die Attachment, Wire
Bonding, Packages, Yield.
MOS Process Integration, Bipolar Process Integration
Basic MOS Device Considerations, MOS Transistor Layout and Design Rules, Complementary
MOS (CMOS) Technology, The Junction-Isolated Structure, Current Gain, Transit Time, Basewidth,
Breakdown Voltages, Other Elements In SBC Technology, Advanced Bipolar Structures, Other
Bipolar Isolation Techniques. Deep Submicron Processes, Low-Voltage/Low-Power
CMOS/BiCMOS Processes. Future Trends and Directions of CMOS/BiCMOS Processes.
Text Books:
1. J. Plummer, Michael D. Deal and Peter B. Griffin, Silicon VLSI Technology, fundamentals,
practice and modeling Pearson Education, 2009.
2. Richard C. Jaeger , Introduction to Microelectronic Fabrication, Second Edition
Reference Books:
1. C.Y. Chang and S. M. Sze, ULSI Technology, McGraw Hill 1996
2. S.K. Ghandhi, VLSI Fabrication Principles, Wiley. 2nd edition 1994
3. Stanley wolf , Silicon Processing for VLSI era, volume 4, Deep sub-micron process
technology Lattice Press.1990
RFIC DESIGN
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Objective of the Course: This course is for IC designers who would like to become familiar with
the design of integrated radio front-end circuits.
Prerequisite: Analog Integrated Circuit Design and knowledge on Electromagnetic theory.
Introduction to RF & Wireless Technology
Complexity, design and applications. Choice of Technology. Basic concepts in RF Design:
Nonlinearly and Time Variance, intersymbol Interference, random processes and Noise. Definitions
of sensitivity and dynamic range, conversion Gains and Distortion.
Passive and Active Devices
Passive devices: monolithic capacitors, resistors, inductors, RLC networks, transmission lines,
lumped and distributed resonators, impedance matching networks, transformers, and baluns. Active
devices: MOSFET operations (in both long channel and deep submicron regimes), practical
limitations, and other various silicon transistors and technologies (Si/SiGe Bipolar, SOI, etc.).
Analog & Digital Modulation for RF Circuits
Comparison of various techniques for power efficiency. Coherent and Non coherent defection.
Mobile RF Communication systems and basics of Multiple Access techniques. Receiver and
Transmitter Architectures and Testing heterodyne, Homodyne, Image-reject, Direct-IF and subsampled receivers. Direct Conversion and two steps transmitters. BJT and MOSFET behavior at RF
frequencies. Modeling of the transistors and SPICE models. Noise performance and limitation of
devices. Integrated Parasitic elements at high frequencies and their monolithic implementation.
Basic Blocks in RF Systems & their VLSI Implementation
Low Noise Amplifiers design in various technologies, Design of Mixers at GHz frequency range.
Various Mixers, their working and implementations, Oscillators: Basic topologies VCO and
definition of phase noise. Noise-Power trade-off. Resonatorless VCO design. Quadrature and
single-sideband generators, Radio Frequency Synthesizes: PLLS, Various RF synthesizer
architectures and frequency dividers, Power Amplifiers design. Linearisation techniques, Design
issues in integrated RF filters.
Text Books
1. T.H.Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits", Cambridge University
Press, 1998.
2. B.Razavi, RF Microelectronics, Prentice-Hall PTR,1998
Reference Books
1. R.Jacob Baker,H.W.Li, and D.E. Boyce, CMOS Circuit Design ,Layout and Simulation,
Prentice-Hall of India,1998.
2. Y.P. Tsividis Mixed Analog and Digital VLSI Devices and Technology, McGraw Hill,1996
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Objective of the Course: This course will cover various aspects of semiconductor memories,
including basic operation principles, device design considerations, device scaling, device fabrication,
addressing, and readout circuits and testing memories.
Course Outcome
After completion of this course the students will
Understand the functionality of various memory devices - SRAM, DRAM, NVRAM (nonvolatile memory) and can able to design them.
Understand the testing strategy of Memory circuits.
Prerequisite to study the course:
IC Technology, Physics of Semiconductors and Modeling, Digital IC design.
Volatile and Non Volatile Memories
Masked Read-Only Memories (ROMs)-Programmable Read - Only Memories
(PROMs)-Erasable (UV) Programmable Road-Only Memories (EPROMs)-Floating-Gate
EPROM Cell-One Time Programmable (OTP) EPROMS-Electrically Erasable PROMs
(EEPROMs)- EEPROM Technology and Architecture.
Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs): SRAM Cell Structures-MOS SRAM
Architecture-MOS SRAM Cell and Peripheral Circuit Operation - Silicon On Insulator
(SOl) Technology.
Dynamic Random Access Memory
Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs): DRAM Technology Development CMOS DRAMs -DRAMs Cell Theory and Advanced Cell Structures: M-Bit Cell, Sense
Amplifier, Row Decoder Elements. Array Architecture. Peripheral Circuitry. Global
Circuitry and Considerations: Data Path elements, Address path elements,
Synchronization in DRAMs BiCMOS DRAMs - Soft Error Failures in DRAMs-CAM
topology Masking CAM Features - Future of Memories - NVRAM - FeRAM MRAM.
RECONFIGURABLE ARCHITECTURES
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Objective of the Course: The objective is to deal with topics, starting from a historical perspective
on early reconfigurable systems, ranging across a wide variety of results and techniques for
reconfigurable models, examining more recent developments such as optical models and run-time
reconfiguration (RTR), and finally touching on an approach to implementing a dynamically
reconfigurable model.
Prerequisite to study the course: Knowledge in Graph Algorithms and basics of Computer
Architecture.
Introduction to reconfigurable architectures:
Principles and issues, examples, R-Mesh at a glance, Important Issues.
Reconfigurable Mesh:
Reconfigurable Mesh-Two Dimensional R-Mesh, Expressing R-Mesh Algorithms, Fundamental
Algorithmic Techniques-Data movement, Efficiency Acceleration, Neighbor Localization, Sub-R
Mesh Generation, Distance Embedding, Connectivity Embedding, Function Decomposition.
Models of Reconfiguration:
Restricted bus structure, word size, accessing buses, higher dimensions, one-way streets, More ways
of reconfiguration-Reconfigurable Network, Reconfigurable Multiple Bus Machine, Optical Models,
Reconfiguration in FPGAs, How powerful is Reconfiguration?
Algorithmic Scalability and Complexity:
Scalability of Algorithms - for HVR,LR, FR, meshes and Matrix Manipulations, Concepts on disjoints, Bus structures including Multiple bus machines, Degrees of scalability, Trade-offs. Mapping
of Higher order meshes, What are the salient difference between PRAMs, E-RMBMs, F-RMBM, SRMBM, B-RMBM and Randomized PRAMS.
Arithmetic on the Mesh:
Conversion among number formats, floating point numbers, maximum / minimum, Foundationaddition, Multiplication, Division, Multiplying Matrices-Matrix-vector Multiplication, Matrix
multiplication, Sparse Matrix Multiplication.
Run-Time Reconfiguration
Run-Time Reconfiguration, Run-time reconfiguration techniques for Field Programmable Gate
Arrays (FPGAs), PLDs and EFTAs - Relationships between FPGA-type and R-Mesh-type platforms
- Implementing R-Mesh algorithms on an FPGA-type environment.
Text Books:
.
Ramanathan Vaidhyanathan, Jerry Trahan, Dynamic Reconfiguration: Architectures and
Algorithm, KA,P 2003.
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Prerequisite:
Electromagnetic Theory and IC Design Technology
Course Objectives:
To cover the practical aspects of noise and interference suppression and control in electronic circuits
for the engineer who is or will be involved in hardware design.
Expected Outcomes:
After the completion of this course the students can be able to:
Understand terminologies for EMI and EMC
Analyze, understand, explain and quantify an EMC problem
Design hardware to achieve the necessary isolation between RF stages
Understand and reduce crosstalk coupling mechanisms
Design a digital power bus to achieve the required noise budget
Learn and understand ESD (electrostatic discharge)
Aware of the different EMC regulations worldwide
EMI ENVIRONMENT
Sources of EMI, conducted and radiated EMI, Transient EMI, EMI-EMC Definitions and units of
parameters.
EMI COUPLING PRINCIPLES
Conducted, Radiated and Transient Coupling, Common Impedance Ground Coupling, Radiated
Common Mode and Ground Loop Coupling, Radiated Differential Mode Coupling, Near Field Cable
to Cable Coupling, Power Mains and Power Supply Coupling.
EMI MEASUREMENTS
EMI SPECIFICATION / STANDARDS / LIMITS: Units of specifications, Civilian standards
Military standards. EMI Test Instruments/Systems, EMI Test, EMI Shielded Chamber, Open Area
Test Site, TEM Cell Antennas, Conductors Sensors/Injectors/Couplers, Military Test Method and
Procedures, Calibration Procedures.
EMI CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Shielding, Filtering, Grounding, Bonding, Isolation Transformer, Transient Suppressors, Cable
Routing, Signal Control, Component Selection and Mounting.
EMC DESIGN OF PCBS
PCB Traces Cross Talk, Impedance Control, Power Distribution Decoupling, Zoning, Motherboard
Designs and Propagation Delay Performance Models.
Text Books:
1. Bernhard Keiser, " Principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility ", Artech house, 3rd Ed, 1986.
2. Henry W.Ott, " Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems ", John Wiley and Sons,
1988.
3. V.P.Kodali, " Engineering EMC Principles, Measurements and Technologies ", IEEE Press,
1996.
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Course Objectives:
VLSI Engineers who wish to become skilled in the practical use of UNIX/PERL/Tcl for tasks related
to programmable logic or ASIC design.
Prerequisite:
Some experience with at least one software programming language like C is highly advantageous.
No previous knowledge of Tcl/Tk is required. Students are expected to be computer literate and to
have an understanding of the digital hardware design.
UNIX
Introduction to Unix, Overview of commands, Unix Shell scripting , Overview of scripting language
PERL , TCL , Python
PERL
History and Concepts of PERL, Scalar Data ,Arrays and List Data, Control structures, Hashes,
Basics I/O, Regular Expressions ,Functions, Miscellaneous control structures, Formats , Directory
access , File and Directory manipulation , process management ,System database access , User data
manipulation.
Tool Command Language
An Overview of TCL and Tk , Tcl Language syntax ,Variables ,Expressions, Lists , Control flow ,
procedures, Errors and exceptions ,String manipulation , Accessing files , Processes , Managing Tcl
Internals ,History
Applications
Automatic code generation , Report Filtering , Netlist patching , Test Vector Generation , Controlling
Tools
Text Books:
1. Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, John Orwant, Programming PERL, Oreilly Publications, 3 rd
Edn., 2000
2. Eric Foster-Johnson, John C. Welch, and Micah Anderson Beginning Shell
scripting, ,Wiley Publication,2005
3. John K. Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.,1993
References:
1. Randal L, Schwartz Tom Phoenix, Learning PERL, Oreilly Publications, 3rd Edn., 2000
2. Brent B. Welch and Ken Jones, Practical Programming in Tcl and TK
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN
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Objective of the Course: To understand the methodologies related to High level synthesis and
Compiler optimization.
Prerequisite to study the course: Digital design and Programming and Hardware description
languages.
Specification of embedded systems
Why Co-design? - Comparison of co-design approaches MoCs: State oriented, Activity
oriented, Structure oriented, Data oriented and Heterogeneous Software CFSMs Processor
Characterization.
HW/SW Partitioning methodologies
Principle of hardware/software mapping - Real time scheduling - design specification &
constraints on Embedded systems - Tradeoffs - Partitioning granularity - Kernigan-Lin Algorithm
- Extended Partitioning - Binary Partitioning: GCLP Algorithm
Co-synthesis & Estimation
Software synthesis Hardware Synthesis - Interface Synthesis Co-synthesis Approaches:
Vulcan, Cosyma, Cosmos, Polis and COOL Estimation: Hardware area, execution timing and
power; Software memory and execution timing.
Co-simulation & Co-verification
Principles of Co-simulation Abstract Level; Detailed Level Co-simulation as Partitioning
support Co-simulation using Ptolemy approach.
Text Books:
Felice Balarin, Massimiliano Chiodo, Paolo Giusto, Harry Hsieh, Attila Jurecska, Luciano
Lavagno, Claudio Passerone, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Ellen Sentovich, Kei Suzuki,
Bassam Tabbara. Hardware-Software Co-Design of Embedded Systems: The POLIS Approach,
2004.
Ralf Niemann, Hardware/Software Co-Design for Data Flow Dominated Embedded Systems,
Springer, 1998, ISBN:0792382994.
References:
Peter Marwedel, Embedded System Design, Springer, 2006, ISBN:1402076908.
Russell John Rickford, Bernd Kleinjohann, Design and Analysis of Distributed Embedded
Systems, Springer, 2002, ISBN:1402071566.
Achim Rettberg, Mauro C Zanella, Franz J Rammig, From Specification to Embedded Systems
Application, Springer, 2005, ISBN:0387275576
http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/research/hsc/class.F04/index.html
http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/tik/education/lectures/ES/
http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~sedwards/classes/2004/4840/
http://courses.cs.tamu.edu/rabi/cpsc489/resources.shtml
DSP ARCHITECTURES
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Objective of the Course: This course on digital signal processing architectures which focuses on the
implementation and design of families of DSP architectures with in-depth analysis of the relevant
algorithms. Students learn the essential advanced topics in digital signal processing, Internal DSP
architectural requirements for a DSP device, system level hardware design of DSP Architectures and
interfacing peripherals to programmable DSPs.
Prerequisite to study the course: Familiarity with digital filters, matrix algebra, and random signal
analysis.
ARCHITECTURES FOR PROGRAMMABLE DSP DEVICES
Basic Architectural features, DSP Computational Building Blocks, Bus Architecture and Memory,
Data Addressing Capabilities, Address Generation Unit, Programmability and Program Execution,
Speed Issues, Features for External interfacing.
EXECUTION CONTROL & PIPELINING
Hardware looping, Interrupts, Stacks, Relative Branch support, Pipelining and Performance, Pipeline
Depth, Interlocking, Branching effects, Interrupt effects, Pipeline Programming models.
ADSP ARCHITECTURES AND SYNTHESIS
Top Down approach to DSP LSI, Circuit Synthesis, High Performance Data conversion Techniques,
LSI Algorithms and Architectures, Hierarchical Design of Processor Arrays, Systolic Arrays, Stack
Filters, Wave-front Array Processors, Floating Point DSP processors, Systolic Processors for Image
Processing; Standard digital signal processors, Application Specific ICs for DSP, ADSP system
architectures, Standard DSP architecture, Ideal DSP architectures, Equalizers, Adaptive Equalizers,
Multiprocessors and multi-computers, Systolic and Wave front arrays, Shared memory architectures.
Mapping of DSP algorithms onto hardware, Implementation based on complex PEs, Shared memory
architecture with Bit serial PEs.
INTERFACING MEMORY & I/O PERIPHERALS TO PROGRAMMABLE DSP DEVICES
Memory space organization, External bus interfacing signals, Memory interface, Parallel I/O
interface, Programmed I/O, Interrupts and I/O, Direct memory access (DMA). A Multichannel
buffered serial port (McBSP), McBSP Programming, a CODEC interface circuit, CODEC
programming, A CODEC-DSP interface example.
Text Books:
1. Avtar Singh and S. Srinivasan , Digital Signal Processing, Thomson Publications, 2004.
2. Lars Wanhammer, DSP Integrated Circuits, Academic press, New York 1999.
3. Lapsley et al., DSP Processor Fundamentals, Architectures & Features , S. Chand & Co, 2000.
References:
1. B.VenkataRamani and M. Bhaskar, Digital Signal Processors, Architecture, Programming and
Applications, TMH, 2004.
2. Jonatham Stein, Digital Signal Processing, John Wiley, 2005.
3. Bayoumi, MA, VLSI Design Methodology for DSP Architectures, Klumer, 1994.
4. Sung-Yuan Kung, Robert E.Owen, J.Gerg Nash, VLSI Signal Processing Vol.1, Vol.II. IEEE
Press. 1986
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Course objectives:
With the VLSI, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and System On a Chip(SOC) technologies,
transistors are getting smaller and smaller thus today's digital systems are more complex than ever
before. This increased complexity leads to more cross-talk noise and other sources of transient errors
( like single event upset) during normal operation. Traditional off-line testing strategies cannot
guarantee detection of these transient faults. The critical applications that are relying on faster
operations need built-in fault-tolerant and self-checking mechanisms to assure reliable and
dependable operation.
This course focuses on the state-of-the-art approaches to designing dependable systems, covering
the following topics:
Dependability attributes: availability, reliability, and safety
Fault models and prediction of hardware failure rates.
Hardware fault-tolerance, physical and temporal redundancy.
Software safety, software fault tolerance.
Safety-critical embedded systems
Case studies of dependable-system design.
Prerequisite: Design of digital systems.
Course topics:
1. Introduction to fault tolerance and failsafe design techniques. Goals & applications of fault
tolerance. Classification of faults. Reconfiguration Techniques using SRAM based Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAS).
2. Modeling of the faults in hardware and software. Test vector generation, and Built In Self
Test (BIST) concepts. Test data compression techniques: Signature analysis, ONEs counting,
and Transition counting.
3. Fault detection and fault location techniques
4. Fundamentals of Reliability - Basic definitions (Ch.1)
5. Error detecting and correcting codes (Ch.2)
6. Self checking logic design(ch.3)
7. Self checking checkers (ch.4)
8. Fault-Tolerant Design- Hardware, Information,Time, and software redundancy. System level
fault tolerance (Ch. 6).
9. Evaluation techniques : Quantitative evaluation and Reliability modeling.
10. Case studies- Applications of Fault tolerance to control Systems and computers.
Term paper presentations by students.
Text book:
Parag K. Lala, "Self checking and Fault Tolerant Digital Design", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,
2001.
Reference:
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Aims and Objectives: To develop theoretical and algorithmic principles behind the acquisition,
display, manipulation and processing of digital images. To explore the methods used to
digitize, transfer, display, organize, process and compare digital images and image sequences.
To analyze technique in image compression
Prerequisites: Design and Analysis of Algorithms, C or C++ programming languages and object
oriented design, Matrix Algebra, Fourier Transforms
Course Outcome: Will get knowledge on Image Transform, Image Enhancement and Image
segmentation techniques, color image processing and image compression.
Image Formation and Display: Digital Image Structure, cameras and eyes, Television video signals,
other image acquisition and display, brightness and contrast adjustments, grayscale transforms. Warping.
Linear Image processing: Convolution, 3x3 edge modification Analysis, FFT Convolution.
Special Imaging Techniques: Spatial Resolution, sample spacing and sampling aperture, signal to noise
ratio, morphological image processing, computed tomography.
Data compression: Data Compression Strategies, Run length Coding, Huffman Encoding, Delta
Encoding, LZW Compression, JPEG (Transform Compression), MPEG.
Applications and Techniques of Image processing in Remote Sensing, Bio medical, Forensic and
Security,
Text Books:Reference Books:
1
1. Steven W. Smith , Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and
Scientists , Elsevier, 2003
2. Anil.K.Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing PHI, 1995.
3. R.C.Gonzalez and R.E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, PHI, 2002.
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Course Prerequisites: Semiconductor device physics, Quantum Physics, Nanoelectronics
Aim: Single Electronics and the devices are emerging as the futuristic devices for ultra-dense digital
IC designs and their understanding and modeling techniques are required to be learnt. Students will
be exposed to this emerging field.
Expected Outcome: The students exposed this area of Single Electron and a few electron devices,
their characteristics and advanced concepts of such devices for futuristic Integrated devices will
enable students to get opportunities in the advanced technology R & D groups in India and Abroad.
Unique opportunity exist for such students.
Basic Single Electron devices
Single Electron Box, Single Electron transistor, Single-Electron Traps, Single-Electron Turnstile and
Pumps, SET Oscillators, Comparison Between FET and SET Circuit Designs
Analog and Digital ApplicationsVoltage State Logics, Charge State Logics, Logic Circuit Applications of SETs- Merged SET and
MOSFET Logic, CMOS- Type Logic Circuit, Pass- Transistor Logic, Multigate SET, BackgroundCharge-Insensitive Memory, Crested Tunnel Barriers,
Single-Electron Transistors and MemoriesIntroduction to Memory Devices, Floating Gate Scheme, Single-electron MOS memory (SEMM)Structure, Fabrication Procedure, Experimental Observations, Analysis, Effect of Trap States Effect
of Thicker Tunnel Diode Experimental Behavior of Memories- Percolation Effects, Limitations in
Use of Field Effect, Confinement and Random Effects in Semiconductors, Variances due to
Dimensions, Limits Due to Tunneling, Tunneling in Silicon; Nonvolatile Random-Access Memory
(NOVORAM), Other Single-Electron and Few-Electron Devices and Memories, Electrostatic Data
Storage (ESTOR) SESO Transistor- History, Single-electron devices to SESO, Fabricated SESO
Transistor, SESO Memory, Memory-Technology Comparison
Introduction Simulation Methods and Numerical Algorithms
Monte Carlo Method, Solution of the Master Equation, Coupling with SPICE, Free Energy, Tunnel
Transmission Coefficient, Energy Levels, Evaluation Schemes for Co tunneling, Rate Calculation
Including Electromagnetic Environment, Numerical Integration of Tunnel Rates, Time Dependent
Node Voltages and Node Charges, Stability Diagram and Stable States, Capacitance Calculations,
SIMON single-electron software package.
Text Books:
1. Shunri Oda and David Ferry, Silicon Nanoelectronics,CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
2. D. V. Averin, Y. V. Nazarov, Macroscopic quantum tunneling of charge and co-tunneling, in H.
Grabert, M. H. Devoret (eds.), Single charge tunneling: Coulomb blockade phenomena in
nanostructures, Plenum Press and NATO Scientific Affairs Division, New York and London, 1992, pp.
217-247.
3. Christoph Wasshuber, Computational Single-Electronics", 2001, Springer-Verlag,
Reference Books:
1.
K. Goser, P. Glosekotter, Nanoelectronics and Nanosystems Springer, 2005.
2.
R. Tsu, Superlattice to Nanoelectronics Elsevier, 2005.
3.
A. N. Korotkov, D. V. Averin, K. K. Likharev, S. A. Vasenko, Single-electron transistors as
ultrasensitive electrometers, Single-electron tunneling and mesoscopicg devices, Springer, 1992.
Journal paper:
1. Single Electron Devices and their Applications, Konstantin K. Likharev, PROCEEDINGS OF THE
IEEE, VOL. 87, NO. 4, APRIL 1999.p 606- 632.
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Aims:
To teach different methods of micromachining and how these methods can be used to
produce a variety of MEMS, including microstructures, microsensors, and microactuators
Expose the students to design, simulation and analysis softwares.
In addition to this the course covers the various applications of MEMS in different field.
Learning Outcomes:
Design of MEMS based systems
Introduction To MEMS:
Historical background of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, role of MEMS in improved efficiency,
Smart materials and structures, materials-processing, synthesis, Multifunctional polymers.
Material Processing and Device Fabrication:
Lithography, Ion Implantation, Etching, Wafer bonding, Integrated processes, Bulk silicon micro
machining, surface micro machining, CVD oxide process.
Micro Sensors and Micro actuators:
Micromechanical components springs, bearings, gears and connectors, High temperature sensors,
Capacitive pressure sensor, bulk micro-machined accelerometer, Surface micro machined micro
spectrometer.
Applications of MEMS:
Blood Pressure Monitoring Transducers, Disposable Blood Pressure Monitoring Transducers. MEMS
devices Infusion pumps, Kidney dialysis, Respirators, Active noise and vibration control,
Intelligent structures, micro robots, Smart structures for aircraft, automotive requirements,
automobile, Satellite, Buildings and Manufacturing systems.
Text book:
1. Tai-Ran Hsu, MEMS & Microsystem, Design and Manufacture, McGraw Hill, 2002
References:
1. Julian W.Gardner, Vijay. K.Varadhan, Osama O.Awadelkahn (2001), MicroSensors, MEMS
and Smart Devices, Wiley Publishers
2. Gregory T.A.Kovacs (1995), Micromachined Transducers Source Book, McGraw Hill
Publishers ISBN : 0-07-116462-6
NANOELECTRONICS
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Aim:
To provide an overview on the present state design technology for System-On-Chip
INTRODUCTION
Architecture of the present-day SoC - Design issues of SoC- Hardwar-Software Codesign Core
Libraries EDA Tools
DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR LOGIC CORES
SoC Design Flow guidelines for design reuse Design process for soft and firm cores Design
process for hard cores System Integration
DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR MEMORY AND ANALOG CORES
Embedded memories design methodology for embedded memories Specification of analog
circuits High speed circuits
DESIGN VALIDATION
Core-Level validation Core Interface verification - SoC design validation
CORE AND SoC DESIGN EXAMPLES
Microprocessor Cores Core Integration and On-chip bus Examples of SoC
Text Book:
Rochit Rajsuman, System-on-a-Chip: Design and Test, Artech House, 2000
Reference Books:
1. Steve Furber, ARM System-on-Chip Architecture, 2nd ed, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2000
2. Ricardo Reis & Jochen A.G. Jess, Design of System on a Chip : Devices & Components,
Kluwer, 2004
3. Laung-Terng Wang, Charles E. Stroud, Nur A. Touba, System-on-Chip Test Architectures,
Morgan Kaufmann, 2007
COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
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Course Objective:
This course aims to cover mathematical techniques and models used in the solution of computer engineering
problems in microelectronics.
Course Outcomes:
By the end of the course, students will have a broad understanding of the various notions used in
computational complexity theory to classify computational problems as hard or easy to solve. They will
become familiar with the important complexity classes, how they are related to each other, typical problems in
those classes. They will be familiar with Finite difference methods and probability theory and random process.
Set Theory
Basics of Set theory: Subsets, Set Operators, Sets of Numbers Functions: Product Sets and Graphs
of Functions Relations Operations - Cardinal- Partially and Totally Ordered Sets - Algebra of
Propositions Quantifiers - Boolean Algebra - Logical Reasoning.
Graph Theory
Basic concepts of GT: Paths, Reachability and Connectedness; Matrix representations - Trees Connectivity - Euler tours and Hamilton Cycles - Matchings - Edge Colouring - Directed Graphs Random Graphs.
Complexity of Algorithms
Comparing algorithms - Machine independence - Example of finding the maximum- (theta)
notation - O(big oh) notation - Properties of and O - as an equivalence relation - Sufficiently
large, Eventually positive, Asymptotic - o (little oh) notation - using to compare polynomial
evaluation algorithms, average running time, tractable, intractable, graph coloring problem.
Probability, Stochastic and Random Processes
Deterministic and probabilistic function, Probabilistic space, Joint probability, conditional
probability, Bernoulli Trails, Bayes Theorem, Entropy, M.S.E., Normal Random variables, Central
Limit Theorem, Stochastic Processes, Markovian Processes, Stationary and Non-stationary
processes, Time variant and Time invariant signals, Ergodic processes, Covariance, Correlation, Auto
& cross correlations, Power Spectrum.
Finite Difference Methods
Ordinary differential equations of second order finite difference methods, Finite difference
methods. Forelliptic equations, Diffusion equation explicit method Von-Neumann stability
condition, CrankNikolson Implicit method. Wave equationexplicit method, CFL stability
condition.
Text Books:
1. J.P. Trembley and R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to Computer
Science, Tata McGraw Hill 13th reprint (2001).
2. Edward A. Bender & S. Gill Williamson Mathematics for Algorithm and Systems Analysis, Dover
(2005) ISBN 0-486-44250-0
3. S. Lipschutz and M. Lipson, Discrete Mathematics, TMH, 2 nd Edition (2000).
4. Murray R. Spiegal, Theory and problems of Statistics Schaums series,TMH,.1999
References:
1. J A Bondy and U S R Murthy, Graph Theory with Applications, Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New
York, 1976.
2. Lipschutz, Seymour, Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Set Theory and Related Topics,
McGraw-Hill Companies, July 1998
3. Liu "Elements of Discrete Mathematics" McGraw Hill.
4. Richard Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics, 5th Edition, Pearson Education (2001).