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ISBN: 978-15-076833-85

Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

Electricity Produced from Refrigeration Waste Heat


G.Aadhithyan, I.Kathiravan, C.Prabu.
B.E.Mechanical Engineering, Jayalakshmi Institute of Technology, Thoppur. Dharmapuri.
Aadhi586@gmail.com, kathir039@gmail.com, muraliprabu441@gmail.com.
Guided by
Mr.P.MOHANKUMAR.M.E,
Assistant Professor
Abstract
Now a days electricity is most important one of the human life and industries but the
available energy is very less. Today the demand of energy is increasing tremendously, but available
energy lacks in supply. This problem is overcome by this project. In this paper the main stress is
given on energy conservation by using technique of utilizing waste heat from Refrigerator/Air
conditioning system. The refrigeration system will always tend to produce an excess of low
temperature heat which is commonly referred to as waste heat. In this heat which is lost to the
environment, however, may be recovered to a certain extent and reused to our advantage instead. A
possible way of reutilization of the wasted energy has been thought of .The device which are
capable of coverts this heat into useful forms example electricity. The mechanism and design such a
device, which when connected to the refrigeration system, utilizes the waste heat for generation of
electricity has been done. In this case, we have considered the waste heat of a heat source. The
principle of thermoelectricity has been used.
Keywords: energy conservation, refrigeration system, thermoelectricity, waste heat.

1. Introduction:
The principle is governed by
simple
solid
state
devices
called
thermoelectric power generators which are
capable of conversion of heat energy into
electrical energy. Now a day we are mostly
using refrigerator/air conditioning system.
This system consumes more power and
produce a work output. At the same time the
small amount of energy is wasted in the form
of heat due to refrigeration effect. The method
of conservation is the heat energy into
electrical energy by using the Thermo Electric
Generator (TEG).
1.1. Refrigeration:

The job of a refrigeration plant is to


cool articles and maintain them at a temp
lower than the ambient temperature. The
devices that provide this help are called
refrigeration units.
1.2. Refrigeration effect:
The quantity of heat extracted
from the system in order to keep the system at
a temperature less than that of the
surrounding. Then it is called as refrigeration
effect. The unit of refrigeration is Ton.
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the
quantity of heat removed from water at 00 C
to convert it into ice at 00C in a day of 24
hours.

Refrigeration can be defined as a


process that removes heat.

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1 ton of refrigeration=3.5KJ/sec.

90

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

1.3. Co-efficient of performance (C.O.P):


It is defined as the ratio between
the refrigeration effect and the work input to
the system.

In this system, the expander in the air


refrigeration system is replaced by an
expansion valve or throttle valve. The basic
operation of vapour compression system is
given below,

C.O.P = Refrigeration effect/


work input.
1.4. Basic refrigeration cycle:

Fig 2: Basic vapor compression system.


The main components in a vapour
compression refrigeration system are:
1) Compressor
Fig 1: Basic refrigeration system.

2) Condenser

There are various types of refrigeration


systems used for refrigeration as follows,

3) Expansion valve and


4) Evaporator

2) Air refrigeration system

The refrigerant medium used for


producing cooling effect are generally used in
this system are 1) Freon-12 (R12), 2) Freon22 (R22), 3) Ammonia (NH3), 4) CO2.

3) Vapour compression refrigeration


4) Vapour absorption refrigeration system
5) Steam-jet refrigeration system

2.1. Working of vapour


refrigeration system:

6) Refrigeration by using liquid gases.


The vapour compression refrigeration
system is the mainstay of the refrigeration and
air conditioning industry. In this system is
most widely used in house hold application
and industrial air conditioning.
compression

cold

chamber.

1) Ice refrigeration system

2. Vapour
system:

(or)

compression

The refrigerant vapour leaving the


evaporator enters into compressor, where the
vapour is compressed. (Process 1-2)

refrigeration

In
vapour
compression
refrigeration system, the vapour is alternately
undergoes a charge of phase from vapour to
liquid during the cycle of operation.

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Fig 3: Working of vapour compression


refrigeration system.

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91

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

The refrigerant vapour enters into a


condenser, where the vapour cooled and
undergoes a charge in phase to liquid.
(Process 2-3)
The liquid refrigerant (at high
pressure) enters into an expansion valve,
where
refrigerant undergoes expansion
process at constant enthalpy. The pressure of
refrigerant is very much reduced by this
operation. (Process 3-4)
The low pressure and low temperature
refrigerant then enters into evaporator tubes.
The refrigerant flowing inside the tubes
absorbs the heat from the material (to be
cooled) placed on the surface on the tubes.
(Process 4-1) due to the absorption of heat,
the refrigerant undergoes change of phase
from liquid to vapour and the vapour
refrigerant enters into a compressor and
cycle is repeated.

Fig.4: T-S diagram


2.3. COP of vapour
refrigeration system:

COP= (Refrigerating effect) / (work


supplied).

The exchange energy in this system as


follows:
a) Compressor requires work,
W. The work is supplied to the system from
the surroundings.
b) During condensation, heat Q1
the equivalent of latent heat of condensation
etc, is lost from the refrigerator.
c) During evaporation, heat Q2
equivalent to latent heat of vaporization is
absorbed by the refrigerant.

compression

Fig.6: P-H diagram


Heat extracted at low temperature = heat
transfer during process 4-1 = refrigerating
effect.
Q2 = (h1-h4).
Work of compressor = W = (h2-h1)
(adiabatic compression)
So, COP = (h1-h4) / (h2-h1).
Now, heat rejected to the condenser,

d) There is no exchange of heat


during throttling process through the
expansion valve as this process occurs at
constant enthalpy.

q1 = w + q2
= (h2-h1) + (h1-h4) = (h2 h4)
= (h2 h3).

[h3 =h4]

2.2 Vapour compression cycle:


The various operation
involved in the vapour compression
refrigeration system explained in the diagram.

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92

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

2.4. Model calculation:

3.1. Principle:

7 tonne refrigeration plant uses R12


refrigerant. It enters the compressor at -50 C
as saturated vapour. Condensation takes place
at 500 C and there is no under cooling.

Thermoelectric power generation is


mainly based on Seebeck effect discovered
by Thomas Seebeck in 1821.When a
temperature difference is applied between the
two junctions of two dissimilar metals, a
voltage is generated which is called the
Seebeck Voltage and this phenomenon is the
guiding principle behind thermoelectric
power generation.

From P-h and T-s diagram,


At point 1 [dry],
T1= -50 C,pressure p1
=12.19 bar, enthalpy h1=hg=187.397 KJ/Kg.
At point 2, [superheated] T2=500 C, pressure
p2=0.086 bar, enthalpy h2=210 KJ/Kg.

3.2. Seebeck effect:

At point 3, [liquid] enthalpy h3= hf =84.686


KJ/Kg.

Two dissimilar metals maintained at


different temperature, when connected by a
wire, will produce potential difference.

Refrigerating effect = 7 210 = 1470


KJ/min

3.3. Thermo Electric Generator (TEG):


The principle is governed by
simple
solid
state
devices
called
thermoelectric power generators which are
capable of conversion of heat energy into
electrical energy.

=24.5KW.
COP = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1).
= (187.397 84.868) / (210 187.397)
COP = 4.54.

Thermoelectric generators convert heat into


electricity through the Seebeck effect.
However, thermoelectric generators have
lower efficiency when compared to many
other power generation devices.

Work done,
W

= (refrigerating effect) / (COP).


= 24.5 / 4.54

A thermoelectric generator
convert heat (Q) into electrical power (P) with
efficiency .

W = 5.4 KW.
Heat rejected to the condenser q1 = w + q2

Power generated,

= 5.4 + 24.5

Pout = Qin.

Q1 = 29.9 KW.
Where,

3. Heat recovery system:


The
energy
conversation
method is used to convert the heat rejected to
the condenser into use full form. That is the
heat is directly converted into electrical
energy. In this paper the Thermo Electric
Generator is used for the purpose energy
conservation.

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= thermal efficiency
Pout = measured power output of the
device (watts)
Qin = measured input heat to the device
(watts).

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93

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

3.4. Diagram of TEG:

Fig.9: Power generation in TEG.

Fig.7: Thermo electric generator.


Thermoelectric generators are solidstate devices that convert heat into electricity.
TEG devices generate electricity via the
Seebeck Effect, where electricity is produced
from a temperature differential applied across
the device.
The simplest thermoelectric generator
consists of a thermocouple, comprising a ptype and n-type thermo element connected
electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is pumped into one side of the couple
and rejected from the opposite side. An
electrical current is produced, proportional to
the temperature gradient between the hot and
cold junctions.

The hot surface temperature (TH) is defined


by two important parameters:
1. The temperature of
environment which the heat is rejected.

the

2. The heat exchanger efficiency


which is between the hot surface of TE and
the environment.

3.5. Specification of TEG:


Material selection

= Bi-Sb-Te-Se.

Composition

= Bi-Sb-Te-Se.

Conduction type

= n, p

Value of ZT

= 0.3 -1.01

Optimum temperature
C.

= -180 to250

Thermal stability
= sufficient data
available and good thermal stability.

Fig .8: Overall view of TEG.


A thermoelectric generator module
which is formed with a hot side heat
exchanger having extruded fins on one
surface and in contact with a series of
individual thermoelectric semiconductor
modules on the opposite side.

The efficiency of thermo electric


generator
is
defined
as,

1+ 1

1+ +

ZT figure of merit for the device.


T temperature difference = (Th Tc).
Th hot side temperature.

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94

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

The heat supplied on the thermo


electric generator cause the temperature
difference across the thermo electric
generator.

In this system,
Hot side temperature Th = T3 = 500 C.
Cold side temperature

Tc = 100C

There fore
Efficiency of TEG = 2.21 %.
3.6. Electricity produced from waste heat:
The
designed
thermo
electric
generator (TEG) is fixed on the condenser in
the refrigeration system. It can be placed
suitable to carry the heat rejected in the
condenser of the refrigeration system.
The overall view of the energy
recovery system is shown in the figure.
Thermo electric generator is also connected to
the battery for the purpose of store the
electricity produced from the generator.

Fig.11: generation of potential difference.


The temperature difference will
produce the potential difference according to
the seebeck effect. The electricity produced
via seebeck effect is stored in the battery, it
can for various purposes. The refrigeration
system is operated continuously the power is
continuously generated in the thermo electric
generator.
Heat supplied on TEG, Q1 = 29.9 KW.
Power generated,

Pout = Qin.
= 0.0221 29.9
Pout = 0.66 KW.

Figure 10: Overall view of heat recovery


system.
3.7. Working:
The refrigeration system is switched
ON. The refrigeration system is working and
the refrigeration cycle is done on the correct
manner. During the condensation process the
heat is dissipated in the system (qh) from the
condenser.

The power generated can be increased by


increasing the refrigerating effect. In order to
increasing the refrigerating effect the heat
rejected also increased. Due to the increase in
heat the power generation is also increased.
3.8. Advantages:
There is no environmental effect due
energy conservation.
Experimental setup is simple.

This heat is directly fed into the


surface thermo electric generator of hot side.
Due to the heat on the surface of the TEG
cause the movement ions in the n-type and ptype material.

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The energy is conserved in a very


effective way.

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95

ISBN: 978-15-076833-85
Date: 24.1.2015
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering & Technology

4. CONCLUSION:
The heat wasted in refrigeration
system is utilized in a best way. It can more
suitable of energy conservation and to
produce the electricity in efficient way. This
can suitable for large cycle industries and
food processing unit.
5. REFERENCES:
1) R.B. Lokapure1, J.D.Joshi2 1,
2Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati
Vidyapeeth College of Engineering. Waste
Heat Recovery through Air Conditioning
System.
2) Dr. Steven OHalloran, & Mr.
Matthew Rodrigues, University of Portland.
Power and Efficiency Measurement in a
Thermoelectric Generator.
3) Jos Rui Camargo and Maria
Claudia Costa de OliveiraUniversity of
Taubat Brazil. Principles of Direct
Thermoelectric Conversion.
4) K.T. Zorbas, E. Hatzikraniotis, and
K.M. Paraskevopoulos. Power and Efficiency
Calculation in Commercial TEG and
Application in Wasted Heat Recovery in
Automobile Proc.

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