Pablo Picasso

Picasso redirects here. For other uses, see Picasso

(disambiguation).
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the rst or
paternal family name is Ruiz and the second or maternal
family name is Picasso.
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso
(/pkso, -kso/;[2] Spanish: [palo pikaso]; 25 October 1881 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. As
one of the greatest and most inuential artists of the 20th
century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture,[3][4] the coinvention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that
he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous
works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
(1907), and Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the Bombing
of Guernica by the German and Italian airforces at the
behest of the Spanish nationalist government during the
Spanish Civil War.
Picasso, Henri Matisse and Marcel Duchamp are regarded as the three artists who most dened the revoPablo Picasso and his sister Lola, c.1889
lutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting, sculpture, printmaking
1 Early life
and ceramics.[5][6][7][8]
Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his
early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through
his childhood and adolescence. During the rst decade
of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with dierent theories, techniques, and ideas.
His work is often categorised into periods. While
the names of many of his later periods are debated,
the most commonly accepted periods in his work are
the Blue Period (19011904), the Rose Period (1904
1906), the African-inuenced Period (19071909), Analytic Cubism (19091912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912
1919).

Picasso was baptised Pablo, Diego, Jos, Francisco de

Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Maria de los Remedios, Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad,[1] a series of names honouring various saints and relatives.[9] Added to these were
Ruiz and Picasso, for his father and mother, respectively, as per Spanish law. Born in the city of Mlaga
in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the rst child
of Don Jos Ruiz y Blasco (18381913) and Mara Picasso y Lpez.[10] Despite being baptised Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist.[11] Picassos family was middle-class. His father was a painter who specialised in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game.
Exceptionally prolic throughout the course of his long For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the
life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense for- School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Ruizs
tune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and ancestors were minor aristocrats.
became one of the best-known gures in 20th-century art.
Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from
an early age. According to his mother, his rst words
were piz, piz, a shortening of lpiz, the Spanish word for
pencil.[12] From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in gure drawing and
1

CAREER BEGINNINGS

oil painting. Ruiz was a traditional academic artist and

instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human
body from plaster casts and live models. His son became
preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork.

Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au caf (Absinthe Drinker), oil

on canvas, 73 x 54 cm, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg,
Russia

Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves,

Woman With Jewelery), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art

The family moved to A Corua in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. They
stayed almost four years. On one occasion, the father
found his son painting over his unnished sketch of a
pigeon. Observing the precision of his sons technique,
an apocryphal story relates, Ruiz felt that the thirteenyear-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give
up painting,[13] though paintings by him exist from later
years.
In 1895, Picasso was traumatised when his seven-yearold sister, Conchita, died of diphtheria.[14] After her
death, the family moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took
a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in
the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his
true home.[15] Ruiz persuaded the ocials at the academy
to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced
class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the jury admitted him,
at just 13. The student lacked discipline but made friendships that would aect him in later life. His father rented
a small room for him close to home so he could work
alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day,
judging his drawings. The two argued frequently.

to Madrids Royal Academy of San Fernando, the countrys foremost art school.[15] At age 16, Picasso set o
for the rst time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment. Madrid held many other attractions. The Prado
housed paintings by Diego Velzquez, Francisco Goya,
and Francisco Zurbarn. Picasso especially admired the
works of El Greco; elements such as his elongated limbs,
arresting colours, and mystical visages are echoed in Picassos later work.

2 Career beginnings
2.1 Before 1900

Picassos training under his father began before 1890. His

progress can be traced in the collection of early works
now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of
any major artists beginnings.[16] During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894
his career as a painter can be said to have begun.[17] The
academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s
is well displayed in The First Communion (1896), a large
composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same
year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa,
Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cir-

2.2

Blue Period

lot has called without a doubt one of the greatest in the 2.2 Blue Period
whole history of Spanish painting.[18]
In 1897 his realism became tinged with Symbolist in- For more details on this topic, see Picassos Blue Period.
uence, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in
non-naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call
his Modernist period (18991900) followed. His exposure to the work of Rossetti, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec
and Edvard Munch, combined with his admiration for
favourite old masters such as El Greco, led Picasso to
a personal version of modernism in his works of this
period.[19]

Picassos Blue Period (19011904), characterized by

somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and bluegreen, only occasionally warmed by other colours, began
either in Spain in early 1901, or in Paris in the second
half of the year.[21] Many paintings of gaunt mothers with
children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso
divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter
prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects Picasso
was inuenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide
of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Starting in autumn of
1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La
Vie (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.[22]

Picasso made his rst trip to Paris in 1900, then the art
capital of Europe. There, he met his rst Parisian friend,
journalist and poet Max Jacob, who helped Picasso learn
the language and its literature. Soon they shared an apartment; Max slept at night while Picasso slept during the
day and worked at night. These were times of severe
poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work was
burned to keep the small room warm. During the rst Infrared imagery of Picassos 1901 painting The Blue
ve months of 1901, Picasso lived in Madrid, where he Room reveals another painting beneath the surface.[23]
and his anarchist friend Francisco de Ass Soler founded
the magazine Arte Joven (Young Art), which published
ve issues. Soler solicited articles and Picasso illustrated
the journal, mostly contributing grim cartoons depicting
and sympathising with the state of the poor. The rst issue was published on 31 March 1901, by which time the
artist had started to sign his work Picasso; before he had
signed Pablo Ruiz y Picasso.[20]

La Vie (1903), Cleveland Museum of Art

Pablo Picasso, 1905, Au Lapin Agile (At the Lapin Agile)

(Arlequin tenant un verre), oil on canvas, 99.1 x 100.3 cm,
Metropolitan Museum of Art

The same mood pervades the well-known etching The

Frugal Repast (1904),[24] which depicts a blind man and
a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare
table. Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picassos works
of this period, also represented in The Blindmans Meal
(1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of Celestina (1903). Other works include Portrait of
Soler and Portrait of Suzanne Bloch.

The Old Guitarist (1903), Chicago Art Institute

2.3 Rose Period

For more details on this topic, see Picassos Rose Period.

Pablo Picasso, 1905, Garon la pipe, (Boy with a Pipe), private

collection, Rose Period

MODERN ART TRANSFORMED

Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art,

New York City. When someone commented that Stein did not
look like her portrait, Picasso replied, She will.[26]

The Rose Period (19041906)[25] is characterised by a

more cheery style with orange and pink colours, and
featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins
known in France as saltimbanques. The harlequin, a
comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso.
Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a bohemian artist who became his mistress, in Paris in 1904.[14] Olivier appears in
many of his Rose Period paintings, many of which are inuenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to
his increased exposure to French painting. The generally
upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period is
reminiscent of the 18991901 period (i.e. just prior to
the Blue Period) and 1904 can be considered a transition
year between the two periods.

been opened in Paris by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler. Kahnweiler was a German art historian and art collector who
became one of the premier French art dealers of the 20th
century. He was among the rst champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubism that they jointly
developed. Kahnweiler promoted burgeoning artists such
as Andr Derain, Kees van Dongen, Fernand Lger,
Juan Gris, Maurice de Vlaminck and several others who
had come from all over the globe to live and work in
Montparnasse at the time.[29]

By 1905, Picasso became a favourite of American art

collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein. Their older brother
Michael Stein and his wife Sarah also became collectors
of his work. Picasso painted portraits of both Gertrude
Stein and her nephew Allan Stein. Gertrude Stein became Picassos principal patron, acquiring his drawings
and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal Salon at
her home in Paris.[27] At one of her gatherings in 1905, he
met Henri Matisse, who was to become a lifelong friend
and rival. The Steins introduced him to Claribel Cone
and her sister Etta who were American art collectors;
they also began to acquire Picasso and Matisses paintings. Eventually Leo Stein moved to Italy. Michael and
Sarah Stein became patrons of Matisse, while Gertrude
Stein continued to collect Picasso.[28]

3.1 African-inuenced Period

3 Modern art transformed

See also: Picassos African Period and Proto-Cubism

Picassos African-inuenced Period (19071909) begins
with the two gures on the right in his painting, Les
Demoiselles d'Avignon, which were inspired by African
artefacts. Formal ideas developed during this period lead
directly into the Cubist period that follows.

3.2 Cubism

Analytic cubism (19091912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome
In 1907 Picasso joined an art gallery that had recently brownish and neutral colours. Both artists took apart ob-

3.3

Fame

5
nweiler What would have become of us if Kahnweiler hadn't had a business sense?"
191011, Guitariste, La mandoliniste (Woman playing guitar or mandolin), oil on canvas
c.1911, Le Guitariste. Reproduced in Albert Gleizes
and Jean Metzinger, Du Cubisme, 1912
1911, Still Life with a Bottle of Rum, oil on canvas,
61.3 50.5 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York
1911, The Poet (Le pote), oil on linen, 131.2 89.5
cm (51 5/8 35 1/4 in), The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, Peggy Guggenheim Collection,
Venice

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Museum of Modern Art,

New York

jects and analyzed them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braques paintings at this time share many similarities. Synthetic cubism (19121919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments
often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages were
pasted into compositions, marking the rst use of collage
in ne art.
In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of
friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters,
including Andr Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire,
writer Alfred Jarry, and Gertrude Stein. Apollinaire was
arrested on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the
Louvre in 1911. Apollinaire pointed to his friend Picasso,
who was also brought in for questioning, but both were
later exonerated.[30]
1909, Femme assise (Sitzende Frau), oil on canvas,
100 80 cm, Staatliche Museen, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin
190910, Figure dans un Fauteuil (Seated Nude,
Femme nue assise), oil on canvas, 92.1 73 cm, Tate
Modern, London. This painting from the collection of Wilhelm Uhde was conscated by the French
state and sold at the Htel Drouot in 1921

191112, Violon (Violin), oil on canvas, 100

73 cm (oval), Krller-Mller Museum, Otterlo,
Netherlands. This painting from the collection of
Wilhelm Uhde was conscated by the French state
and sold at the Htel Drouot in 1921
1913, Bouteille, clarinet, violon, journal, verre, 55
45 cm. This painting from the collection of Wilhelm
Uhde was conscated by the French state and sold
at the Htel Drouot in 1921
1913, Femme assise dans un fauteuil (Eva), Woman
in a Chemise in an Armchair, oil on canvas, 149.9
99.4 cm, Leonard A. Lauder Cubist Collection,
Metropolitan Museum of Art
191314, Head (Tte), cut and pasted colored paper,
gouache and charcoal on paperboard, 43.5 33 cm,
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
191314, L'Homme aux cartes (Card Player), oil on
canvas, 108 89.5 cm, Museum of Modern Art,
New York
191415, Nature morte au compotier (Still Life with
Compote and Glass), oil on canvas, 63.5 78.7 cm
(25 31 in), Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio
1916, L'anis del mono (Bottle of Anis del Mono), oil
on canvas, 46 54.6 cm, Detroit Institute of Arts,
Michigan

1910, Woman with Mustard Pot (La Femme au pot 3.3 Fame
de moutarde), oil on canvas, 73 60 cm, Gemeentemuseum, The Hague. Exhibited at the Armory After acquiring some fame and fortune, Picasso left
Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, who he called Eva Gouel.
Show, New York, Chicago, Boston 1913
Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many
1910, Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier), oil on Cubist works. Picasso was devastated by her premature
canvas, 100.3 73.6 cm, Museum of Modern Art, death from illness at the age of 30 in 1915.[31]
New York
At the outbreak of World War I (August 1914) Picasso
1910, Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, The lived in Avignon. Braque and Derain were mobilized
Art Institute of Chicago. Picasso wrote of Kah- and Apollinaire joined the French artillery, while the

MODERN ART TRANSFORMED

Parade, 1917, curtain designed for the ballet Parade. The work
is the largest of Picassos paintings. Centre Pompidou-Metz, Metz,
France, May 2012.

Costume design by Pablo Picasso representing skyscrapers and

boulevards, for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes performance of
Parade at Thtre du Chtelet, Paris 18 May 1917

Portrait d'Olga dans un fauteuil (Olga in an Armchair), 1918,

Muse Picasso, Paris, France
Pablo Picasso and scene painters sitting on the front cloth for
Lonide Massine's ballet Parade, staged by Sergei Diaghilev's
Ballets Russes at the Thtre du Chtelet, Paris, 1917

ter the loss of Eva Gouel, Picasso had an aair with

Gaby Lespinasse. During the spring of 1916 Apollinaire returned from the front wounded. They renewed
but Picasso began to frequent new social
Spaniard Juan Gris remained from the Cubist circle. Dur- their friendship,
[32]
circles.
ing the war Picasso was able to continue painting uninterrupted, unlike his French comrades. His paintings be- Towards the end of World War I, Picasso made a number
came more sombre and his life changed with dramatic of important relationships with gures associated with
consequences. Kahnweilers contract had terminated on Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Among his friends durhis exile from France. At this point Picassos work would ing this period were Jean Cocteau, Jean Hugo, Juan Gris,
be taken on by the art dealer Lonce Rosenberg. Af- and others. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga

3.4

Classicism and surrealism

7
the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova
to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlovas death in 1955. Picasso carried on
a long-standing aair with Marie-Thrse Walter and fathered a daughter with her, named Maya. Marie-Thrse
lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry
her, and hanged herself four years after Picassos death.
Throughout his life Picasso maintained several mistresses
in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was
married twice and had four children by three women:
Paulo (4 February 1921 5 June 1975) (Born Paul
Joseph Picasso) with Olga Khokhlova
Maya (5 September 1935 ) (Born Maria de la Concepcion Picasso) with Marie-Thrse Walter
Claude (15 May 1947 ) (Born Claude Pierre Pablo
Picasso) with Franoise Gilot
Paloma (19 April 1949 ) (Born Anne Paloma Picasso) with Franoise Gilot
Photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant
companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest
in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and it was Maar who
documented the painting of Guernica.

Portrait of Igor Stravinsky, c. 1920

3.4 Classicism and surrealism

Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for

whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Erik Satie's Parade,
in Rome; they spent their honeymoon near Biarritz in the
villa of glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errzuriz.
After return from honeymoon, and in desperate need of
money, Picasso started his exclusive relationship with the
French-Jewish art dealer Paul Rosenberg. As part of his
rst duties, Rosenberg agreed to rent the couple an apartment in Paris at his own expense, which was located next
to his own house. This was the start of a deep brother-like
friendship between two very dierent men, that would
Pablo Picasso, 1919, Sleeping Peasants, gouache, watercolor
last until the outbreak of World War II.
Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal
dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant to
the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son,
Paulo,[33] who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle
racer and chaueur to his father. Khokhlovas insistence
on social propriety clashed with Picassos bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conict.
During the same period that Picasso collaborated with
Diaghilevs troupe, he and Igor Stravinsky collaborated
on Pulcinella in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to
make several drawings of the composer.

and pencil on paper, 31.1 x 48.9 cm, Museum of Modern Art,

New York

In February 1917, Picasso made his rst trip to Italy.[34]

In the period following the upheaval of World War I,
Picasso produced work in a neoclassical style. This
"return to order" is evident in the work of many European
artists in the 1920s, including Andr Derain, Giorgio de
Chirico, Gino Severini, Jean Metzinger, the artists of the
New Objectivity movement and of the Novecento Italiano movement. Picassos paintings and drawings from
this period frequently recall the work of Raphael and
In 1927 Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thrse Walter Ingres.
and began a secret aair with her. Picassos marriage to In 1925 the Surrealist writer and poet Andr Breton deKhokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, clared Picasso as 'one of ours in his article Le Surralas French law required an even division of property in isme et la peinture, published in Rvolution surraliste. Les

8
Demoiselles was reproduced for the rst time in Europe
in the same issue. Yet Picasso exhibited Cubist works at
the rst Surrealist group exhibition in 1925; the concept
of 'psychic automatism in its pure state' dened in the
Manifeste du surralisme never appealed to him entirely.
He did at the time develop new imagery and formal syntax for expressing himself emotionally, releasing the violence, the psychic fears and the eroticism that had been
largely contained or sublimated since 1909, writes art
historian Melissa McQuillan.[35] Although this transition
in Picassos work was informed by Cubism for its spatial
relations, the fusion of ritual and abandon in the imagery
recalls the primitivism of the Demoiselles and the elusive
psychological resonances of his Symbolist work, writes
McQuillan.[35] Surrealism revived Picassos attraction to
primitivism and eroticism.[35]

MODERN ART TRANSFORMED

3.5 World War II and beyond

During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris
while the Germans occupied the city. Picassos artistic
style did not t the Nazi ideal of art, so he did not exhibit
during this time. He was often harassed by the Gestapo.
During one search of his apartment, an ocer saw a photograph of the painting Guernica. Did you do that?" the
German asked Picasso. No, he replied, You did.[40]
Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint, producing
works such as the Still Life with Guitar (1942) and The
Charnel House (194448).[41] Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French Resistance.[42]

Guernica, 1937, Museo Reina Soa

During the 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin

as a common motif in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists,
who often used it as their symbol, and it appears in Picassos Guernica. The minotaur and Picassos mistress
Marie-Thrse Walter are heavily featured in his celebrated Vollard Suite of etchings.[36]
In 193940 the Museum of Modern Art in New York
City, under its director Alfred Barr, a Picasso enthusiast,
held a major retrospective of Picassos principal works
until that time. This exhibition lionised the artist, brought
into full public view in America the scope of his artistry,
and resulted in a reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars.[37]

Stanisaw Lorentz guides Pablo Picasso through the National

Museum in Warsaw in Poland during exhibition Contemporary
French Painters and Pablo Picassos Ceramics, 1948. Picasso
gave Warsaws museum over a dozen of his ceramics, drawings
and color prints.[43]

Around this time, Picasso took up writing as an alternative outlet. Between 1935 and 1959 he wrote over 300
poems. Largely untitled except for a date and sometimes
the location of where it was written (for example Paris
16 May 1936), these works were gustatory, erotic and
Arguably Picassos most famous work is his depiction at times scatological, as were his two full-length plays
by the Tail (1941) and The Four Little Girls
of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Desire Caught
[44][45]
(1949).
Civil War Guernica. This large canvas embodies for
many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war. In 1944, after the liberation of Paris, Picasso, then 63
Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, It isn't up years old, began a romantic relationship with a young art
to the painter to dene the symbols. Otherwise it would student named Franoise Gilot. She was 40 years younger
be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The than he was. Picasso grew tired of his mistress Dora
public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols Maar; Picasso and Gilot began to live together. Eventually they had two children: Claude, born in 1947 and
as they understand them.[38][39]
born in 1949. In her 1964 book Life with PiGuernica was on display in New Yorks Museum of Mod- Paloma,
[46]
Gilot describes his abusive treatment and myrcasso,
ern Art for many years. In 1981, it was returned to Spain
iad
indelities
which led her to leave him, taking the chiland was on exhibit at the Casn del Buen Retiro. In 1992
dren
with
her.
This was a severe blow to Picasso.
the painting was put on display in Madrids Reina Sofa
Museum when it opened.

Picasso had aairs with women of an even greater age

3.7

Death

disparity than his and Gilots. While still involved

with Gilot, in 1951 Picasso had a six-week aair with
Genevive Laporte, who was four years younger than
Gilot. By his 70s, many paintings, ink drawings and
prints have as their theme an old, grotesque dwarf as
the doting lover of a beautiful young model. Jacqueline
Roque (19271986) worked at the Madoura Pottery in
Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and
painted ceramics. She became his lover, and then his second wife in 1961. The two were together for the remainder of Picassos life.
His marriage to Roque was also a means of revenge
against Gilot; with Picassos encouragement, Gilot had
divorced her then husband, Luc Simon, with the plan
to marry Picasso to secure the rights of her children as
Picassos legitimate heirs. Picasso had already secretly
married Roque, after Gilot had led for divorce. This
strained his relationship with Claude and Paloma.
By this time, Picasso had constructed a huge Gothic
home, and could aord large villas in the south of France,
such as Mas Notre-Dame-de-Vie on the outskirts of
Mougins, and in the Provence-Alpes-Cte d'Azur. He
was an international celebrity, with often as much interest in his personal life as his art.

The Chicago Picasso a 50-foot high public Cubist sculpture. Do-

In addition to his artistic accomplishments, Picasso made nated by Picasso to the people of Chicago
a few lm appearances, always as himself, including a
cameo in Jean Cocteau's Testament of Orpheus. In 1955
he helped make the lm Le Mystre Picasso (The Mystery and from 1968 to 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time
of Picasso) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.
these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of
an artist who was past his prime. Only later, after Pi3.6 Later works
cassos death, when the rest of the art world had moved
on from abstract expressionism, did the critical commuPicasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the nity come to see that Picasso had already discovered neo3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Mu- expressionism and was, as so often before, ahead of his
seum of Art in mid-1949. In the 1950s, Picassos style time.
changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made a series of
works based on Velzquez's painting of Las Meninas. He 3.7 Death
also based paintings on works by Goya, Poussin, Manet,
Courbet and Delacroix.
Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins, France,
He was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50- while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for
foot (15 m)-high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, dinner. He was interred at the Chateau of Vauvenarknown usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached gues near Aix-en-Provence, a property he had acquired
the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a in 1958 and occupied with Jacqueline between 1959 and
sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controver- 1962. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude
[47]
Devastated
sial. What the gure represents is not known; it could and Paloma from attending the funeral.
and
lonely
after
the
death
of
Picasso,
Jacqueline
Roque
be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape.
killed
herself
by
gunshot
in
1986
when
she
was
59
years
The sculpture, one of the most recognisable landmarks
[48]
old.
in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people
of the city.

Picassos nal works were a mixture of styles, his means 4 Political views
of expression in constant ux until the end of his life.
Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became Aside from the several anti-war paintings that he created,
more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, Picasso remained personally neutral during World War I,

10

5 STYLE AND TECHNIQUE

the Spanish Civil War, and World War II, refusing to join
the armed forces for any side or country. He had also remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement
during his youth despite expressing general support and
being friendly with activists within it. At the outbreak
of the Spanish Civil War in 1937, Picasso was already in
his late fties. He was even older at the onset of World
War II, and could not be expected to take up arms in
those conicts. As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to ght against the invading Germans in either World War. In the Spanish Civil
War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and
would have involved a voluntary return to their country to
join either side. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists through his
art, he did not take up arms against them. The Spanish
Civil War provided the impetus for Picassos rst overtly
political work, The Dream and Lie of Franco which was
produced specically for propagandistic and fundraising purposes.[49] This surreal fusion of words and images
was intended to be sold as a series of postcards to raise
funds for the Spanish Republican cause.[49][50]
In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, attended an international peace conference in Poland, and
in 1950 received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet
government,[51] But party criticism of a portrait of Stalin
as insuciently realistic cooled Picassos interest in Soviet politics, though he remained a loyal member of the
Communist Party until his death. In a 1945 interview
with Jerome Seckler, Picasso stated: I am a Communist and my painting is Communist painting. ... But
if I were a shoemaker, Royalist or Communist or anything else, I would not necessarily hammer my shoes in
a special way to show my politics.[52] His Communist
militancy, common among continental intellectuals and
artists at the time (although it was ocially banned in
Francoist Spain), has long been the subject of some controversy; a notable source or demonstration thereof was a
quote commonly attributed to Salvador Dal (with whom
Picasso had a rather strained relationship[53] ):
Picasso es pintor, yo tambin; [...] Picasso es
espaol, yo tambin; Picasso es comunista, yo
tampoco.
(Picasso is a painter, so am I; [...] Picasso is
a Spaniard, so am I; Picasso is a communist,
neither am I.)[54][55][56]
In the late 1940s his old friend the surrealist poet and
Trotskyist[57] and anti-Stalinist Andr Breton was more
blunt; refusing to shake hands with Picasso, he told him:
I don't approve of your joining the Communist Party nor
with the stand you have taken concerning the purges of
the intellectuals after the Liberation.[58]

According to Jean Cocteau's diaries, Picasso once said

to him in reference to the communists: I have joined a
family, and like all families, its full of shit.[61]
He was against the intervention of the United Nations and
the United States[62] in the Korean War and he depicted
it in Massacre in Korea.

5 Style and technique

Picasso was exceptionally prolic throughout his long
lifetime. The total number of artworks he produced has
been estimated at 50,000, comprising 1,885 paintings;
1,228 sculptures; 2,880 ceramics, roughly 12,000 drawings, many thousands of prints, and numerous tapestries
and rugs.[63]
The medium in which Picasso made his most important
contribution was painting.[64] In his paintings, Picasso
used color as an expressive element, but relied on drawing
rather than subtleties of color to create form and space.[64]
He sometimes added sand to his paint to vary its texture.
A nanoprobe of Picassos The Red Armchair (1931) by
physicists at Argonne National Laboratory in 2012 conrmed art historians belief that Picasso used common
house paint in many of his paintings.[65] Much of his
painting was done at night by articial light.
Picassos early sculptures were carved from wood or modeled in wax or clay, but from 1909 to 1928 Picasso abandoned modeling and instead made sculptural constructions using diverse materials.[64] An example is Guitar
(1912), a relief construction made of sheet metal and wire
that Jane Fluegel terms a three-dimensional planar counterpart of Cubist painting that marks a revolutionary
departure from the traditional approaches, modeling and
carving.[66]
From the beginning of his career, Picasso displayed an
interest in subject matter of every kind,[67] and demonstrated a great stylistic versatility that enabled him to
work in several styles at once. For example, his paintings of 1917 included the pointillist Woman with a Mantilla, the Cubist Figure in an Armchair, and the naturalistic Harlequin (all in the Museu Picasso, Barcelona). In
1919, he made a number of drawings from postcards and
photographs that reect his interest in the stylistic conventions and static character of posed photographs.[68] In
1921 he simultaneously painted several large neoclassical paintings and two versions of the Cubist composition
Three Musicians (Museum of Modern Art, New York;
Philadelphia Museum of Art).[34] In an interview published in 1923, Picasso said, The several manners I have
used in my art must not be considered as an evolution,
or as steps towards an unknown ideal of painting ... If
the subjects I have wanted to express have suggested different ways of expression I have never hesitated to adopt
them.[34]

In 1962, he received the Lenin Peace Prize.[59] Biographer and art critic John Berger felt his talents as an artist
were wasted by the communists.[60]
Although his Cubist works approach abstraction, Picasso

6.1

Recent major exhibitions

never relinquished the objects of the real world as subject

matter. Prominent in his Cubist paintings are forms easily
recognized as guitars, violins, and bottles.[69] When Picasso depicted complex narrative scenes it was usually in
prints, drawings, and small-scale works; Guernica (1937)
is one of his few large narrative paintings.[68]

11
lion) was set in February 2010, by Alberto Giacometti's
Walking Man I.[73]

As of 2004, Picasso remained the top-ranked artist

(based on sales of his works at auctions) according to the
Art Market Trends report.[74] More of his paintings have
been stolen than any other artists;[75] the Art Loss RegPicasso painted mostly from imagination or memory. Ac- ister has 550 of his works listed as missing.[76]
cording to William Rubin, Picasso could only make The Picasso Administration functions as his ocial Esgreat art from subjects that truly involved him ... Un- tate. The US copyright representative for the Picasso Adlike Matisse, Picasso had eschewed models virtually all ministration is the Artists Rights Society.[77]
his mature life, preferring to paint individuals whose lives
had both impinged on, and had real signicance for, his In the 1996 movie Surviving Picasso, Picasso is portrayed
[78]
own.[70] The art critic Arthur Danto said Picassos work by actor Anthony Hopkins. Picasso is also a character
constitutes a vast pictorial autobiography that provides in Steve Martin's 1993 play, Picasso at the Lapin Agile.
some basis for the popular conception that Picasso invented a new style each time he fell in love with a new
woman.[70] The autobiographical nature of Picassos art 6.1 Recent major exhibitions
is reinforced by his habit of dating his works, often to the
day. He explained: I want to leave to posterity a doc- Picasso: Masterpieces from the Muse National Picasso,
umentation that will be as complete as possible. Thats Paris, an exhibition of 150 paintings, sculptures, drawwhy I put a date on everything I do.[70]
ings, prints and photographs from the Muse National Picasso in Paris. The exhibit touring schedule includes:

Artistic legacy

At the time of Picassos death many of his paintings were

in his possession, as he had kept o the art market what
he did not need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists,
some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with
whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no
will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were
paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and
representative collection of the Muse Picasso in Paris.
In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Mlaga, Spain, the Museo
Picasso Mlaga.
The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of his
early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal his rm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many
precise and detailed gure studies done in his youth under
his fathers tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of
Jaime Sabarts, his close friend and personal secretary.
Several paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. Garon la pipe sold for
US$104 million at Sothebys on 4 May 2004, establishing
a new price record. Dora Maar au Chat sold for US$95.2
million at Sothebys on 3 May 2006.[71] On 4 May 2010,
Nude, Green Leaves and Bust was sold at Christies for
$106.5 million. The 1932 work, which depicts Picassos
mistress Marie-Thrse Walter reclining and as a bust,
was in the personal collection of Los Angeles philanthropist Frances Lasker Brody, who died in November 2009.[72] The previous auction record ($104.3 mil-

8 October 2010 17 January 2011, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington, US.
19 February 2011 15 May 2011, Virginia Museum
of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, US.
11 June 2011 9 October 2011, M. H. de
Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California, US.[79]
12 November 2011 25 March 2012, Art Gallery
of New South Wales, Sydney.[80]
28 April 2012 26 August 2012, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Postage stamp, USSR, 1973. Picasso has been honoured on stamps worldwide.
Muse Picasso, Paris (Hotel Sal, 1659)
Museu Picasso is located in the gothic palaces of
Montcada street in Barcelona
Art Museum Pablo Picasso Mnster Arkaden

7 See also
Picassos poetry
Pierre Le Guennec

12

8 NOTES

Notes

[24] The Frugal Repast, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 March 2010.

[1] Pierre Daix, Georges Boudaille, Joan Rosselet, Picasso,

1900-1906: catalogue raisonn de l'oeuvre peint, Editions
Ides et Calendes, 1988
[2] Picasso. Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary.

[25] Wattenmaker, Distel, et al. 1993, p. 194.

[26] Portrait of Gertrude Stein. Metropolitan Museum. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

[3] "The Guitar, MoMA. Moma.org. Retrieved 3 February

2012.

[27] Special Exhibit Examines Dynamic Relationship Between the Art of Pablo Picasso and Writing (PDF). Yale
University Art Gallery. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

[4] Sculpture, Tate. Tate.org.uk. Retrieved 3 February

2012.

[28] James R. Mellow. Charmed Circle. Gertrude Stein and

Company.

[5] Green, Christopher (2003), Art in France: 19001940,

New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, p. 77, ISBN
0300099088, retrieved 10 February 2013

[29] Cubism and its Legacy. Tate Liverpool. Retrieved 26

August 2010.

[6] Searle, Adrian (7 May 2002). A momentous, tremendous exhibition. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 13 February
2010.
[7] Trachtman, Paul (February 2003). Matisse & Picasso.
Smithsonian (Smithsonianmag.com). Retrieved 13 February 2010.

[30] Richard Lacayo (7 April 2009). Arts Great Whodunit:

The Mona Lisa Theft of 1911. TIME (Time Inc.). Retrieved 28 June 2013.
[31] Harrison, Charles; Frascina, Francis; Perry, Gillian
(1993). Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction. Google Books.
Retrieved 26 August 2010.

[8] Duchamps urinal tops art survey. news.bbc.co.uk. 1

December 2004. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

[32] Melissa McQuillan, ''Primitivism and Cubism, 1906

15, War Years', From Grove Art Online, MoMA.
Moma.org. 1915-12-14. Retrieved 2014-07-17.

[9] The name on his baptismal certicate diers slightly from

the name on his birth record. On line Picasso Project

[33] Paul (Paolo) Picasso is born. Xtimeline.com. Retrieved

3 February 2012.

[10] Hamilton, George H. (1976). Picasso, Pablo Ruiz Y. In

William D. Halsey. Colliers Encyclopedia 19. New York:
Macmillan Educational Corporation. pp. 2526.
[11] Neil Cox (2010). The Picasso Book. Tate Publishing. p.
124. ISBN 9781854378439. Unlike Matisses chapel, the
ruined Vallauris building had long since ceased to full
a religious function, so the atheist Picasso no doubt delighted in reinventing its use for the secular Communist
cause of 'Peace'.
[12] Wertenbaker 1967, 9.
[13] Wertenbaker 1967, 11.
[14] Picasso: Creator and Destroyer 88.06.
lantic.com. Retrieved 21 December 2009.

Theat-

[15] Wertenbaker 1967, 13.

[16] Cirlot 1972, p.6.
[17] Cirlot 1972, p. 14.
[18] Cirlot 1972, p.37.
[19] Cirlot 1972, pp. 87108.
[20] Cirlot 1972, p. 125.
[21] Cirlot 1972, p.127.

[34] Cowling & Mundy 1990, p. 201.

[35] Melissa McQuillan, ''Pablo Picasso, Interactions with
Surrealism, 192535'', from Grove Art Online, 2009 Oxford University Press, MoMA. Moma.org. 1931-01-12.
Retrieved 2014-07-17.
[36] Richard Dorment (8 May 2012). Picasso, The Vollard
Suite, British Museum, review. The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved 19 May 2012.
[37] The MoMA retrospective of 193940 see Michael C.
FitzGerald, Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation
of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), pp. 243262.
[38] Guernica Introduction. Pbs.org. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
[39] The Spanish Wars of Goya and Picasso, Costa Tropical
News. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
[40] Reagan, Georey (1992). Military Anecdotes. Guinness
Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 0-85112-519-0
[41] Kendall, L. R., Pablo Picasso (18811973): The Charnel
House in Pieces... Occasional and Various April 2010

[22] Wattenmaker, Distel, et al. 1993, p. 304.

[42] Artnet, Fred Stern, Picasso and the War Year Retrieved
30 March 2011

[23] BBC News - Hidden painting found under Picassos The

Blue Room. Bbc.com. 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2014-0717.

[43] Lorentz, Stanisaw (2002). Sarah Wilson, ed. Paris: capital of the arts, 19001968. Royal Academy of Arts. p.
429. ISBN 09-00946-98-9.

13

[44] Rothenberg, Jerome. Pablo Picasso, The Burial of the

Count of Orgaz & other poems. Exact Exchange Books,
Cambridge, MA, 2004, viixviii

[65] Moskowitz, Clara (8 February 2013). Picassos Genius

Revealed: He Used Common House Paint, Live Science.
Retrieved 9 February 2013.

[45] Picasso the Playwright, Picassos Little Recognised Contribution to the Performing Arts - with Images Retrieved April
2015

[66] Rubin 1980, pp. 150151.

[46] Franoise Gilot and Carlton Lake, Life with Picasso,

Random House. May 1989. ISBN 0-385-26186-1; rst
published in November 1964.
[47] Zabel, William D (1996).The Rich Die Richer and You
Can too. John Wiley and Sons, p.11. ISBN 0-471-155322
[48] Kimmelman, Michael (28 April 1996). Picassos Family
Album,. New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
[49] Picassos commitment to the cause. PBS.
[50] National Gallery of Victoria (2006). An Introduction to
Guernica. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
[51] Picassos Party Line, ARTnews Retrieved 31 May 2007.
[52] Ashton, Dore and Pablo Picasso (1988). Picasso on Art:
A Selection of Views. Da Capo Press. p. 140. ISBN 0306-80330-5.
[53] Failed attempts at correspondence between Dal and Picasso. Larepublica.com.pe. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
[54] Study on Salvador Dal". Monograas.com. 7 May 2007.
Retrieved 26 August 2010.
[55] Article on Dal in ',El Mundo',. Elmundo.es. Retrieved
26 August 2010.
[56] Dannatt, Adrian (7 June 2010), Picasso: Peace and Freedom. Tate Liverpool, 21 May 30 August 2010, Studio
International, retrieved 10 February 2013
[57] Rivera, Breton and Trotsky Retrieved 9 August 2010
[58] Hungton, Arianna S. (1988). Picasso: Creator and Destroyer. Simon and Schuster. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-78610642-4.
[59] Pablo Ruiz Picasso (18811973) | Picasso gets Stalin
Peace Prize | Event view. Xtimeline.com. Retrieved 3
February 2012.
[60] Berger, John (1965). The Success and Failure of Picasso.
Penguin Books, Ltd. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-679-73725-4.
[61] Charlotte Higgins (28 May 2010). Picasso nearly risked
his reputation for Franco exhibition. The Guardian (UK:
Guardian News and Media).
[62] Picasso A Retrospective, Museum of Modern Art, edited
by William Rubin, copyright MoMA 1980, p.383
[63] On-line Picasso Project, citing Selfridge, John, 1994.
[64] McQuillan, Melissa. Picasso, Pablo. Grove Art Online.
Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed
February 1, 2014

[67] Cirlot 1972, p. 164.

[68] Cowling & Mundy 1990, p. 208.
[69] Cirlot 1972, pp. 158159.
[70] Danto, Arthur (August 26/September 2, 1996). Picasso
and the Portrait. The Nation 263 (6): 3135.
[71] Picasso portrait sells for $95.2 million. Retrieved 4 May
2006.
[72] Vogel, Carol (9 March 2010). Christies Wins Bid to
Auction $150 Million Brody Collection. Nytimes.com.
Retrieved 3 February 2012.
[73] Vogel, Carol (4 May 2010). Picasso Sells at Auction for
$106.5 Million, a Record for a Work of Art. New York
Times. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
[74] 2004 Art Market Trends report (PDF). Retrieved 26
August 2010.
[75] S. Goodenough, 1500 Fascinating Facts, Treasure Press,
London, 1987, p 241.
[76] Revealed: The extraordinary security blunders behind
Paris art gallery heist The Daily Mail
[77] Most frequently requested artists list of the Artists Rights
Society. Arsny.com. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
[78] IMDB
[79] Picasso: Masterpieces from the Muse National Picasso,
Paris. deYoung Museum. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
[80] Art Gallery of New South Wales.
gallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2014-07-17.

Art-

9 References
Becht-Jrdens, Gereon; Wehmeier, Peter M.
(2003). Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie:
Mutterbeziehung und knstlerische Position. Berlin:
Dietrich Reimer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-496-01272-6.
Berger, John (1989). The success and failure of Picasso. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-679-72272-4.
Cirlot, Juan Eduardo (1972). Picasso, birth of a genius. New York and Washington: Praeger.
Cowling, Elizabeth; Mundy, Jennifer (1990). On
classic ground: Picasso, Lger, de Chirico and the
New Classicism, 19101930. London: Tate Gallery.
ISBN 978-1-85437-043-3.
Daix, Pierre (1994). Picasso: life and art. Icon Editions. ISBN 978-0-06-430201-2.

14

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

FitzGerald, Michael C. (1996). Making modernism:

Picasso and the creation of the market for twentiethcentury art. Berkeley: University of California
Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20653-3.

Guggenheim Museum Biography

Granell, Eugenio Fernndez (1981). Picassos Guernica: the end of a Spanish era. Ann Arbor, Mich.:
UMI Research Press. ISBN 978-0-8357-1206-4.

Museo Picasso Mlaga (Mlaga, Spain)

Krauss, Rosalind E. (1999). The Picasso papers.

MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-61142-8.

Pablo Picasso at the Museum of Modern Art

Malln, Enrique (2003). The visual grammar of

Pablo Picasso. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 9780-8204-5692-8.
Malln, Enrique (2005). La sintaxis de la carne:
Pablo Picasso y Marie-Thrse Walter. Santiago de
Chile: Red Internacional del Libro. ISBN 978-956284-455-0.
Malln, Enrique (2009). A Concordance of Pablo
Picassos Spanish Writings. New York: Edwin
Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-4713-4.
Malln, Enrique (2010). A Concordance of Pablo
Picassos French Writings. New York: Edwin
Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-1325-2. Retrieved
8 October 2010.
Nill, Raymond M (1987). A Visual Guide to Pablo
Picassos Works. New York: B&H Publishers.
Picasso, Olivier Widmaier (2004). Picasso: the real
family story. Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-3149-2.
Rubin, William (1981). Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective. Little Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-70703-9.
Wattenmaker, Richard J. (1993). Great French
paintings from the Barnes Foundation: Impressionist,
Post-impressionist, and Early Modern. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40963-2.
Wertenbaker, Lael Tucker (1967). The world of Picasso (1881 ). Time-Life Books.

10

External links

Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.

ULAN Full Record Display for Pablo Picasso.
Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California
Picassos Little Recognised Contribution to the Performing Arts - with images
Picassos works at the Guggenheim Museum
Works by or about Pablo Picasso in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Muse National Picasso (Paris, France)

Museu Picasso (Barcelona, Spain)

National Gallery of Art

Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
(Los Angeles, California)

15

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File:2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/2004-09-07_
1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: J. Crocker Original artist: J. Crocker
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Costume_design_by_Pablo_Picasso_representing_skyscrapers_and_boulevards,_for_Serge_Diaghilev{}s_Ballets_
Russes_performance_of_Parade_at_Thtre_du_Chtelet,_Paris_18_May_1917.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/en/c/c9/Costume_design_by_Pablo_Picasso_representing_skyscrapers_and_boulevards%2C_for_Serge_Diaghilev%27s_
Ballets_Russes_performance_of_Parade_at_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet%2C_Paris_18_May_1917.jpg License: ?
Contributors:
https://archive.org/stream/picasso00raynuoft#page/n357/mode/2up Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Garon__la_pipe.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Gar%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_pipe.jpg License: ?
Contributors:
http://wtc.11.9.googlepages.com/picasso-boy-with-pipe.jpg Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:GertrudeStein.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/GertrudeStein.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Les_Demoiselles_d'Avignon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg License: ? Contributors:
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Metzinger,_Nu__la_chemine_(Nu),_1910,_Salon_d'Automne,_Les_Peintre_Cubist,_Apollinaire_published_1913.jpg
Source:
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published_in_Les_Peintres_Cubistes%2C_1913.jpg License: ? Contributors:
Most recent image: Scanned from Guillaume Apollinaire, Les Peintres cubistes, Mditations Esthtiques, Eugne Figuire et Cie, diteurs,
1913. First and second images: [http://books.google.es/books?id=qYATQ3Rw6qgC&q=metzinger#v=snippet&q=metzinger&f=false
Guillaume Apollinaire, Les Peintres Cubistes (The Cubist Painters) published in 1913], (translated and analyzed by Peter F. Read, University of California Press, 25 Oct. 2004 - 234 pages). Original artist:
Jean Metzinger

17

File:Office-book.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Old_guitarist_chicago.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Old_guitarist_chicago.jpg License: ? Contributors:
The Art Institute of Chicago Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
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File:Pablo_Picasso,_1901-02,_Femme_au_caf_(Absinthe_Drinker),_oil_on_canvas,_73_x_54_cm,_Hermitage_Museum,
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http://www.arthermitage.org/Pablo-Picasso/Absinthe-Drinker.html Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Pablo_Picasso,_1905,_Au_Lapin_Agile_(At_the_Lapin_Agile),_oil_on_canvas,_99.1_x_100.3_cm,_Metropolitan_
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Museum_of_Art.jpg Source:
%28At_the_Lapin_Agile%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_99.1_x_100.3_cm%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg License: ? Contributors:
Metropolitan Museum of Art Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Pablo_Picasso,_1917-18,_Portrait_d'Olga_dans_un_fauteuil_(Olga_in_an_Armchair),_oil_on_canvas,_130_x_88.8_cm,
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_Muse_Picasso,_Paris,_France.jpg Source:
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A9e_Picasso%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg License: ? Contributors:
Agence Photographique de la Runion des Muses Nationaux Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Pablo_Picasso,_1919,_Sleeping_Peasants,_gouache,_watercolor_and_pencil_on_paper,_31.1_x_48.9_cm,_Museum_
of_Modern_Art,_New_York.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Pablo_Picasso%2C_1919%2C_Sleeping_
Peasants%2C_gouache%2C_watercolor_and_pencil_on_paper%2C_31.1_x_48.9_cm%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_New_York.
jpg License: ? Contributors:
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
File:Pablo_Picasso_and_his_sister_Lola,_c.1889.jpg Source:
his_sister_Lola%2C_c.1889.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
[1] Original artist: ?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/Pablo_Picasso_and_

File:Pablo_Picasso_and_scene_painters_sitting_on_the_front_cloth_for_Parade_(Ballets_Russes)_at_the_Thtre_du_
Chtelet,_Paris,_1917,_Lachmann_photographer.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pablo_
Picasso_and_scene_painters_sitting_on_the_front_cloth_for_Parade_%28Ballets_Russes%29_at_the_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_
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File:Pablo_Picasso_in_NMW.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Pablo_Picasso_in_NMW.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Mieczysaw Bibrowski (1979). Picasso w Polsce. Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 83-08000-80-0,
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y Lea
File:Parade_Picasso.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/Parade_Picasso.jpg License: PD Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Bava Alcide57
File:PicassoGuernica.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/PicassoGuernica.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
PICASSO, la exposicin del Reina-Prado. Guernica is in the collection of Museo Reina Soa, Madrid. Original artist: ?
File:Picasso_la_vie.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Picasso_la_vie.jpg License: ? Contributors:
http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/pablo-picasso/life-1903 Original artist:
Pablo Picasso
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Original artist: ?

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