KPKTPangkorES Nov2008

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN
DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED SOLID WASTE THERMAL

TREATMENT PLANT FOR PULAU PANGKOR, PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
This Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Report (DEIA) was prepared for the construction
and operation of a solid waste Thermal Treatment Plant (TTP) at Pulau Pangkor, Perak Darul
Ridzuan by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia (Kementerian Perumahan dan
Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia, KPKT). The TTP, which will be sited on an existing landfill at Teluk
Cempedak, is designed to treat approximately 1.25 metric tons (MT) of solid waste per hour, or 20 MT
per day based on normal 16-hour operations.
To treat solid waste, the TTP utilizes autogenous combustion technology (ACT), which involves the
usage of a rotary kiln and an air injection system to ensure continuous combustion. This technology
was developed by XCN Technology Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysian company that also acts as the main
contractor for the project.
S T AT E M E N T O F N E E D
Currently, the only waste disposal method available on Pulau Pangkor is a Level 1 landfill (a
controlled tipping site without solid waste retaining structures and daily soil cover) that has reportedly
reached its maximum capacity. Given that solid waste generation rates on the island are expected to
continue to rise due to natural population growth, and the increasing popularity of Pulau Pangkor as a
resort island, an alternative waste disposal method is necessary to ensure that solid waste generated
on the island is disposed safely with minimal impact to the environment.
P R O JE C T O P T I O N S
Project options available to KPKT are mainly those pertaining to waste management and site
preparation activities.
Waste management is best complemented with the 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) approach, a
long term solution which can effectively curtail waste stream volumes. In the short term, KPKT has
identified the need for an alternative waste disposal method to the landfilling method currently in
practice. Constraints in the selection of an alternative disposal method were those relating to the
limited availability of resources (e.g. land area, labour and soil) and the characteristics of Pulau
Pangkor waste, which is high in moisture content. Waste disposal methods considered were:
Composting. The conversion of organic waste into compost, like the 3R approach, can help to
significantly reduce waste stream volumes. However, this waste management option requires
intensive source separation efforts and a large treatment area, and needs to be supplemented
with an inorganic waste treatment system. This option was not explored further due to such
constraints.
j:\infrastructure\80000 series (moved to projects)\80026 - solid waste incinerators, p. langkawi & p. pangkor\10.0 engineering\10.01
environment\10.01.04 master copy\80026-00-en-rep-0002 (pangkor).doc
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80026 : 80026-00-EN-REP-0002 Rev 0 : 18 November 2008

Mainland landfilling. Three mainland Level 1 landfills within the Manjung district have been
identified as possible disposal sites for Pulau Pangkor waste. Usage of these sites, however,
may cause significant environmental impacts as these landfills lack rudimentary pollution
control measures, and require intensive transportation efforts, which will be costly in the long
term.
Sanitary landfilling. A sanitary landfill is a hydrogeologically isolated landfill that incorporates
measures to minimize environmental impacts, such as daily soil cover, an offgas collection
system in addition to a leachate collection and treatment system. Like traditional landfills, a
sanitary landfill requires ample land area, which is not available on the island. Thus, in future,
KPKT plans to establish a small scale sanitary landfill, which will accommodate the thermal
treatment byproducts.
Thermal treatment. Thermal treatment refers to the application of heat to reduce waste to
more manageable volumes and uses the least amount of space compared to the other waste
disposal options. Although thermal treatment is often associated with hazardous airborne
pollutants, stringent pollution control measures are commonly adopted to minimize emissions.
For Pulau Pangkor, this option was considered the most suitable. The chosen technology, an
ACT equipped rotary kiln, was proposed by the Cabinet Committee on Solid Waste and
Environment Management.
Site preparation options available to KPKT are those associated with the closure of part of the
existing Teluk Cempedak landfill, upon which the proposed TTP will be established. It is
recommended that the closure exercise incorporates final soil cover, provision of a drainage system
and post-closure monitoring, which should include methane sampling. Should the presence of
methane be detected in ensuing analyses, provisions to collect methane will be necessary.
P R O JE C T D E S C R I P T I O N
PROJECT CONCEPT
The ACT rotary kiln utilizes two counter-flow processes, specifically the counter-flow of combustion air
against that of the kiln and solid waste, and the counter-flow of flue gas against that of solid waste
and ash to combust solid waste with low calorific value and high moisture content. This technology is
featured in the primary chamber of the kiln, where operating temperatures range between 850 to
1,000C.
An ACT pilot plant with the capacity to treat 1 MT of waste per hour was constructed at Universiti
Teknologi MARA for performance evaluation purposes. Using solid waste samples from the university
and Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., test runs were conducted in June 2004 and April 2005. Major findings from
these test runs were:
The pilot plant was capable of treating solid waste with 60% moisture content and reducing
waste volume by 90%;
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Plant operations were intermittently disrupted due to accumulation of ash within the combustion
chamber; and
The environmental performance of the plant was evaluated without the presence of any
pollution control equipment.
To address the shortcomings of the pilot plant, the full scale TTP will be equipped with continuous deashing and pollution control systems.
S O LI D W A S T E A N D T H E R M A L T R E A TM E N T O U T P U T
A waste characterization study conducted in April 2008 indicated that solid waste generated on the
island is largely composed of organic material (including food waste, 33%), waste paper (18%), yard
waste (17%) and waste plastic (15%). The average moisture content of the waste was calculated at
69.6%, whereas the average net calorific value of the waste was 1,886.4 kcal/kg.
Solid waste to be fed into the TTP will be screened and reduced to smaller particles prior to
treatment. Recyclables will also be sorted out from the TTP waste feed and set aside for collection by
third party recyclers. Wastes that are classified as hazardous as regulated under the Environmental
Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005 will not be accepted for treatment at the TTP.
Flue gas and residual gases resulting from the combustion process will be treated by a combination
of pollution control systems to remove most air pollutants prior to emission. Solid waste leachate and
wastewater from plant and truck washings will be directed to a wastewater treatment plant prior to
discharge. Byproducts of the TTP are bottom and fly ash, which will be disposed at a sanitary landfill
and a DOE licensed disposal site, respectively.
P LA N T L A Y O U T A N D L O C A T I O N
The TTP will feature two identical process lines, each with an installed capacity of 1.25 MT/hour. Both
lines will share a common waste reception area, which is able to accommodate up to 60 MT of solid
waste, and a 30 m chimney. A weighbridge, a wastewater treatment plant, an ash bagging facility and
an administrative building will be erected alongside the TTP. Vehicular movement within the TTP area
will be restricted to a one way counter clockwise route.
2
The TTP and its support facilities will occupy a footprint of approximately 8,909 m . The administrative
building will be sited towards the border of the site that is closest to the main road for aesthetic
purposes. The TTP site is accessible by land via the main road and by sea via Selat Manjung.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
During normal operations, the TTP will operate 16 hours per day. Occasionally, to accommodate
surges in solid waste volumes, TTP operations will be extended to 24 hours per day. Only one
process line will be active at any time while the other will act as a standby line in case of failure.
Approximately 19 personnel will be required to operate the TTP.
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Solid waste treatment at the TTP will be conducted continuously in the following stages.
a)
Waste Reception
Solid waste delivered to the TTP is weighed and unloaded at the designated waste reception area.
b)
Waste Separation
Using sorting conveyors, solid waste from the waste reception area is transported into a trommel, a
perforated rotating cylinder that screens waste according to size. Solid waste particles smaller than
150 mm in diameter will drop through the perforations in the trommel and will be transported to a
deflector for further screening, whereas larger particles be discharged at the end of the trommel and
transported to a shredder. Waste that is unable to pass through the deflector, which is expected to be
largely recyclables, is collected in bins.
Waste that has passed through the deflector and shredded waste are then sorted manually, with the
aid of a magnetic separator, to remove any remaining recyclables, which are then baled and set aside
for collection. Processed waste, i.e. waste that has been reduced to a diameter of 150 mm or smaller,
and sorted out for recyclables, is then fed into the primary chamber of the rotary kiln.
c)
Thermal Treatment
Solid waste will be combusted in the rotary kiln at the rate of 1,037.5 kg/hour, generating 1.48 x
106 kcal/hour (after taking into account latent heat energy loss of 35% and radiation energy loss of
5%).
Prior to receiving the solid waste feed, the primary chamber of the rotary kiln is pre-heated to 400C
using diesel as fuel. Solid waste, fed into the rotary kiln intermittently, will then tumble down to the
lower end of the kiln due to the kilns mechanical rotation and inclined installation. Combustion air is
supplied from the opposite direction (the end of the kiln) to increase combustion efficiency, creating
the first counter flow process. Flue gas produced by combustion travels upwards towards the inlet of
the rotary kiln, forming the second counter flow process. Bottom ash, which largely comprises
incombustible material, is removed continuously via an ash conveyor and subsequently bagged prior
to disposal at an approved landfill.
Flue gas will be directed to the secondary chamber for further oxidation. Fly ash contained in the flue
gas will settle at the bottom of the chamber, where it will be carefully removed via a sliding gate. Fly
ash is then packed and stored at a designated area prior to disposal at a DOE licensed facility.
Complete combustion is achieved by ensuring that the flue gas remains in the secondary chamber for
approximately 2 s, during which the cyclonic movement of the flue gas to the top of the chamber
ensures thorough mixing of all hydrocarbon components. The flue gas then exits at the top of the
secondary chamber and enters the gas cooler.
d)
Gas Cooler
The gas cooler utilizes ambient air to rapidly lower the temperature of the flue gas to 200C to prevent
the reformation of dioxins and to render the flue gas treatable by the air pollution control system.
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POLLUTION CONT RO L SYSTEMS

Pollution control systems will be installed at the TTP to ensure that it meets the pollutant limits
proposed by the DOE. These systems are:
a)
Air Pollution Control System
The air pollution control system comprises a cyclone, a neutralization reactor and a baghouse filter.
Air emissions are to be treated to comply with the limits outlined by DOE in a letter to KPKT dated 14
April 2008.
Heavier and larger particulates (larger than 25 m) will be filtered by the cyclone, which operates at
an efficiency rate of 70%. Smaller dust particles will be captured by the baghouse filter, which has an
efficiency rate of 99.8%. These dust particles, termed fly ash, will be collected, stored and disposed
accordingly.
Flue gas will go through a neutralization reactor upon exit from the cyclone and prior to entering the
baghouse filter. Dry calcium hydroxide and activated carbon will be introduced to the flue gas in the
reactor to neutralize acidic gases and to hinder dioxin formation. If the exit temperature of the flue gas
from the cyclone drops between 160-220C, lime or sodium bicarbonate will be injected into the
reactor.
An end-of-pipe continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) will be installed at the TTP to
monitor compliance to DOE requirements.
b)
Wastewater Treatment Plant
The TTP will generate two types of wastewater, namely solid waste leachate and wastewater from
plant and truck washings. Both types of wastewater will be treated to comply with the limits outlined
by DOE in a letter to KPKT dated 14 April 2008. As leachate is expected to have higher levels of
organic contaminants, it will undergo a pre-treatment process prior to being mixed with wastewater
from plant and truck washings.
The pre-treatment process involves chemical dosing to remove suspended solids, metals and other
inorganic impurities and for pH adjustment. Further treatment to reduce biological oxygen demand
and chemical oxygen demand levels will be applied to the chemically treated leachate, which will then
undergo a denitrification process. Upon completion of this pre-treatment process, leachate will be
channelled into a mixing sump.
Wastewater from plant and truck washing undergoes coagulation, flocculation and pH adjustment
processes to remove suspended solids prior to being directed into the aforementioned mixing sump.
The combined wastewater is pH adjusted again and subsequently directed to a sequence batch
reactor. In the reactor, wastewater is aerated, producing a clarified supernatant and sludge. The
supernatant is then passed through an ultrafiltration system to remove suspended solids, colloidal
material and bacteria, as well as an activated carbon filter to remove chlorine, chloramines and
dissolved organic matter. Prior to discharge into an existing drain leading to the sea, the effluent will
Page xxxvii

undergo a final pH adjustment process. The TTP is expected to generate a volume of treated effluent
of 7m3/day.
The wastewater treatment plant will generate two types of sludge, one resulting from the leachate
treatment process and the other resulting from the washwater treatment process. Both sludges will be
thickened and filtered to produce dry sludge cakes. Water precipitated from the filtering process is
channelled back to the wastewater treatment plant. The sludge cake from the leachate treatment
process will be disposed at a DOE licensed facility, whereas the sludge cake from the washwater
treatment process will be disposed at a sanitary landfill.
c)
Odour Control
A high efficiency particulate air filter will be incorporated in the mechanical ventilation system of the
TTP to absorb odour.
d)
Noise Control
Major noise emitters (i.e. fans, pumps and etc.) will be installed within enclosed structures to
suppress high noise emission levels to permitted levels. The proposed TTP boundary noise will
comply to 70 dBA (daytime) and 60 dBA (night time) outlined in Schedule 1, The Planning Guidelines
for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, 2004 stipulated by DOE.
EMERGENCY SYSTEM S
The proposed TTP will be equipped with a central monitoring system to shut down the facility
automatically in the event of equipment or power failure. To decrease the risk of fire, a fire alarm
system comprising smoke and heat detectors will be installed at the TTP. Gas detectors will also be
installed at predetermined locations to detect unusually high concentrations of methane.
U TI LI T Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
3
The proposed TTP will require water at a rate of 111m /day, and power at a rate of 250 kW/day.
P R O J E C T S C H E D U LE
The construction phase of the TTP is expected to last 18 months from the site takeover date. The
TTP is expected to have a lifespan of 20 years.
EXI ST ING ENVIRONM ENT

P H Y S I C A L C H A R A C TE R I S T I C S
The TTP will be sited on a land parcel about 1 m above sea level in an area characterized by hilly
terrain. To the immediate west of the Project site, across the main island road, is Bukit Pangkor
(371 m above sea level).
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G E O LO G Y , H Y D R O G E O L O G Y A N D S O I LS
The geology of the Project site is characterized by granite bedrock. Groundwater at the Project site is
not expected to have beneficial use as it is expected to be brackish/saline due to the sites proximity
to the sea. The soil series at the Project area is defined as Steep Land Soil. Subsurface drilling at the
Project site indicated the presence of man made deposits, specifically, solid waste, some 5-7.5 m
thick.
H Y D R O LO G Y A N D W A T E R Q U A LI T Y
No known rivers traverse the Project site. Concrete drains border the landfill, receiving surface runoff
and discharging said runoff onto the low sandy area at the coast of Selat Manjung.
Existing water quality at the Project site was determined through a baseline sampling exercise.
Freshwater parameters sampled at the concrete drain receiving surface runoff from the Project site
were observed to be in compliance with Class IIB parameter limits of the Interim National Water
Quality Standards published by the DOE, with the sole exception of lead, which reached a noncompliant level during one sampling exercise. Biological and chemical oxygen demand levels were
within the prescribed limits, indicating no contamination from landfill runoff. Marine water parameters
were in full compliance with the parameter limits in the Interim Marine Water Quality Standards
published by the DOE. However, it was observed that chemical oxygen demand, total suspended
solids and boron levels were slightly elevated, possibly due to leachate contamination from the
landfill.
M E T E O R O LO G Y , A I R Q U A LI TY A N D O D O U R
The Project site experiences a warm and humid equatorial climate with sunshine all year round, with
an average temperature of 26.8C, average humidity of 84.7% and average rainfall of 1,778.5 mm
(assuming that conditions at the Project site are similar to those at the Sitiawan meteorological
station).
Ambient air quality at the Project site and the surrounding area is generally good and in compliance
with the Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines. Trace levels of zinc and copper were
detected in ambient air, alongside significant levels of hydrochloric acid gas. Presence of dioxins in
ambient air is minimal.
Odour levels at the Project site are markedly higher than at Batu Jambol and Kg. Teluk Dalam.
However, compared to levels at the landfill in Taman Beringin, Kuala Lumpur, odour levels at the
Project site are much lower.
NOISE
Noise levels both within and at the boundary of the Project site are low and within the limits stipulated
by the DOEs Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control for designated
industrial zones. Noise sources include vehicular movement and local fauna.
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LAND USE
Natural ecosystems, such as Selat Manjung and the Sg. Pinang Forest Reserve, constitute the
majority of the 1 km impact zone (defined as the area within 1 km radius of the Project site) and the 5
km impact zone, which comprises almost all of Pulau Pangkor, Pulau Mentagor, Pulau Giam, part of
the Lumut Naval Base and mukim Lumut (including Damai Laut Resort and Teluk Kepiah Forest
Reserve). Pangkor Laut island lies outside the 5 km impact zone.
Other land uses within the 1 km impact zone include cottage type industries and a cemetery. Within
the 5 km impact zone, major land use categories are institutions (6.4%), commerce (3.0%) and
residences (1.59%).
Residential areas within 3 km of the Project site are a small squatter settlement of 4 houses at Batu
Jambol (500 m southeast), Kg. Sg. Pinang Kecil (670 m southeast), and Kg. Teluk Dalam (1.6 km
northwest).
S O C I O E C O N O M I C S A N D P U B LI C H E A L T H
Data from the Manjung Municipal Council (MPM) indicates that the Pulau Pangkor population in 2005
comprise 7,190 persons in 1,798 households, earning an average monthly household income of
RM 666.58. Major economic activities on the island include fishing, fish farming, and tourism.
However, none of these activities occur within 1 km of the Project site.
A socioeconomic survey conducted in July and August 2008 indicated that 85.1% of surveyed
residents of Kg. Sg. Pinang Kecil, Kg. Sg. Pinang Besar and Kg. Teluk Dalam were in favour of the
Project, compared with only 10.0% of the commercial establishments operating on the island
surveyed. The residents reinforced their support for the Project during the stakeholder dialogue
conducted on 29 July 2008, but emphasized the need for Project accountability throughout its
lifespan, particularly in the event of adverse impacts.
A public health survey conducted in tandem with the socioeconomic survey indicated that the Pulau
Pangkor population is provided with good sanitation facilities, and is not predisposed to specific
disease or illness.
I N F R A S T R U C T U R E A N D U TI LI T I E S
A main island road traverses the perimeter of the island and provides access to the Project site. A
traffic survey conducted in June 2008 indicated free flow traffic conditions around the Project site.
Pulau Pangkor is accessible from the mainland via sea and air. Passenger ferries shuttle between the
Lumut Jetty on the mainland and the Pulau Pangkor jetty at Pekan Pangkor on the island. Berjaya Air
operates flights from the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang to the Pangkor Island airstrip at
Teluk Dalam.
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TNB provides electrical supply to the island, while Lembaga Air Perak provides water supply. The
sewerage system on the island comprises individual and communal septic tanks. Waste management
services are provided by MPM.
I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T A N D P R O P O S E D M I T I G A T I N G M E AS U R E S
The development of the proposed TTP can be divided into two phases, the construction and
operational phases. Development activities during both phases may produce environmental impacts
such as those outlined below. To minimize such impacts, mitigating measures were identified and
proposed for each environmental concern (Table ES- 1).
A I R P O L LU TI O N
a)
Construction Phase
Fugitive dust is expected to be generated by site preparation activities, earthworks and movement of
terrestrial vehicles across exposed earth surfaces. As there are no residential areas within 500 m of
the Project site, fugitive dust concerns are not expected to be significant. Nevertheless, moistening of
exposed surfaces and good housekeeping measures are recommended to control fugitive dust
emissions.
b)
Operational Phase
The impacts of air emissions on air quality were conducted through numerical modelling (ISCST3
Model) of ambient air concentrations of gaseous pollutants emitted by the TTP.
Assuming that the air pollution control system will be able to treat the TTP stack emissions to meet
the DOE prescribed limits, ground level concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were predicted to be in compliance
with the Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines during normal 16-hour and 24-hour
operations of the TTP. Dioxin emissions from the TTP are predicted to be low within the range of
0.009 pg I-TEQ/m3 to 0.013 pg I-TEQ/m3. Maximum average incremental concentrations (MAICs) of
chlorine gas (Cl2), hydrochloric acid gas (HCl), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), copper (Cu),
zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) during normal 16-hour and 24-hour TTP
operations were predicted to be insignificant.
For the abnormal operation scenario, pollutants are assumed to be released uncontrolled due to
failure of baghouse and neutralization reactor for 1 hour and the highest MAIC is predicted to occur in
the southwest region of the Proposed Project site.
The proposed air pollution control system is considered sufficient to mitigate potential negative air
quality impacts. However, regular monitoring and maintenance of the system, and the formulation of
an effective failure response system, are necessary to minimize the possibility of uncontrolled
emissions.
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E N V I R O N M E N T A L H E A LT H
No significant acute health impacts are anticipated from the operations of the TTP. Chronic health
impacts from continuous HCl exposure spanning a duration of 70 years are predicted at the Project
site. However, seeing that the Project site will only be occupied by TTP personnel working an average
of 8 hours a day for a maximum duration of 20 years, effects from HCl exposure are considered
unlikely.
In calculating the carcinogenic health risks from exposure to the As, Cd and Cr6+ content in the TTP
stack emissions, two scenarios were assumed. In the first scenario, where TTP emissions are
assumed to contain As, Cd and Cr6+ levels at the DOE prescribed limit, lifetime excess cancer risk
greater than one in a million are anticipated at Batu Jambol, Kg. Sg. Pinang Kecil and Kg. Teluk
6+
Dalam (the nearest communities to the Project site). In the second scenario, lower As, Cd and Cr
levels are assumed in the TTP stack emissions. These levels were calculated using the actual As, Cd
and Cr6+ content in the waste stream derived from a waste characterization study. In this scenario, the
lifetime excess cancer risks shrink levels lower than one in a million.
The findings of the health assessment for the identified heavy metals were utilised in the socioeconomic study where the population of the affected community was considered in determining the
6+
number of potential incidence cancer case. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the As, Cd and Cr
average and maximum levels in stack emissions be maintained at the DOE prescribed limits at all
times.
SOCIOECONOMICS
Due to a lack of data, direct and indirect economic impacts from employment and income earning
opportunities could not be quantified. Indirect economic impacts from health effects are expected to
be insignificant as mortality and morbidity rates are expected to be negligible i.e. incidence of new
cancer cases is less than 1 when the population of the affected community is taken into account.
However, should changes in the ambient air quality affect cancer incidences, government subsidies
will be required to accommodate the cost of illness as Pulau Pangkor households may not be able to
afford such costs at their income level.
It is proposed that a community outreach program be implemented to keep local communities up-todate on the development and performance of the TTP, in addition to maintaining the land use around
the Project site and discouraging the establishment of residential and institutional facilities in its
vicinity.
LAND USE
The construction of the TTP is compatible with the future land use proposed in the Local Plan for
Pulau Pangkor (1999-2015). No adverse impacts are expected to arise in the immediate vicinity of the
Project site.
The following land uses are recommended:
Page xlii

extending the industrial zone along the eastern and northern coastal corridors on the island to
encourage the establishment of waste recycling and recovery facilities;
maintaining existing development areas as low-density and low-manning zones; and
regulating the development of residential, health and educational facilities to areas outside the
3 km radius of the Project site.
W A T E R P O L LU TI O N
a)
Construction Phase
Site preparation activities, which include the excavation and removal of solid waste from the Project
site, may contaminate surface runoff with suspended sediments and organic matter. As such, it is
recommended that waste excavated from the site is adequately managed when removed to the
neighbouring existing disposal area. Wastewater from temporary construction facilities are also to be
controlled to prevent contamination of marine water.
b)
Operational Phase
The TTP is expected to generate four forms of wastewater: solid waste leachate, plant and truck
washwater, surface runoff and domestic sewage. Main contaminants expected to be present in the
TTP wastewater are those commonly associated with solid waste leachate, such as organic carbon,
ammoniacal nitrogen and heavy metals.
The proposed wastewater treatment plant is expected to be capable of treating the TTP wastewater
to meet the DOE prescribed parameter limits. However, should there be a failure in the wastewater
treatment plant, the inadequately treated wastewater is not expected to produce significant impacts to
the receiving water body, Selat Manjung, due to the large dilution capacity of the sea and the
relatively low volume of wastewater. Sewage will be treated using a septic tank.
Additional mitigation measures proposed are:
the provision of a temporary effluent storage tank to hold untreated effluent in the event of a
wastewater treatment plant failure; and
regular maintenance and inspection of the wastewater treatment plant, septic tank and other
water pollution control systems to ensure optimal performance.
NOISE
a)
Construction Phase
Due to the intermittent nature of the noise expected to be generated within the 18-month construction
period, close range sensitive receptors (e.g. construction personnel) and nearby settlements are not
anticipated to be significantly affected. It is proposed that construction works be confined to day time
(7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) to prevent incidental noise disturbance.
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b)
Operational Phase
Although boundary noise levels may slightly exceed the DOE noise guidelines, sensitive receptors
(residential areas) within 1 km of the Project site are not expected to be significantly affected by noise
from TTP operations.
Apart from incorporating acoustic insulation in the plant design, routine machinery maintenance works
are recommended to ensure that machinery does not generate excessive noise. Plant personnel are
recommended to be provided with PPE when working with noise generating machinery.
O C C U P A T I O N A L S A F E TY A N D H E A LT H
a)
Construction Phase
During site preparation, the excavation of solid waste may result in the release of methane, a
flammable gas. Although no methane was detected during the baseline sampling exercise, it is
recommended that methane concentrations be routinely measured during construction to detect
methane build-ups.
No other significant physical and health hazards are expected to arise during the construction stage.
To protect construction workers from physical hazards, strict adherence to safety measures is
recommended. Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) and enforcement of good hygiene
practices are necessary to prevent health hazards.
b)
Operational Phase
No significant physical and health hazards are expected to arise during the operational stage. To
protect construction workers from physical hazards, strict adherence to safety measures is
recommended. Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) and enforcement of good hygiene
practices are necessary to prevent health hazards.
RESIDUA L WA STE MANAGEME NT

a)
Construction Phase
Solid waste excavated from the Project site during site preparation activities will be removed to its
neighbouring existing disposal site for subsequent disposal management. A small amount of
scheduled waste may be generated from minor maintenance work on construction machinery; this
waste is to be stored and disposed at a DOE licensed disposal site.
b)
Operational Phase
The TTP is expected to produce solid waste and scheduled waste.

Incombustible solid waste and solid waste sorted out prior to treatment will be set aside and disposed
at an approved landfill. Recyclable material found in solid waste are set aside for recycling.
Approximately 995 kg/day of bottom ash, a by-product of thermal treatment, will be generated. Bottom
Page xliv

ash will be bagged and disposed at an approved landfill. Sludge generated by the treatment of plant
washwater and surface runoff will be similarly disposed at an approved landfill.
Fly ash (68 kg/day) will be stored and handled as scheduled waste, and sent to a DOE-approved
facility for disposal. In future, KPKT may also explore the possibility of the reuse of fly ash as raw
material in cement manufacturing, subject to Regulation 7 of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Waste) Regulations, 2005. Sludge generated by the treatment of leachate will be sent to a DOEapproved facility for disposal.
To ease waste management at the TTP, it is recommended that a waste inventory be kept to monitor
solid and scheduled waste generated onsite.
HAZARDS
A possible hazard during TTP operations is fire/explosion caused by the onsite diesel fuel tank. The
modelled radiation zones and iso-risk contours are contained within the Project boundary.
Safety procedures are recommended to be observed at all times by all TTP personnel to minimize the
possibility of accidents. Training and regular emergency drills are also necessary to ensure prompt
emergency response.
VISUAL IMPACT
Most of the TTP building, including its stack, is expected to be visible to marine viewers. Terrestrial
viewers are expected to only be able to see parts of the TTP building. Plant operations will be visible
to the employees of nearby industries, but are not expected to affect these significantly.
To reduce the visual impact of the TTP on its viewers, it is recommended that the TTP building and its
stack be painted using a scheme that is a combination of the colours and patterns found in the
coastal forest. It is also recommended that a vegetative barrier consisting of native tree species of
sufficient height, or a similarly tall artificial barrier, be established along the site boundary.
TRAFFIC
No significant traffic impacts are expected, as the road network is anticipated to be able to
accommodate the surge in traffic volume due to natural population growth and the operations of the
TTP.
R E S I D U A L I M P AC T S
During construction, expected residual impacts are the release of methane gas from site preparation
activities. To counter the risk of fire, methane levels are to be measured using a portable gas meter at
confined spaces within the construction site prior to the commencement of works in such areas.
During operations, expected residual impacts are related to public health and scheduled waste
management. To ensure that lifetime excess cancer risks are kept to a minimum, the TTP should
Page xlv

employ an air pollution control system that is able to meet the DOE prescribed emission limits. Fly ash
and sludge from leachate treatment, both categorized as scheduled waste, may be reused as raw
material in cement manufacture and disposed at a municipal landfill, respectively, subject to
Regulation 7 of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations, 2005. Treated effluent is
recommended for reuse as washwater or to water vegetation.
E N V I R O N M E N T AL M AN A G E M E N T
A comprehensive environmental management plan (EMP) will be formulated upon approval of the
DEIA report prior to the implementation of the Project. The EMP will specify monitoring programs to
monitor changes to the environment during the construction and the operation of the TTP.
CONCLUSION
With the implementation of proper mitigative measures, such as those proposed by the Project
Proponent and the consultants, environmental impacts of the TTP can be minimized to acceptable
levels.
Page xlvi

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED SOLID WASTE THERMAL TREATMENT PLANT FOR PULAU PANGKOR, PERAK DARUL
RIDZUAN
Table ES- 1: Summary of Predicted Environmental Issues and Proposed Mitigating Measures
Issue
Proposed Mitigating Measures
Reference in Report
Moistening exposed earth surfaces where practicable.
Chapter 8.1.1 (p. 134-
Implementing good housekeeping measures.
135)
DOE Comments
1. Air Pollution
Construction Phase
Fugitive dust from site preparation
activities and earthworks.
Fugitive dust from terrestrial vehicular
movement.
Moistening unpaved roads at least twice a day.

Limit vehicle speed on unpaved roads.
Provide wheel washing facilities at entrance/exit points.
Pave or overlay access roads with aggregate.
Cover construction material stockpiles and loads.
Avoid use of residential roads.
Operational Phase
Stack emissions.
Installation of the proposed air pollution control system.
Chapter 8.1.4 (p. 147 &
Regular monitoring and maintenance of the air pollution control system.
p. 199)
Formulation of an effective response system to accommodate potential

failures.
j:\infrastructure\80000 series (moved to projects)\80026 - solid waste incinerators, p. langkawi & p. pangkor\10.0 engineering\10.01 environment\10.01.04 master copy\80026-00-en-rep-0002 (pangkor).doc
Page xlvii

RIDZUAN
Issue
Reference in Report
Average stack emission are to be maintained at levels lower than the
Chapter 8.2.4 (p. 200),
DOE Comments
2. Environmental Health Risk

Excessive carcinogenic health risk
from exposure to As, Cd and Cr6+
content in stack emissions.
DOE-proposed emission levels.
Appendix 12
Stack emission to be in compliance with the DOE proposed emission

levels at all times.
3. Soil Erosion
Minimal soil erosion from earth works
Provision of silt removal facilities.
Chapter 8.3.4 (p. 201)
Provision of silt removal facilities.
Chapter 8.4.4 (p. 208-p.
Immediate compaction of and protection of earthworks surfaces once
212)
and site preparation activities.

4. Water Pollution
Construction Phase
Sediment load in surface runoff.
earthworks are completed.

Cover open earth surfaces and construction material stockpiles where
practicable.
Pave or overlay access roads with aggregate.
Page xlviii

RIDZUAN
Issue
Sediment load in wheel washwater.
Reference in Report
DOE Comments
Allow sand and silt to settle before discharging wheel washwater to storm
drains.
Sediment load in wastewater from
Installation of bar traps at drain inlets to remove large objects.
building construction.
Wastewater from temporary site
facilities.
Sewage from workers are to be discharged into mobile toilets provided by

a licensed contractor.
Vehicle and plant serving areas and vehicle wash bays to be located
within roofed areas, if possible.
Provision of an oil and grease interceptor.
Potential contamination from spillage

of oil, chemicals and other petroleum
Fuel and chemical storage tanks to be sited on sealed surfaces with

bunds capable of holding 110% the capacity of said tanks.
products stored onsite.

Potential contamination from solid
waste excavated from construction
Excavated solid waste to be removed to the neighbouring disposal site for

further disposal management.
site.
Page xlix

RIDZUAN
Issue
Reference in Report
Installation of the proposed wastewater treatment plant.
Chapter 8.4.4 (p. 210 &
Provision of secondary power supply and suitable redundancies at the
212)
DOE Comments
Operation Phase
Wastewater from leachate, plant and
truck washing.
wastewater treatment plant.

Provision of a temporary storage tank to hold untreated wastewater in the
event a bypass is required.
Wastewater from plant facilities and
domestic wastewater.
Stormwater.
Installation of a septic tank to treat sewage to at least Standard B quality.

Regular maintenance and sludge removal from septic tank.
Stormwater to be passed through sump pits before being discharged to
marine waters.
Stormwater from workshop and chemical storage areas to be passed
through an oil interceptors.
Fuel and chemical storage tanks to be sited on sealed surfaces with
bunds capable of holding 110% the capacity of said tanks.
Page l

RIDZUAN
Issue
Reference in Report
Limitation of noisy construction activities to day time (7 a.m. to 7 p.m.).
Chapter 8.5.7 (p. 223 &
Turning off idle engines.
p. 224)
DOE Comments
5. Noise
Construction Phase
Intermittent construction noise.
Provision of proper hearing protection devices to workers exposed to

noisy machinery.
Usage of low noise equipment or silencers.
Regular maintenance of construction machinery to prevent excessive
noise generation.
Operation Phase
Noise from plant operations.
Incorporate noise control measures and low noise equipment in plant

design.
Chapter 8.5.7 (pp. 224 &

p. 225)
Regular maintenance of machinery to prevent excessive noise generation.

Provision of proper hearing protection devices to workers exposed to
noisy machinery.
Implementation of a hearing conservation program for plant workers.
Page li

RIDZUAN
Issue
Reference in Report
Solid waste excavated from the construction site will be removed to the
Chapter 8.6 (p. 229)
DOE Comments
6. Residual Waste Management

Generation of solid and scheduled
waste during construction and
operations.
neighbouring disposal site for further disposal management.

Unrecyclable and non-hazardous solid waste generated onsite will be
stored in lidded bins or compaction units prior to combustion at the TTP.
Recyclable solid waste will be packed and stored for recycling.
Scheduled waste generated onsite (i.e. fly ash and sludge from leachate
treatment) will be handled and stored in accordance with the
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations, 2005 prior to
disposal by a DOE licensed facility.
Provision of a waste management system.
7. Risks
Potential fire hazard from methane
release during construction works.
Measurement of methane concentration to ensure safe levels in confined

areas prior to entering such areas
Chapter 8.7.3 (p. 233

p. 234)
Routine monitoring of methane concentrations in construction area.

Ensure no gaps or holes in ground structure when constructing on top of
solid waste.
Page lii

RIDZUAN
Issue
Fire hazard from diesel storage.
Reference in Report
Strict adherence to safety rules and regulations.
Chapter 8.7.5 (p. 237 &
Formulation of an Emergency Response Plan.
p. 239)
DOE Comments
Regular safety training and emergency drills.

Provision of spillage containment measures for the diesel storage tank.
8. Land Use Compatibility
Future land use planning.
Establishment of an industrial zone for solid waste management related
Chapter 8.11.3 (p. 250)
activities within 1 km of the TTP.

Safeguard and maintain the Sg. Pinang Forest Reserve.
Maintain existing development areas as low-density and low-manning
zones.
Ensure that residential, health and educational facilities are not
established within 3 km of the TTP site.
9. Socioeconomics
Potential apprehension towards
Project.
Inform residents of Project development and environmental performance.
Chapter 8.12.4 (p. 258)
Creating a public feedback program to address potential complaints.

Prioritize employment of local residents.
Annual medical checks and screenings.
Page liii

RIDZUAN
Issue
Public health and safety concerns.
Reference in Report
DOE Comments
Maintaining the current land use zoning within 3 km of the TTP site.
Develop a green buffer and/or barrier to reduce visual and dust impact to
receptors.
10. Occupational Safety and Health

Physical hazards.
Ensure that construction machinery and facilities are assembled properly

on a strong foundation.
Chapter 8.8.1 (p. 240 242)
Workers to don safety gear properly at all times.

Observation of proper loading, unloading and machinery operating
procedures.
Prohibition of smoking and open burning at site.
Restrict number of vehicles and vehicle speed at Project site.
Health hazards.
Limit worker exposure to high noise equipment and high temperature

areas.
Chapter 8.8.2 (pp. 242 243)
Provision of protective gear to workers handling solid waste.

Workers handling solid waste to practice good hygiene at all times.
Fumigation of Project site to remove vector population prior to
commencement or works.
Periodic medical screening for workers.
Page liv

RIDZUAN
Issue
Reference in Report
Provision of proper signage and road markings to warn motorists of
Chapter 8.11 (p. 240),
DOE Comments
11. Traffic
Traffic growth from plant operations.
incoming and outgoing trucks.
Appendix 10
12. Visual Impact

Visibility of TTP building and plant
operations.
Adopting a colour and pattern scheme that is in harmony with the coastal
forest landscape for the TTP building.
Chapter 8.9.4 (p. 245 &

248)
Establishing a vegetative or artificial barrier high enough to conceal plant

building and operations to viewers.
Page lv

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KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED SOLID WASTE THERMAL

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

POLLUTION CONT RO L SYSTEMS

Air Pollution Control System

Wastewater Treatment Plant

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

EXI ST ING ENVIRONM ENT

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

RESIDUA L WA STE MANAGEME NT

The TTP is expected to produce solid waste and scheduled waste.

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

Proposed Mitigating Measures

Moistening exposed earth surfaces where practicable.

Chapter 8.1.1 (p. 134-

Implementing good housekeeping measures.

Moistening unpaved roads at least twice a day.

Installation of the proposed air pollution control system.

Chapter 8.1.4 (p. 147 &

Regular monitoring and maintenance of the air pollution control system.

Formulation of an effective response system to accommodate potential

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

Proposed Mitigating Measures

Average stack emission are to be maintained at levels lower than the

Chapter 8.2.4 (p. 200),

2. Environmental Health Risk

DOE-proposed emission levels.

Stack emission to be in compliance with the DOE proposed emission

Provision of silt removal facilities.

Chapter 8.3.4 (p. 201)

Provision of silt removal facilities.

Chapter 8.4.4 (p. 208-p.

Immediate compaction of and protection of earthworks surfaces once

and site preparation activities.

earthworks are completed.

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

Proposed Mitigating Measures

Sediment load in wastewater from

Installation of bar traps at drain inlets to remove large objects.

Sewage from workers are to be discharged into mobile toilets provided by

Potential contamination from spillage

Fuel and chemical storage tanks to be sited on sealed surfaces with

products stored onsite.

Excavated solid waste to be removed to the neighbouring disposal site for

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN

Proposed Mitigating Measures

Installation of the proposed wastewater treatment plant.

Chapter 8.4.4 (p. 210 &

Provision of secondary power supply and suitable redundancies at the

wastewater treatment plant.

Installation of a septic tank to treat sewage to at least Standard B quality.

KEMENTERIAN PERUMAHAN DAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN