9280 0. Note aso that f(s 8 pynomia, au us continous. So by the
Intermediate Value Theorem here isa number e between —2.and--1 such tat f(e) =0,sothate~ 8 41
atta
+ =O ale? br 2) + Mee? + Be? — 1) =0. Let pla) denote the left side ofthe last
oF zo}
‘equation, Sines pis continuous on [=1, 1), p(—1) = —da < 0, and p(1) = 2b > 0, there exists a ein (~1, 1) such that
‘(c) = Oby the Intermediate Value Theorem. Note that the only root of ether denominator that isin (—1, 1) is
(1+ ¥5)/2= r tute) = (8 V5—M)a/2 £0, This, cs not a oot of either denominator, s0 P(e) = =>
«© = ei8 aot ofthe given equation.
63, f(2) = 2" sin(1/2) is continuous on (26,0) L (0,20) since it isthe product of a polynomial and a composite of a
‘trigonometric function al a rational function. Now since —1 < sin(1/2) < 1, we have ~2* 0, weneodd > U such that < [e+ 3}
(o(2)— el <—c/2 > gla} Uiiso = LU UG) _ 89= 8 990;
1 vraag) ~ ZAM) = YUM) 58-61 bsg
995 — 1994 T
So we estimate that U” (1994) = 3{(-0.80) + (~0.50)] ~ 0.6
10051996 1907
080-065 ~0385
34 (a) P(t isthe rate at which the percentage of Americans under the age of IX is changing wih espect Lo ie, ls units are
pce per year 6/90.
Pt) ‘for small values of fh.
(Tota (0, eu fg PEEP, LEN = PO
(1960) ~ P(1950) _ 35.7 ~ 31.1
eo 185 1
For 1960: We estimate (1960) by using h
= 0.46
P*(1950) =
AO und f= 10, and then average the two results to obtain final
sina,
ha -20 (450) RESO = PUNO) _ A= _ gap
P(lg70) = P0960) _ 340 35.7
10 > P°(1960) ToT) — 1960 Ti or
So we estnate chat P'(1960) ~ (0.46 + (—0.17}} = 0.148,
[2 [isan ioe no So]
[PW [osoo oss 085-046 035 0000 128 CHAPTER? LIMITS ANDDERWVATIVES
©
Pu
195 990 1970 1980 1950 2000 F
(€) We could get more accurate values for P(t) by obtaining data forthe mid-decade years 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985, and 1995,
35, f isnot differntiable ats = ~4, because the graph has a comer there, and atx
because thee ia discontinuity there.
36. Fis no differentiable at xr = D, because there i «discontinuity there, and at a.
3, because the graph has a vertical tangent
there
37 F isnot differentiable at
there
—1, because the graph has a vertical tangent there, and at» = 4, because the groph has a comer
38, F isnot differentiable atx
1, because there is discontinuity there, and at = 2, because the raph has a come tere
38. As we zoom in toward (~1, 0), the curve appears more and more like # —_1—,
straight line s0 (2) = 2-+ v/a is iferenable at = 1. But no
mater how much we zoom in toward the origin, the curve doesn straighten
‘out—we ean’t eliminate the sharp point (2 cusp). So fis not differentiable
ate =O.
40, As we zoom in toward (0,1), the eurve appears more and more Hike @ ——
straight line, sof is differentiable at = 0. But 20 matter how much we
‘200m in toward (1,0) 0¢ (—1,0), te eurve doosn't straighten out—we can't
liminate the sharp point (a cusp), So fis not differentiable at y = +1.
4.0 = f.b=J',0= J". Wecan soe this because where « has a horizontal tangent, b = O, and where b hss horizontal tangent,
¢ = 0, Ween immediately see that e can be neither J nor /’, since atthe points where cas a horizontal tangent, neither
nor bis equal 0. SECTION2§ THEDERUATIEASAFUNCTION © 137
42, Where dhs horizontal tangents, only cis 0, so d! = e. has negative tangents For < 0 and bis the only graph that is
negative for 2 < 0, Soc! = b. bas positive tangents 0» B fexcept at.» = 0}, and the only graph tha is positive onthe same
fm
fib= f" anda
domain is a, s0 bf = a, We conclude that d= J,¢
48, We can immoiately See that is the graph ofthe aeceleraton function, since at che points where a has horizontal tangent,
neither © nor b is equal to O. Next, we note tha « = O atthe point where has a horizontal tangent, so b must be the graph of
the velocity netion, and hence, Bf = a, We conclude that cis the graph af the postion function,
44, a must be the jek since none ofthe graphs are 0 at its high and low points. «i O where hasa maximum, 0 Y= 650
where has maximum, soe! =. We conclude that is the positon funtion, cis the velocity, bis she acceleration, amt a
the jet
6.2) in LEED — yy Mees EAPO te?)
det ah 2? 0h M) 4 deme) _ 5, dh Dehn?
my 7 PE
(+H
h
r in t ‘We see from the graph that our answers ae reasonable beeause the graph of |
~ 10 fis that ofa linear funetion and the graph of J" is that ofa constany
6 [ \ fanetion,
$2) = Sim LAM =F) _ a
a h ms
11
in LEA S02) gg BEBE gig FE HH — iy = tim
fy Ha = a rates wy > AM Rates By AES ate
1 1
tye tn LEN =P) — yp “ERIE CF) = 42 yg tes?
P= jy es i sae ray? 7 ES heer ae
eth
1 er mE
‘We see from the graph tha our answers are reasonable because the graph of
4 isthat of an even function and is negative Seal.» #0, and the raph of
4 that oan odd function (negative for 2 < Oand positive for 2: > 0). 138 GHAPTER2 UMTS AND DERWATES
1")
Sesh) = He) e+)? — (e+ my] (a? 2)
he i
Ald + 2h — 30° — Beh — 1)
7
tim LEM SC@) _ 5, [Set b) — Be
am h fm,
Jim(4 — 62 8h) = 4G
g(a) =
a) = P(x +h) — f"(a) [4 = 6(x + h)) — (4 ~ Br}
Pe) y= Ba, 7h
6 (-6)
a
(2) = tm LEH HD Ce)
£0) = I
‘The graphs are consistent withthe geometric interpretations oF the
Aerivatives because J" has zeros where f has a local minimum and a local
maximum, #” has a zero where f” has a lea! maximum, anf" isa
‘constant fanetion equal tthe slope off"
0
yt
(6) Drawing tangent lige at ¢= 1D onthe graph ofa, « appears to decrease by 10 A/s* over a period of 205.
Soat
105, the jer i approximately —10/20 ~= ~0.5(8/s*)/s orf?
48, (a) Note that we have factored 2 — a asthe difference af two cubes inthe third sep.
Ha)~ gla) eal? if — g/t
1) = yng ALO) hy) POE In aE TE
= lim potas = pa
= Ii Soca rare > gars 4
(6) F10) ~ Jy HOF LO) _ pis Tis fneton nese without ours the limit dos na
exist and therefore (0) does not exist.
©) Lim LF SECTION23 THEDERNATWRASAFUIICTION 2139
re 4, ate) et aha a8)
(0) 0) = fn MOD lin Gm ata ea aT
2 lim ea _ at go's
be sarpargia pane = Ba 5
(©) g(x) = 2 is continuous at x = 0 and d)
— 2g = 00, This shows tha
3 la
ajhas a vetal angen fine a = 0
6 ifr-626 (2-6 itr
POO Le 6) fe 6<0 7 lee rece
ny LD= LO) iy
Bee
Sorte igh-hand limits 1
i ty LD=LO «gy BSM=8 - tn SE 1, Sessoms
£6) = Jim, L= LP) oes not exst and fis not iterentible at 6 , yore
2-6 a
Ache ay owing te reise) = B=
wher way of writing re= Be
82, f(2) = J2] isnot continuous at any integer n, 80 F is not differentiable y
at mby the contrapostve of Theorein 4, [Fa is not an integer, then fis lo
constant on an open interval containing a, so f(a) = 0. Thus,
F@) = 0, x notan integer.
(b) Since fz) = 2° fore > 0, we have f”(2
a) fornrni={"
[See Exercise 2.8.17(d).] Similarly, since fie) = —c* For
ot <0, we have f'(2) =
10) = jj LO.
2e for <0, At = 0,wehave
ela
= fing 222) = tf
So J is differentiable at 0. Thus, fs differentiable forall
(6) From part (6), we have "(x
2x ifezo
ae iPro ‘WoO CHAPTER? Lists NO DERWATIVES
= Lt b= Ha}
# a) 4) = tin ZEAL
(4) = tim S42 —/0)
S4(4) = fim, a
o
continuous at 4. Since f(5) isnot defined, is discontinuous at 5.
0 eco
(}s@)=p 5-2 itocacd
1(S—2) 224
‘These expressions show tha / is continuous on the intervals (90,0), (0,4), (4,5) and (5,09). Since
_I(2) doesnot exis, so is discontinuous (and therefore not
lim, $2) = fim (5-2) =5 40 him fee),
differentiable) at 0
(@) Feom (@), fis not differentiable at 4 since J (4) f (4), and from (e) fis not diferentiable at O or 5,
55 (yy seven then
F(a) = tim LCE + A) = f(a) fl-fe-h) = ft-2)
Fa pag SES = J
iy LEMS) py LAMM pene =n
=— Jim £ St2) _ _ pee)
hss 8
(b) If f is odd, then
a) = Yn LEAD fie ~ hy) flex)
Sa) fy * *
Sieh fix) =
yp HEA et ae =A}
f(z)
img fle = fla
2 f
= jm, fet aase)
Therelore, fis even.
a) 0
(©) The inital temperature ofthe waters lose to ronm temperature because ofthe water that was in the pipes. When the
‘water from the hot water tank starts coming out, @T/dt is large and positive as T increases tothe temperature ofthe water OMAPTER? REVIEW Ott
inthe tank, Inthe next phase, 7'/dt = 0 as the water comes cut at constant, high temperature. Aer some
eat
becomes small and negative as the contents ofthe hot water tank are exhausted. Finally, when the hot water has run out,
AP fd is once again Os the water maintains its (cold) temperature
fe) anes
a Jn the right wrangle inthe diagram, let Ay he the side opposite angle ¢ and 2x
tbe side ancent angle @, Then the slope ofthe tangent ine ¢
is m= Ay/Ax = tand. Note that < & < $. We know (see Exercise 17)
thatthe derivative of f(x) =a is /"(2) ~ 22. So the slope of the tangent o
the curve at the point (1, 1) is 2, Thus, ¢ is the angle between O and $ whose
tangent is 2; that i, db = tan“! 2 6 69? 2 Review
CONCEPT CHECK
4. (2) lim f(2) = Fs Soe Definition 22.1 and Figures 1 and 2 in Section 2.2
(6) tim, f() = Le See the paragraph after Definition 2.2.2 and Figure (bin Section 2.2.
©) i fle)
jim s(2)
(©) fim 1)
‘See Definition 2.2.2 and Figure (a) in Section 2.2.
See Definition 2.24 and Figure 12 in Section 2.2.
4: See Definition 2.6.1 and Figure 2 in Section 2.6
2 In general, the imit of fn
{ails to exist when the funtion does not approach a fixed number. For each ofthe following
functions, the limit fails to exist at
fi
The left and right-hand “There isan There ae an infinite
limits are not equal infinite discontinuity. numberof oscillations
43. (a)-(g) See the statements of Limit Laws 1-6 and 11 in Section 2:3 42 O- GHAPTER? (IMTS AND OERWATIVES
4, See Theorem 3 in Section 23.
5. (a) See Definition 22.6 and Figures 12-14 in Section 2.2,
(b) See Definition 2.6.3 and Figures 3 and in Section 2.6
6. (@) y= 24: No symplote (0) y = sinz: No apie
(6) y < tana: Vertical asyimptotes x = +7, nan integer (4) y = tan” 2: Horizontal asymptotes y = £5
: 0
(@) y= 1/r: Vocal asymptote x = 0, Ve No meyptte
vin asymptte 9 = 0
1. (@) Afni fs continuous ata umber aif 2) approaches f(0 82 approaches ota, tim #2) = J)
(6) A fonetion is continuous on the interval (—90, 0) iff is continuous at every real number a, The graph of such a
function has no breaks and every vertical line erases it
8. See Theorem 2.5.10,
8 See Definition 2.7.1
40, Sce the paragraph containing Formula 3 in Section 2.7
1, (a) The average rte of change oy with respect tox over the interval [2,2] is Lz) = Lee).
Sle) ~ sles)
(b) The instantaneous cate of change of y with respect to x at
12, See Definition 2.72. The pages following the definition discuss intemretations of f(a) asthe slope of a tangent line tothe
graph of f atx =e and as an instantancous rate of change of f(2) with respect tox when 3 = a
18, See the paragraphs before and afer Example 6 in Section 2.8,
14 (a) A fametion fis terete ata number a ifits derivative” exists ©
ate otha is, 17 f'(a) exit,
(8) Sce Theorem 2.84, This theorem also tells us that if 8 nor
‘continuous at, then f is ot treble at a.
45, Soe the diseussion and Figure 7 on page 159.
TRUE-FAISE QUIZ
1. False. Limit Law 2 applies only ifthe individal limits exist these don’,
2 False, Limit Law 5 cannot be applied i the limit ofthe denominator is 0 (it)
3. True. Limit Law 5 applies. 4. Te
5. Fase.
6. False,
1. Tre.
8 False.
9. True
10, False
1 False
12, False
13, True.
4 Tae,
HAPTER? REVIEW O14
The limit doesn’t exist since f(}/g(2) doesn’t approach any teal number as 2 approaches 5.
(The denominator approaches 0 and the numeracor doesn't)
‘ve know thatthe later limit exists (ands qual 2)
conti to} = 6, -].tes a )= Oa) os
80 $(6)g(6) #1.
A polynomials continuous everywhere, soli p(x) exis and is egual 19 (6),
1
Consider tim (2) — 923] = lima, ( 3) “This limit is ~oo (not 0), but each of the individual functions
approaches oc.
‘See Figute 8 in Section 2.6.
Consider f(2) = sinsr for x > 0. Jim, flr) 7 oe and J has no horizontal asymptote.
(el) ite dt
Consider f(r) {i oe
The function f must be continuous in order to use the Intermediate Value Theorem. For example, le
1 ose forall, but Zim f(x) = tim, (2* + 1)
See the note ufter Theorem 4 in Section 2.8
Str) exists = Fis differentiable at r => Fiscontinuous at => im f(x) = Fle)
vic le HY 5 the srt ample, ify =
tic encode wie (22) iets ey
ten Yo, (22) =
wen 28 oe (82) =
f(z) = 2" — 102" + 5 is continuous on the interval [0,2], f(0) = 5. (1) ~ ~A.and f(2) = 989. Sinee
= 4.<0.< there isa number cin (0,1) such that f(c) = O by the Intermediate Value Theoreim, Thus, thee is
o0t of the equation 2" 102 + 5 = 0 inthe interval (0,1) Simiary, there isa root in (1,2) 144‘ CHAPTER? UMTS AND DERWATWES
EXERCISES
4.40) (i) tim, f(@) i) tim, fle) =0
Lily fim, Jf) doesnot ens since the Lf and right imits are not equal. (Thee imi is 2.)
(0 fog (0) $2
(0) tiny F(2) = 96 (9) lim _f(@) = 90
(ei) iy la) =4 (i ten)
Bandy =.
(©) The equations ofthe vertical asymptotes are x = O and 2
(©) The equations ofthe horizontal asymptotes ave y
(8) Fis discontinuous at x ~ ~3,0,2,and 4
“The discontinuities are jump, infinite, infinite, and remouebl, respectively,
2 fim slo) = -2 iw, fC} =0, fin, f(2) = 00,
lim fla) = 00, ig, (2) = 2,
{Fis continuous from the Fight at 3
3: Since the exponential funtion s continous, liye
i oo #9 _o
4, Sine ational fnetions are continous, in, =P = ae = 3
bee Das 1 and
tin HD
nr a) i
(08 ama ea
Another sofmion: Factor dhe numerator a8 a sum of two cubes and then simplify.
hha
tim OIE a, (= 1) 1 fh 1? = = 1) 419)
eh oe BE
n [(h— 0? n+ 3]
e
B
ity ME = oo since (r — 9)! + as — 9and YE > 0 forr
8 ty, ape = oo site (r 9)" + Os and LE > Ofer 9 CHAPTER? REVI Os
AE2 = tim, A = sim,
8 Jamal lh Samay A
(0 + 1)u+2}u=1)
wa Olu
2+ 1)u41) _ 20)
a+) TC
tn EEO) ~
8 28a —3)(ve +6 +)
_ e46~22 ~(0* 2-6) my == 342)
Werte D(verora) NF @-Hlvrro+a)
= tim —et2)
“ER B(Vertra) 904M
418, Since xis positive, V7 = {a = 2. Thus,
14 Since xis negative, V3 «. Ths,
tim tin, MEINE, 4
Gene = AM. ea 8/3) z
15, Lett = sin. Then as e+ a ,sinx 0", sot 0", Thus,
tin Lode =e, (a 22"—a8)/at
aja! = 22
to Span art ale PPE a ae x
Bf ls —8
fio
JOP TI-2 VFEEI +s) _ yp, det I~ a?
1 Viet tta| 2% Vitae tte
17. im (VF EIEAT — 2) = tina i
- (2-4/5 re VFter>
eo [eivide by x = v2? fore > 0]
im ete av
Jae ei TFOFOT I
2( a), Then a. 00, + 00, and lim We CHAPTER? LOWTS AND OERWATIVES:
21, From the graph of y = (cos®x)/2*, it appears that y = Os orion
asymptote and = Dis the vertical asymptote. Now 0 < (cas.r)? <1 =>
To =O chorizo aso. — oie oer = Lands? = Oa 0, sae OF te
vertical asymptote
22. From the graph of y = fle) = Va" Pad - veFAF,
vertical asymptots. To obtain a diferent form for f, fs multiply and divide it by its conju
hla) = (va? Pett - var az) MEE
appears that there are 2 horizontal asympotes and possibly 2
ot} 41)
real
ett
- Veter ae
Now
Jim, att
I Ses
en 24.(1/2) since VIF = 2 for
Jaa vite teasers ol
2
Ti
soy ~ 1 is aorta asymptote. For < 0, we have VF | = —2, so when we divide the denominator by x, With
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