Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (January 12, 1746 Febru- Humanitatis) and received instruction from educators
ary 17, 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational re- Johann Jakob Bodmer and Johann Jakob Breitinger who
former who exemplied Romanticism in his approach.
taught history & politics and Greek & Hebrew, respecHe founded several educational institutions both in tively.
German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland
and wrote many works explaining his revolutionary modern principles of education. His motto was Learning by
head, hand and heart. Thanks to Pestalozzi, illiteracy
in 18th-century Switzerland was overcome almost completely by 1830.

1
1.1

On holidays Pestalozzi would visit his maternal grandfather, a clergyman in Hngg.[3] Together they would travel
to schools and the houses of parishioners. It was through
these visits that Pestalozzi learned the poverty of country
peasants. He saw the consequences of putting children to
work in the factory at an early age and he saw how little
the Catechism schools did for them. Their ignorance, suffering and inability to help themselves left an impression
on Pestalozzi, an impression that would guide his future
educational ideas.[4]

Life

Pestalozzi was educated to become a clergyman. As a

clergyman, he expected to have ample opportunity to
carry out his educational ideas; however, the failure of his
rst sermon and inuence from philosopher Jean-Jacques
Rousseau led him to pursue a career in law and political
justice.

Early years 17461765

The ideal system of liberty, also, to which

Rousseau imparted fresh animation, increased
in me the visionary desire for a more extended
sphere of activity, in which I might promote
the welfare and happiness of the people. Juvenile ideas as to what it was necessary and possible to do in this respect in my native town,
induced me to abandon the clerical profession,
to which I had formerly learned, and for which
I had been destined, and caused the thought to
spring up within me, that it might be possible,
by the study of the law, to nd a career that
would be likely to procure for me, sooner or
later, the opportunity and means of exercising
an active inuence on the civil condition of my
native town, and even of my native land. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi [5]

Coat of arms of Pestalozzis family from Zrich

Pestalozzi was born on January 12, 1746, in Zrich,

Switzerland. His father was a surgeon and oculist who
died at age 33 when Pestalozzi, the second of three children, was 6 years old. His mother, whose maiden name
was Hotze, was a native of Wdenswil on the lake of
Zrich.[1] The family also had a maid, Barbara Schmid,
nicknamed Babeli. After the death of Pestalozzis father
it was only through the help of Babeli that Pestalozzis
mother could nancially support the family.[2]

1.2 Young adulthood Political aspirations 17651767

During the mid-18th century the government in Switzerland condemned Rousseaus Emile and Social Contract,
saying they were dangerous to the State and the Christian
religion. A prison sentence was issued upon Rousseau.
Bodmer, Pestalozzis former professor, embraced the
In 1751, Pestalozzi attended the Gymnasium (Collegium teachings of Rousseau and founded the Helvetic Society
1

with about 20 other philosophers in 1765. Their goal was

the advancement of freedom. The 19-year-old Pestalozzi
was an active member, contributing many articles to the
Societys newspaper, Der Erinnerer.
Pestalozzi brought to light several cases of ocial corruption and was believed to be an accessory to the escape of a fellow newspaper contributor. Although he was
later proven innocent, he was under arrest for three days.
These events caused Pestalozzi to have many political enemies and destroyed any hope of a legal career.

LIFE

ries of letters on the education of the poor. The appeal,

however, only postponed the failure of the institution. In
1779, Pestalozzi had to close Neuhof. With help from his
friends, Pestalozzi was able to save the house at Neuhof
for himself and his family to live in. Despite the property
being saved, they were in nancial ruin and were reduced
to poverty. His family connections abandoned him, along
with most people who had shown interest in his ideas.[7]

1.4 Period of literary activity 17801797

1.3

Neuhof 17691779
1.4.1 The Evening Hours of a Hermit 1780

After the failure of his political aspirations and at the

suggestion of several friends, Pestalozzi decided to become a farmer. During this time, Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli, who was also a member of the Helvetic Society,
attracted widespread attention regarding his successful
business model. He had converted a large plot of worthless land into several valuable farms. In 1767 Pestalozzi
visited Tschieli to learn about his method. After a year
with Tschieli, Pestalozzi purchased 15 acres of waste
land in the neighborhood of Zrich. He obtained nancial support from a Zrich banker, bought more land, and
in 1769 married Anna Schulthess.
Pestalozzi began to build a house on the heavily mortgaged property, calling it Neuhof. The land he had
bought, however, was unsuitable to farm. Unfavorable reports led the banker to withdraw his support. Pestalozzi
added a wool-spinning business to the farm, hoping to improve his nancial situation. The challenges increased as
much as his debt. Three months after their nancial support was withdrawn, Schulthess gave birth to the couples
only son, Jean-Jacques Pestalozzi. He was nicknamed
Schaggeli and often had epileptic ts that led Pestalozzi
and Schulthess to constantly worry about his health.[6]
1.3.1

Transition from farm to industrial school at

Neuhof

After the failure of his farming venture, Pestalozzi

wanted to help the poor. He had been poor himself
most of his life and he had observed orphans who gained
apprenticeship as farmers only to be overworked and
underfed. He desired to teach them how to live selfrespecting lives. This led him to the conception of converting Neuhof into an industrial school. Against the
wishes of his wifes family, Pestalozzi gained the support
of philosopher Isaak Iselin of Basel, who published it in
Die Ephemerides, a periodical devoted to social and economic questions. The publication led to subscriptions and
loans free of interest. The new foundation had a short period of apparent prosperity, but after a year Pestalozzis
old faults again led the institution to near ruin. An appeal for public support in 1777 brought much-needed
help, and Pestalozzi contributed to the periodical a se-

Iselin remained a friend of Pestalozzi and encouraged him

to continue writing. In 1780 Pestalozzi published anonymously in Die Ephemerides a series of aphorisms entitled The Evening Hours of a Hermit. They are his earliest
works which outline ideas that would later be known as
Pestalozzian. The aphorisms attracted little attention at
the time of publication.

1.4.2 Leonard and Gertrude 1781, 1783, 1785,

1787
Pestalozzi knew the country peasant life much more intimately than his contemporaries did, from the visits of
his childhood with his grandfather to his current state of
poverty. He drew from these experiences and published
four volumes of a story titled Leonard and Gertrude.
These four volumes revolve around the lives of four characters: Gertrude, Glphi, an unnamed parish clergyman
and Arner. Gertrude is a wife and mother from the village
of Bonnal, who teaches her children how to live moral upstanding lives through the belief and love of God. Glphi,
a school teacher, sees the success Gertrude has with her
children and tries to model his school around her teachings. A parish clergyman also adopts Gertrudes teachings and the work of Gertrude, Glphi and the clergyman are helped by Arner, a politician, who solicits aid
from the state. Through these four institutions, harmony
is achieved and a comprehensive education is oered to
all people.[8]
The rst volume was very successful; however, the second through fourth volumes were not widely published or
read.

Fifth and Sixth Volumes

Pestalozzi had planned a fth and sixth volume, but the

manuscript of the fth was lost in his 1804 trip to Paris
and it is not known if a sixth was ever written.[9]

1.5
1.4.3

Stans 1799

the plan. Pestalozzi was not able to implement his new school
right away, because a suitable site could not be found
quickly enough. In the meantime, Pestalozzi was asked
Pestalozzi wrote Christopher and Elizabeth in 1782 as to take charge of a government newspaper, the Helvetisa series of evening conversations to address social and ches Volksblatt, in hopes that he could win the acceptance
political corruption. A weekly newspaper called the of the people of Switzerland. Political change of any kind
Schweizerblatt was also founded and disbanded during the during this period was viewed as tyrannical.
same year with Pestalozzi briey acting as the chief edi- When the French army invaded the town of Stans in 1798,
tor.
many children were left without a home or family. The

1.4.4

Christopher and Elizabeth

Schweizerblatt 1782

3
and

Swiss government established an orphanage and recruited

Pestalozzi on December 5, 1798, to take charge of the
Enquiries into the Course of Nature in the
newly formed institution. On December 7, Pestalozzi
Development of the Human Race 1797
went to Stans, writing:

In 1794 Pestalozzi visited his sister in Leipzig, Germany. During the visit, he met Johann Wolfgang von
I went gladly, for I hoped to oer these inGoethe, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried
nocent little ones some compensation for the
Herder.[10] On his return trip to Neuhof, he met Johann
loss they had sustained, and to nd in their
Gottlieb Fichte. Fichte saw in Pestalozzis ideas the key
wretchedness a basis for their gratitude. In my
to the solution of the educational problem, and suggested
zeal to put my hands to the task which had been
to Pestalozzi that he write about his views on human nathe great dream of my life, I should have been
ture and the problem of its development. After three
ready to begin even in the highest Alps and
years, Pestalozzi wrote and published Enquiries into the
without re and water, so to speak, had I only
Course of Nature in the development of the Human Race.
been allowed. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi [14]
Few people read his work, and in a republished edition
in 1821, Pestalozzi writes: Scarcely any one has noticed
the book, although it has been before the public for more
The buildings of the Ursuline Convent at Stans were supthan twenty years. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi [11]
posed to be converted into an orphanage, but little had
This work marked the end of his eighteen-year literary
been done when Pestalozzi arrived. On January 14, 1799,
period, during which time Pestalozzi and his family lived
a number of orphans came to the newly established instia life of poverty. His wife was often ill, and in 1797 his
tution. Pestalozzi writes, They were in a dreadful condison returned home from his apprenticeship in Basel in a
tion, both of body and of mind. He took many roles at
similar state of health.
Stans, including a master, servant, father, guardian, sicknurse and teacher. He had no school materials and his
only assistant was a housekeeper.

1.5

Stans 1799

Pestalozzi with the orphans in Stans (detail); oil on canvas painting by Konrad Grob, 1879

Political changes were taking place, and when serfdom

was abolished in Switzerland in 1798 Pestalozzi decided
to become an educator.[12][13] He wrote a plan for a school
and submitted it to Philipp Albert Stapfer, the new Minister of Arts and Sciences, who approved of Pestalozzis

Drawing from previous experience, his aim at Stans was

similar to that of Neuhof: the combination of education
and industry. However, he no longer looked at the products of the childrens labors as a possible source of income. Any work was considered by Pestalozzi as a way to
train physical dexterity, promote eciency and encourage mutual helpfulness. He wanted to cultivate the fundamental activities of the mind the powers of attention, observation, and memory, which must precede the
art of judgment and must be well established before the
latter is exercised.[15] It was during his time at Stans that
Pestalozzi realized the signicance of a universal method
of education, which he would attempt to apply at future
institutions.
In June 1799, the French army, after being defeated by
the Austrians, took back Stans. They needed every available building to house their troops. The school was broken up. Even during the short time of the orphanage,
Pestalozzis success was apparent in the well-being of the
children. He left Stans to recover in Gurnigel, an Alpine
health resort, hoping to return to the orphanage when the
buildings were free. He was not permitted to go back.

1.6

Burgdorf 18001804

LIFE

1.6.1 How Gertrude Teaches her Children 1801

Pestalozzi for the second time in his literary career attracted a wide circle of readers after publishing How
Gertrude Teaches her Children. The book had a profound
impact on the opinion and practice of education.[19] It is
written in the form of fourteen letters from Pestalozzi to
his friend Heinrich Gessner, a bookbinder in Berne. The
rst three letters describe how he, Krsi, Tobler, and Bss
came to their present situation at Burgdorf. Letters four
to eleven are his reections and experience in pedagogical instruction and educational theory. The twelfth letter
is about physical education while the last two letters talk
about moral and religious education. Pestalozzis purpose
in these letters was to show that, by reducing knowledge
to its elements and by constructing a series of psychologThe Burgdorf Castle where Pestalozzi ran his institute from
ically ordered exercises, anybody could teach their chil18001804.
dren eectively.[20]
During his recovery in Gurnigel, Stapfer assigned Because of this literary success, people from all parts
Pestalozzi to the town of Burgdorf. He was to receive a of Switzerland and Germany came to see the school in
small quarterly salary, an apartment and a position teach- Burgdorf. The school grew, but Pestalozzi still felt that he
ing at the lowest school in town. Pestalozzis position was not doing enough. The school was a nancial success;
was not held long; the shoemaker who ran the school be- however, the school could not do what Pestalozzi desired:
fore Pestalozzi had arrived did not agree with his ideas. education of the poor. He communicated to the Swiss
Shortly after, Pestalozzi was able to transfer to a dier- government that he would like more opportunity to eduent school. The children were ve to eight years old. cate the poor and in response they sent two commissionPestalozzi was nervous at rst, but he continued his in- ers to investigate his work. Having a favorable review,
vestigations and experiments in education carried out at the government decided to transform Pestalozzis school
Stans.
into a national institution. Sta received xed salaries and
A book was suggested to Pestalozzi by a friend, Vouz money was spent on the publication of textbooks written
voulez mecaniser l'education (translated edition: The Ap- by Pestalozzi and his sta. Using this money, in 1803
plication of Psychology to the Science of Education by Jo- Pestalozzi published three elementary books: The A.B.C.
hann Friedrich Herbart). Although Pestalozzi said he did of Sense Perception, Lessons on the Observation of Num[21]
not know much French, what he was able to understand ber Relations and The Mothers Book.
threw a ood of light upon my whole endeavor.[16] It Two more additions were made to Pestalozzis sta durconrmed his ideas of education that he had developed ing this time: Johann Joseph Schmid 1785-1851 and
at Neuhof, Stans, and now Burgdorf, in which all under- Johannes Niederer 1779-1843. Schmid was at the instanding can be achieved through a psychologically or- stitute as a poor pupil but was added to the sta for his
dered sequence.
teaching ability. Niederer was formerly a minister.
In January 1800, a young teaching assistant, Hermann Pestalozzis family nally joined him in the institute to
Krsi, oered to help Pestalozzi. Krsi already had live and work there. In 1801 Pestalozzis son, Jeansome practical teaching experience and followed the ex- Jacques, died at the age of 31, but his daughter-in-law and
ample set by Pestalozzi.[17] After eight months of teach- grandchild, Gottlieb, moved from Neuhof to Burgdorf to
ing, Pestalozzi was evaluated by school authorities who live at the institute.[22]
praised him for his progress. In eight months, he had not
only taught children of ve and six years of age to read
perfectly, but also to write, draw and understand arith- 1.6.2 Trip to Paris 1804
metic. The school board promoted Pestalozzi to a mastership in the second boys school where he continued his Political changes by Napoleon during this time put
educational experiments.
Pestalozzis institute in jeopardy through reform in the
Fueled by his success, Pestalozzi decided to open another
school in Burgdorf, the Educational Institute for the
Children of the Middle Classes, in October 1800 in the
Burgdorf Castle. Here, two educators joined Pestalozzi,
Johann Georg Tobler and Johann Christo Bss. During
this time Pestalozzi systemized and codied many of his
methods and ideas about education.[18]

Swiss government. A national deputation was sent to

Paris to interview Napoleon on behalf of Switzerland.
Pestalozzi was elected as a member of this deputation.
Before going, he published his ideas about political effort. It is a unique document in Pestalozzis work that
shows the connection of his political, social and educational inuence. Pestalozzi did not enjoy his time in Paris;

1.8

Yverdon 18051825

Napoleon had no interest in his work.

rst few months of his stay at Yverdon in quiet literary

On his return, Pestalozzi found the new Swiss govern- work, thanks to a monetary gift from the King of Denment questioning his right to the use of the facilities at mark, Christian VII. During this time he wrote Views and
Burgdorf. They notied him that his services were no Experiences relating to the idea of Elementary Education.
longer needed on the grounds that the buildings were In July 1805 the institute at Yverdon opened and attracted
needed for their own ocials. To avoid being criticized visitors and pupils from all over Europe. Many governby the public, authorities oered Pestalozzi the use of an ments sent their own educators to study with Pestalozzi
old monastery in Mnchenbuchsee. Pestalozzi received with the desire to implement a similar system in their
oers of hospitality for his institute in other towns, but own nations. In May 1807, Die Wochenschrift fur Menultimately he decided to accept the Governments oer. schenbildung, a newspaper published by the institute, was
In June 1804, Pestalozzis work in Burgdorf ended.[23]
started by Niederer and regularly included philosophical
discussions about education and reports to parents and
the public about the institutes progress. Some notable
1.7 Mnchenbuchsee 18041805
changes to the institute at Yverdon were that pupils of
any age were educated, not just young children; German,
Pestalozzis stay at Mnchenbuchsee was short. Nearby French, Latin and Greek were taught along with geogin Hofwil, there was another educational establishment raphy, natural history, history, literature, arithmetic, gerun by Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg. Pestalozzis col- ometry, surveying, drawing, writing and singing. At the
leagues convinced him to collaborate with Fellenberg to height of the institutions fame Pestalozzi was highly replan the new institute at Mnchenbuchsee. Pestalozzi and garded for his work as an educator and at educational
Fellenberg did not get along and after months of planning reform.[24]
it was decided to move the institute to Yverdon.
Inscription on Pestalozzis grave:
Heinrich Pestalozzi:
born in Zurich January 12, 1746
1.8 Yverdon 18051825
died in Brugg February 17, 1827
Saviour of the Poor on the Neuhof.
Preacher to the People in Leonard and Gertrude
In Stans, Father of the orphan,
In Burgdorf and Mnchenbuchsee,
Founder of the New Primary Education.
In Yverdon, Educator of Humanity.
He was an individual, a Christian and a citizen.
He did everything for others, nothing for himself!
Bless his name!

Memorial at Pestalozziwiese (Bahnhofstrasse) in Zrich,

Switzerland

As time went on, Pestalozzi felt that his colleagues were

growing farther apart from each other, something he
called the canker of disunion. There wasn't an open
conict yet, but dierent views about policy were represented by Niederer and Schmid. Niederer gained inuence in the institution and started to add subjects that
teachers weren't competent to teach. Schmid was open
about his criticisms and the division grew greater among
the institutes sta. In 1809 and 1810 the criticism was so
great that Niederer suggested to Pestalozzi that an impartial commission should be brought in from the Government to determine the conduct and eciency of the institute. Against the wishes of Schmid, Pestalozzi agreed and
in 1810 the state commissioners visited Yverdon. The
tone in the commissioners report looked favorably upon
Pestalozzis ideas but not on the practices of the institute.
Any hope of Yverdon becoming a state institution was cut
o.

Pestalozzi felt that justice had not been done. Schmid reBy far, the institute at Yverdon was the longest lasting
signed his post and neither Pestalozzi nor Niederer could
out of any of Pestalozzis endeavors. Pestalozzi spent the

LEGACY

ll his position as teacher of mathematics so instead they

opened a printing and bookselling business. This proved
to be a nancial failure and only through the help of
friends was the institute able to stay on its feet until 1815,
when Schmid returned. During the period of Schmids
absence Pestalozzi wrote Swansong which is a restatement of his educational doctrines, and Lifes Destiny,
which is a review of his life work. These weren't published until 1826 when they were joined into one book
called Pestalozzis Swansong. In 1814 he also wrote an article titled To the Innocent, Serious, and Magnanimous of
my Fatherland. It is a testimony to the many people living
in poverty which his institutions could not reach.[25]

to general, moral, and intellectual education that reected

Pestalozzis ideal of harmony and human autonomy.[27]

going forever.[26]

Schools that are named after Pestalozzi include

Kinderdorf Pestalozzi and Pestalozzi-Gymnasium
Biberach in Germany, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
(Macedonian: ) Elementary
School in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, Colegio
Pestalozzi in Argentina, Asociacin Colegio Pestalozzi
in Peru,[30] and the Johann Pestalozzi Bilingual Academy
in Aibonito, Puerto Rico, US. In fact, when the Swiss
government joined the international rebuilding eort
after the devastating 1963 Skopje earthquake by donating funds for the construction of a school in Skopje,
it enrolled the famous Swiss architect Alfred Roth to
design the new school,[31] equipped it with the rst
modern application of seismic isolation,[32] and named it
after the great Swiss pedagogue.

Pestalozzis philosophy of education was based on a

four-sphere concept of life and the premise that human
nature was essentially good. The rst three 'exterior'
spheres home and family, vocational and individual
self-determination, and state and nation recognized the
family, the utility of individuality, and the applicability of
the parent-child relationship to society as a whole in the
development of a childs character, attitude toward learning, and sense of duty. The last 'exterior' sphere inner
sense posited that education, having provided a means
of satisfying ones basic needs, results in inner peace and
After the death of Pestalozzis wife in 1815, Krsi re- a keen belief in God.[28]
signed from the institute. Niederer followed in 1817.
Overcome by troubles, Pestalozzi sought Schmids help.
Schmid managed to raise 2,500 by publishing a compi- 3 Legacy
lation of Pestalozzis works. The institute remained open
for another 10 years, during which time Pestalozzi tried
As Pestalozzi said himself, the real work of his life did
to convince Krsi and Niederer to return. In 1825 the
not lie in Burgdorf or in Yverdon. It lay in the princiinstitute had to be closed due to a lack of funds.
ples of education which he practised, the development of
his observation, the training of the whole person, and the
sympathetic way of dealing with students, of which he
1.9 Death
left an example in his six months labors at Stans. He had
the deepest eect on all branches of education, and his
Pestalozzi returned to his old home at Neuhof and pub- inuence is far from being exhausted.
lished Pestalozzis Swansong. This provoked many bitter responses, by Fellenberg and Niederer in particular. Pestalozzis ideas inspired Charles Mayo who return from
Pestalozzi did not take lightly to these criticisms. He be- Switzerland to work with his sister Elizabeth Mayo.
came sick on February 15, 1827 and died 2 days later in Charles had lived with Pestalozzi from 1819 to 1822 at
Brugg on February 17, 1827. His last words were: I for- Yverdon. The two siblings were credited with founding
[29]
give my enemies. May they now nd peace to which I am the formal education of infant teachers in Britain.

Ideas

Pestalozzi was a Romantic who felt that education must

be broken down to its elements in order to have a complete understanding of it. He emphasized that every
aspect of the childs life contributed to the formation
of personality, character, and reason based on what he
learned by operating schools at Neuhof, Stans, Burgdorf
and Yverdon. The success of the Yverdon school attracted the interest of European and American educators.
Pestalozzis educational methods were child-centered and
based on individual dierences, sense perception, and the
students self-activity. Pestalozzi worked in Yverdon to
'elementarize' the teaching of ancient languages, principally Latin, but also Hebrew and Greek. In 1819, Stephan
Ludwig Roth came to study with Pestalozzi, and his new
humanism contributed to the development of the method
of language teaching, including considerations such as the
function of the mother tongue in the teaching of ancient
languages. Pestalozzi and Niederer were important inuences on the theory of physical education; they developed
a regimen of physical exercise and outdoor activity linked

Pestalozzis method was used by the cantonal school in

Aarau that Albert Einstein attended, and which has been
credited with fostering Einsteins process of visualizing
problems and his use of thought experiments. Einstein
said of his education at Aarau: it made me clearly realize how much superior an education based on free action
and personal responsibility is to one relying on outward
authority.[33]
The British charity Pestalozzi International Village Trust
sponsors students from developing countries to study in

7
the UK; it also sponsors other overseas programs.

[30] Asociacin Colegio Pestalozzi website (in Spanish).

Asociacin Colegio Pestalozzi. Retrieved 19 March 2013.

[31] Postiglione, 340

See also
Education in Switzerland

[32]
[33] Isaacson, 65

Notes

[1] Barnard, 14
[2] Barnard, 16
[3] Brhlmeier, 1
[4] Pinloche, 15
[5] Barnard, 49
[6] Brhlmeier, 1
[7] Brhlmeier, 1
[8] Pestalozzi, Leonard and Gertrude
[9] Pinloche, 47
[10] Pinloche, 53
[11] Pestalozzi, Enquiries into the Course of Nature in the Development of the Human Race, Preface
[12] Atkin, 385

6 References
Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank.
The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History since 1789 John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Barnard, Henry; Pestalozzi, Johann. Pestalozzi
and Pestalozzianism: Life, Educational Principles,
and Methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi F.C.
Brownell, 1859.
Brhlmeier, Arthur; Haller, Adolf; Rubi, Heinrich.
"Pestalozzis Biography Trans. Anne-Marie Widmer.
Dieter, Jedan. Theory and Practice: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Vitae Scholasticae 1990.
Green, John Alfred. The Educational Ideas of
Pestalozzi W.B. Clive, 1905.

[13] Barnard, 60
[14] Green, 41

Isaacson, Walter. Einstein: His Life and Universe

Simon & Schuster, New York, NY, 2007.

[15] Green, 42
[16] Green, 48
[17] Green,48
[18] Green, 50
[19] Green, 50
[20] Green,51
[21] Green, 55

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich. Enquiries into the

Course of Nature in the Development of the Human
Race 1821.
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich.
Leonard and
Gertrude 1781, 1783, 1785, 1787.
Pinloche, Auguste. Pestalozzi and the Foundation
of the Modern Elementary School C. Scribners
Sons, 1901.

[22] Brhlmeier, 1
[23] Green, 57
[24] Pinloche, 70

Postiglione, Gennaro. One Hundred Houses for

One Hundred European Architects of the Twentieth Century, Taschen, ISBN=978-3-8228-6312-1,
March 2004.

[25] Green, 60
[26] Green, 6768
[27] Dieter, 115132
[28] Silvia, 143146
[29] Hadow Report, EducationEngland, retrieved 1 January
2015

Raumer, Karl von; Trans. By Tilleard, J. The

Life and System of Pestalozzi London, Longman,
Brown, Green and Longmans, 1855.
Silvia, Schmid. Pestalozzis Spheres of Life Journal of the Midwest History Of Education Society
1997.

External links
Publications by and about Johann Heinrich
Pestalozzi in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss
National Library
Encyclopaedic documentation about Pestalozzi
Publisher: Swiss association Verein Pestalozzi im
Internet
PestalozziWorld biographical links A handful of
short and longer biographies and references to his
methods
"Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1913.
JHPestalozzi.org An introduction to Pestalozzi and
related links.
Wie Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt (PDF)

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Heinrich%20Pestalozzi?oldid=640517887 Contributors:

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Images

File:Blason_famille_ch_Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi.svg
Source:
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Blason_famille_ch_Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi.svg License:
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<a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-xrel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/
88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-align:
top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png
2x' data-le-width='91' data-le-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FBlason_
famille_ch_Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: User:Spedona
File:Castle_burgdorf1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Castle_burgdorf1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Pestalozzi_with_the_orphans_in_Stans.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Pestalozzi_with_the_
orphans_in_Stans.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Immediate image source: [1] Original artist: Konrad Grob (1828 - 1904)
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
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File:Zrich_-_Bahnhofstrasse_-_Pestalozzi_IMG_2328.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Z%
C3%BCrich_-_Bahnhofstrasse_-_Pestalozzi_IMG_2328.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roland
zh

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Content license

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