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The solution:
(1) Taking the bosonic occupation function with = 0 and the spectral density g() = C 1 ,
then integrating up to a cutoff frequency c yields:
Z
Z c
Z c
1
d
E=
g()df () =
g()d /T
=C
(1)
e
1
e/T 1
0
0
0
(2) The heat capacity is the derivative of the energy with respect to the temperature:
dE
C(T ) =
=C
dT
2
e/T
c
1
CT
F
T
(e/T 1)2 T
(2)
H=
{ij}(nn)
X P2 X 1
k
+
mk2 Q2k
2m
2
k
(3)
where we were lucky enough that the basis in which the Hamiltonian is diagonalized is the Discrete
Fourier Transform of xi , pi given by:
1 X ikl
Qk =
e xl ;
N l
1 X ikl
Pk =
e
pl
N l
(4)
The Hamiltonian was written for a 1D case, however, the generalization to other dimensions is
trivial. Now, as we expressed the position as a sum of independent random variables, we can write:
Z
X 3f ()
X
3C c 2 d
V ar(Qk ) =
=
(5)
V ar(r) =
m 2
m 2c e/T 1
L
k
k
where we implemented the equipartition theorem for low temperatures (f ()/2 for each degree of
freedom), then we used the given density of states for the transformation to an integral and defined
minimum and maximum cutoff frequencies.
(4) Using the connection, E = = c|k|, it is convenient to calculate the density of states in k-space.
States with equal energy lie on a d-dimensional spherical shell in k-space, divided by the volume of
a unit cell gives the density of states:
d d k d1 dk
Ld d
g(k)dk =
=
g()d
=
d d1 d
(6)
d
2d
(2c)d
L
where d = {2, 2, 4} for d = {1, 2, 3} and the pre-factor is due to the consideration of d different
modes of the lattice (one for each degree of freedom) and only positive values of k.
And now to business, first we will plug eqn.(6) in the number of states equation. For a d-dimensional
crystal with N atoms there are N d normal modes so we can write:
Z c
Z
d d d c d1
g()d =
d
(7)
Nd =
L
(2c)d
0
0
second, in the equation for the heat capacity to get:
Z c
Z
2
d
e/T
1
d d d c
C(T ) =
g()d /T
=
L
d1 d
d
/T 1)2 T
dT
(2c)
e
1
(e
0
0
(8)
Solving eqn.(7) and comparing eqn.(8) to eqn.(2) leads to the final result:
2c
c =
L
Nd
d
1/d
;
C=
d d d N d2
L = d ;
(2c)d
c
=d
(9)
(5) In this section, throughout our entire calculation for the low temperature limit, T c , we
take xc = c /T and integrating F (xc ) by parts. For the high temperature limit, T c , we
take x 0 ex 1 + x and we keep only the lowest order in x. Thus we get:
For 1D ( = 1, = 2):
NT
C(T ) =
F (xc ) =
c
3L
V ar(r) =
mc
c
2c
L
LT
3 c
N
d
(e/T 1)
T c
T c
=
(10)
0
3
2 2
T
mc2
L2
T c
T c
(11)
For 2D ( = 2, = 2):
4N
C(T ) = 2 F (xc ) =
xc
3L2
V ar(r) =
mc2
c
2c
L
7.212
2N
L2 T 2
c2
d
=
/T
(e
1)
T c
T c
(12)
T c
T c
0
3ln(N )
2
T
mc2
L2
(13)
For 3D ( = 3, = 4):
C(T ) =
9N
F (xc ) =
x3c
9L3
V ar(r) =
2m 2 c3
2 2 L3 3
T
5c3
3N
c
2c
L
(Debye T 3 law)
(Dulong P etit law)
T c
T c
d
=
/T
(e
1)
T c
0
9
31
3N
4
T
mc2
L2
T c
(14)
(15)
(6) The calculation of the new density of states is similar to the previous problem. Therefore, we
continue by plugging the new dispersion relation = a|k|2 into eqn.(6) and get:
g()d = d Ld
md d/21 d
2ma
(2)d a
g() = C d/21 C 1
(16)
hence = d/2.
(7) The partition function for a two level system is:
Z() = 1 + e
(17)
leading to the same calculation but with + instead of - sign. Plugging in g() = C to get:
Z
C(T ) =
0
g()e/T
(e/T + 1)2
2
d = CT
0
x2 e x
2
dx
=
CT
(ex + 1)2
6
(18)
x
2
c
e
T
(e + 1)
D
T c
+ 1)2
(e T
0
0
8T 2