EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei

Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
Why digital?
Efficient, secure, easy to control quality, cheap DSP chips, better
spectrum efficiency.
How to digitize?
Sampling and A/D conversion, which will be covered in this chapter.

First of all, let us review why digital? # Now, how to digitize analog signals? This picture
shows what we need to do?

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory

Let us consider a signal in Fig. (a) and its spectrum in (b). If we multiple the impulse train
in time domain (fig (c)), in frequency domain it becomes convolution between G(f) (fig
(b)) with Dn, keeping in mind 0 should be s=1/Ts

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
We can perfectly recover analogue signal if fs=1/Ts >=2B
2B is called Nyquist sampling rate.
If fs=1/Ts <2B, then we cannot perfectly recover the analogue signal.
Example: a 4 kHz voice signal, the Nyquist rate is 8ksps.
Now how do we recover the analogue signal?
Simple! After a ideal low pass filter, we get original signal back (see
frequency domain).

Here we summarize the Nyquist rate as#

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
Signal recovery:

In frequency domain it is easy to understand. What will happen, if we multiple two signals in frequency domain? The answer is the
convolution in time domain. Look the impulse response of ideal filter, it is sinc function, what will happen if we convolve sinc function
with sampled signal?

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
Signal recovery:

We copy the sinc function to each sampling point and then sum all signals together to recover the original analogue signal.
This is not easily to understand.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Is ideal sampling implementable? No!
Is ideal filter practically implementable? No!
In practices, we use simple sampling and hold device.

Unfortunately, the ideal filter is not implementable. In practices, we use sampling and
hold device. When holding time Tp is approaching to zero, it converges to ideal
sampling. How Tp affects the sampling?

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory

1/Tp

in frequency domain, it is multiplication between the broad sinc function and ideal sampled signal. So, if Tp is very small, the effect
on the spectrum at low frequency is limited.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
In practices, we also use a pulse generator and a LPF to reconstruct
the analog signal.

Similarly, we can reconstruct the analogue using a pulse and a LPF.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
In practices, we also use a pulse generator and a LPF to reconstruct
the analog signal.

In fact, the pulse does not need to be in any regular form. Here we can draw a simple
pulse.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
In practices, what happen if the signal bandwidth is not limited to B?
It will cause aliasing.

In practices, #

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Aliasing problem and its effect on reconstructed signal

Taking another look at aliasing problem#

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Anti-aliasing filter is simply a bandlimited filter which forces the signal
bandwidth limited to B.

In practices, Anti-aliasing filter is #

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Other sampling method: Natural top sampling

Now let us look at other sampling methods. #

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Re-construction of Natural top sampled signal is similar to the ideal
sampled signal.
We can smooth the top by averaging over a period Tp. See the
following illustrate.

Different types of sampling methods can be interchanged#

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Application of Sampling theory:
(1) different pulse modulation
schemes;
PAM
PWM
PPM
(2) Time division multiplexing.

Sampling theory has many applications, #

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Application of Sampling theory:
(2) Time division multiplexing

Sampling at different time, can be used as TDM which is alternative to FDM method#.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
Review: FDM, lecture 10, slide 7

In 1970s FDM was the key technology. See#.

EEL 3552C Analog and Digital Communications

Dr. Lei Wei
Chapter 6 Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion
6.1 Nyquist sampling theory
today: CDM, code division multiplexing

Today, many wireless systems have moved to CDMA#.