Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
tan and black with three ratios, 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2 (pg. 48-51).
Each of these different types of asci can form based on the crossovers
that occur in meiosis. During prophase 1 of meiosis, homologous
chromosomes line up with each other before they are split apart, one
chromosome coming from the father and the other coming from the
mother. Before they are split, there is a phenomenon called
recombination that occurs, where certain genes from nonsister
chromatids will switch with the same genes from its partner. This
means that the chromosome given from the mother will also contain
genes from the father, creating a genotype and phenotype that is a
combination of the two, and not simply a direct copy of one parent.
Once recombination occurs and meiosis completes itself, the four
daughter cells go through mitosis that replicates the formed
chromosome and create eight colored spores that demonstrate the
spore color patterns.
There were many questions that were contemplated before
beginning this experiment. To have an original frequency to compare
our experiment to we needed to ask; what is the cross over frequency
between spore colors in standard environmental conditions? To
actually formulate a result; what combinations of spore color
frequencies would show that crossing-over occurred? The last
question that was considered, and the most basic of them, was what
Methods
Crosses were prepared by placing two tan hyphae and two black
hyphae on a plat of agar (pg. 42). They were placed in a pattern of
four, so that each color is only adjacent to the other. This allowed
them to grow and come in contact with one another, and form multiple
different asci for examination. After allowing the Sordaria to interact
and grow for two weeks, an inoculating loop was used to scrape some
of the Sordaria from the agar plate. Then we placed it onto a slide,
preparing the squash by putting the Sordaria scraping into a drop of
water and placing a coverslip overtop of it (pg. 56).
The squash was placed under a microscope for examination.
After locating an appropriate sample of asci, we counted up to twenty
total perithecia, and recorded the amount present of each possible
ratio of colored asci. Then we added our total to the courses total. To
get the genetic map distances between the genes, we divided the
amount of recombinants by the total amount of offspring, and then
divided that by two (pg. 58).
Results
Bio 110 Course Sordaria Data (pg. 58)
Sordaria Data Tables From Individual, Group, Class, and Course
4:4 Amount
2:4:2 Amount
2:2:2:2 Amount
Total Asci
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
2:4:2/Total
35%
2:2:2:2/Total
30%
Total
20
Total Recombinant
Recombinant
Frequency
Asci
65%
13
4:4 Amount
2:4:2 Amount
2:2:2:2 Amount
Small Group
Small Group
Small Group
Group
13
2:4:2/Total
16
2:2:2:2/Total
13
Total
42
Total Recombinant
16/42
13/42
Recombinant
Frequency
Asci
29/42
38%
31%
69%
29
4:4 Amount
2:4:2 Amount
2:2:2:2 Amount
Class
Class
Class
165
179
524
180
2:4:2/Total
2:2:2:2/Total
Total
Total Recombinant
165/524
179/524
Recombinant
Frequency
Asci
31.5%
34.2%
65.8%
344
4:4 Amount
2:4:2 Amount
2:2:2:2 Amount
Course
Course
Course
26178
10512
2:4:2/Total
7811
2:2:2:2/Total
7855
Total
Total Recombinant
7811/26178
7855/26178
Recombinant
Frequency
Asci
(7811+7855)/261
30%
30%
78
15666
60%
Crossing over does occur between the spore color gene and the
centromere, as represented by the recombinant outcomes (2:2:2:2 and
2:4:2) (pg. 58). The total crossover frequency was determined to be
60% for the Sordaria organisms under standard laboratory conditions
([7811+7855]/26178). The calculated map distance between the
spore color gene and the centromere, based on the Sordaria results
was 30 mapping units, or 30 centiMorgans (60/2). This was
determined by dividing the 60 mapping units determined by the total
crossover count by two, accounting for both crossover possibilities of
2:4:2 and 2:2:2:2 which depend on what chromosomes participated in
crossing over, which depends on how the chromosomes were located
(directly on top of each other for 2:2:2:2 or next to each other for
2:4:2). We know that the 60% can be called 60 mapping units thanks
to previous scientific works, which declared that to find the distance
between the centromere and the gene, you divide the amount of
recombinant offspring by the total amount of offspring (pg. 59).
Works Cited
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in the Model Organism, Sordaria. Written
by Hass, C.,
Cyr, R. 2002. Title of the tutorial being cited. In, Biology 110: Basic
concepts and
University. http://www.bio.psu.edu/