[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Mapa Institute of Technology

Fieldwork no.1
DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY
RADIAL TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
USING TOTAL STATION
CE121-OF/A2

Submitted by:
Ella, Carmela M.
Group No. 2
Student No.: 2011101507
Date of Fieldwork: February 04, 2014
Date of Submission: February 13, 2014
Instructor: Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes

Grade

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

FIELD WORK NO.1

DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL TRAVERSING
AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION

OBJECTIVES:
1. To acquire the knowledge in getting the area of a rectilinear field by staking station
on each corner points of a piece of land.
2. To learn how to read the horizontal angle of a theodolite.
3. To learn how to perform a closed azimuth traverse survey using theodolite and tape.
4. To develop the skills in the analysis of the area by DMD or DPD method.
5. To develop the ability to lead or to follow the designated/ desired task of ones party
or group and to be fully responsible in the performance of the assigned task.
INSTRUMENTS:
INSRUMENT

ILLUSTRATION

USE

Total Station

Uses an incremental encoder to

measure horizontal and vertical angles.
The unique double-sided keypad allows
for quick and easy readouts, displayed
brilliantly on LCD windows. The
powerful 30X telescope optics produces
a crystal clear and bright image. An
optical plummet, standard on the NETH
203, allows for fast and accurate setup.

Reflector

Used over the years in nautical

navigation devices and surveying
equipment.

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Used for marking tape ends and

marking points during taping.

Chalk

PROCEDURE:
A. Determination of the area of the rectilinear field by azimuth traversing.
1. The professor assigns the corners of the rectilinear field to be observed. These
points must be visible from each adjacent point and must be accessible for setting
the instrument. Drive on each corner hubs or mark each corner by a chalk if on
pavement. Name the points as stations T1, T2, T3, etc.
2. Set-up the theodolite on the 1 st station. Orient the instrument to the magnetic south
after leveling. Note: Magnetic south is where the counter weight of the needle is
pointed when the telescope is in its normal position.
3. The tapeman must measure & record the distance from T1 to T2 and T1 to the last
station.
4. Set the horizontal vernier to zero reading. Preferably the instrument an must already
sketch the area to be traversed making remarks on the locations of each corner to
have an overview of the extent of the fieldwork.
5. Sight the next corner station T2 and record the azimuth reading in the horizontal
vernier. Compute also for bearing of this line.
6. Sight the last station and record the reading of the horizontal vernier for its back
azimuth to be used for checking the traverse later.
7. Transfer to the next station and follow the same procedure 2-5
8. Follow the same procedure until you reach the last station.
9. For the double-checking of the work, it is also advised to record the interior angles of
all the vertices of the traverse station.

FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK 1
DETERMINATION OF THE RECTILINEAR AREA BY RADIAL TRAVERSE AND
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

DATE: 02/04/14
TIME: 7:30 - 12:00
WEATHER: Sunny

GROUP NO. 2
LOCATION: Mapua Quadrangle
PROFESSOR: Engr. Bienvenido A. Cervantes

A. Azimuth Traverse
Data Sheet
STATION AZIMUTH
12

223562

23

291550

34

165036

45

804721

51

1524217

TAPE
DISTAN
CE
14.358
m
17.893
m
16.675
m
14.480
m
13.850
m

LATITUDE
LAT(+ LAT(-)
)N
S

BEARING
N 435602
E
S 685410
E
N 165036
W
S 804721
W
S 411743
W

DEPARTURE
DEP(+ DEP(-)
)N
S

10.34

9.96
6.44

16.69

15.96

4.38

2.32

14.29

14.38

7.53

Total Area = 433.09 m2

B. Radial Traverse
STATIO
N
0
0
0
0

AREA1

AREA2

AREA3

AREA4

AREA5

A=15.06
B=14.24
Teta=6321
16
Area=95.84

A=14.24
B=9.91
Teta=81114
0
Area=69.73

A=9.91
B=14.59
Teta=8949
57
Area=72.29

A=14.59
B=14.91
Teta=65114
0
Area=98.73

A=14.91
B=15.06
Teta=5938
16
Area=96.87

Total Area = 433.46 m2

Computations:

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Sketch:

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

OBSERVATION:
The main objective of fieldwork no. 1 was to familiarize and learn how to use the
total station. Also, to be able to measure the area of pentagonal field using radial
transverse and azimuth transverse.

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Since it was the first time for us to see the total station, it is privilege to our group to use
the total station for our field work. When we started the our field work, I observed that
every member of the group is first timers. Because of this, we had a hard time in
manipulating the total station but after we familiarize ourseleves with the instrument, our
work become easier and faster.
I also observed that the method of radial transversing is really fast and easy because all
we have to do is to set-up the center of the lot on which all points are clearly visible
without obstructions. Also, it is easier for us to measure the length of each point
because we all need to set up the instrument once. For me also, this fieldwork is not just
about the determinantion of the area lot but instead we used our knowledge in
determining the bearings and other components of triangles at the center of the lot.
Based on the data that we have gathered, we have measure a pentagonal lot with a
totl area of 433.09 square meters. Some errors we encountered during our fieldwork
were the instrument is not centered over point. Also, the unequal setting of tripod,
improper focusing of telescope and imperfect angle readings also affect our data.

DISCUSSION:
In this field work, we are about to asked the area of the hexaganol plot by using
the DMD or DPD method by the use of total station. For us to solve the hexagonal lot,
we shoud able to know the length between the consecutive points and the bearing of
each points. Since we were asked to use the total station which most of us are first

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

timers in using that kind of instrument, it makes our field work easier and faster.
Because of that, we were not able to used the tape and solve for the bearing but instead
we just manipulate the instrument and the monitor will automatically display the bearing
and distance of the lot.
Given the distance and the bearing of the points that made up the lot, we can solve for
its area using the DMD or DPD method. The Total station will be placed on the first
point to find where the north side is. From the north side, the telescope will be rotated
to the next point in clockwise direction so that the bearing of the line will be solved
based on the data gathered. After that, the total station will be positioned on the next
point with the telescope sighting the previous point. After that, invert the position of the
telescope to find the back tangent and then sight the next point to find the deflection
angle. This deflection angles will be a great help in order to check whether the
measurements gathered are accurate. To check, the summation of all the deflection
angles should be 360 degrees. As we can see from the data that our group gathered,
the total of our deflection angles is 360 degrees so we can say that we have an
accurate measurement.
Since it was my first time used this instrument, I made myself familiarize to its buttons
and other parts. As time passes by, I learned how to manipulate it which makes our
work easier and faster. In using a total station, one should remember that the angle or
bearing produced is with respect to the south azimuth.

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION:
For the executed field work, I have learned that there are possible ways to find
the area of a polygonal lot. There were two ways that we performed in order to get its
area. The first one was called the azimuth traversing where we are able to use our
knowledge about measuring the latitude and departure of a certain point. After that, we

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

are to compute its DMD or DPD, then we are able to find the area of the lot. This
method gives an accurate answer for the area of the lot wherein the data are divided
into departures and latitudes. For the departure, the positive side is located on the east
side while the negative side is on the west side. For the latitude, the positive side is the
north side while the negative is on the south side. The other way is by radial traversing
where we now place a transit on the lot and we were able to measure from it its length
to the corner of the lot. There were triangles formed, so we are able to apply the Herons
formula, then add all the areas of the triangle to get the total lot area.
In this field work, we learned how to used the total station. This instrument is a great
help to us engineers and surveyors for this make the work done faster and easier. It
saves a lot of time and also give us an accurate measurement. The possible errors that
can contribute on the measurement given by the total station could be the human error
in which the positioning of the instrument can be a problem. For example, the plumb
bob connected to the total station is not centered on the point marked by chalk so that
contribute on the error of the field work.
Also, part of this field work, I learned how much team work is important in a group.
Everybody needs in a group, because each one of us must give an efforts for us to be
able to come up with a good results of the field work. Our confidence of being above to
other engineering students was boosted since now; we learned to use the total station
which they do not know.
We were able to meet the given objectives and adapt knowledge from the recent
fieldwork. Therefore, I conclude that azimuth and radial traversing are one of the best
and easy ways to calculate an area of a polygonal lot.

RESEARCH:
Introduction to Azimuth and Bearing

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

In surveying, the direction of a line is described by the horizontal angle that it

makes with a reference line

This reference line is called a meridian. There are three types of meridians
Astronomic - direction determined from the shape of the earth and gravity; also
called geodetic north
Magnetic direction taken by a magnetic needle at observer's position
Assumed - arbitrary direction taken for convenience .Methods for expressing the
magnitude of plane angles are: sexagesimal, centesimal, radians, and mils
Sexagesimal System - The circumference of circles is divided into 360 parts
(degrees); each degree is further divided into minutes and seconds
Centesimal System - The circumference of circles is divided into 400 parts
called gon (perviously called grads)
Radian - There are 2pi radians in a circle (1 radian = 57.30 degrees)
Mil - The circumference of a circle is divided into 6400 parts (used in military
science)

Azimuths

A common terms used for designating the direction of a line is

the azimuth

The azimuth of a line is defined as the clockwise

angle from the north end or south end of the reference
meridian.

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Azimuths are usually measured from the north end of the meridian

Every line has two azimuths (forward and back) and their

values differ

by 180 degrees

For example: the forward azimuth of line AB is 50

degrees- the back azimuth or azimuth of BA is 230
degrees

Azimuth are referred to astronomic, magnetic, or assumed meridians

Bearing

Another method of describing the direction of a line is

The bearing of a line is defined as the

give its bearing

smallest

angle which that line makes with the

reference meridian

A bearing cannot be greater than 90 degrees

(bearings

are measured in relation to the north or south end of the

meridian - NE, NW, SE, or SW

Reference meridian may be astronomic, magnetic, or assumed

It is convent to say: N90E is due East

S90W is due West

Until the last few decades American surveyors favored the use of bearings over
azimuth

However, with the advent of computers and calculators, surveyors generally use
azimuth today instead of bearings

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Traverse

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

A traverse is a series of successive straight lines that are connected together

A traverse is closed such as in a boundary survey or open as for a highway

An interior angle is one enclosed by sides of a closed traverse

An exterior angle is one that is not enclosed by the sides of a closed traverse

An angle to the right is the clockwise angle between the preceding line and the
next line of the a traverse

A deflection angle is the angle between the preceding line and the present one

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Traverse Computations

If the bearing or azimuth of one side of traverse has been determined and the
angles between the sides have been measured, the bearings or azimuths of
the other sides can be computed

One technique to solve most of these problems is to use the deflection angles

Example - From the traverse shown below compute the azimuth and bearing of side
BC

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

[DETERMINATION OF PENTAGON AREA BY RADIAL

TRAVERSING AND AZIMUTH TRAVERSE USING TOTAL STATION]

Example - Compute the interior angle at B