P8 AM Structuralanalyismethods

Seismic Design of Multi-storey Buildings:
IS-1893 vs. Eurocode-8
Structural Analysis Methods

Abdelghani Meslem, PhD & Dominik Lang, PhD
Department of Earthquakes and the Environment
NORSAR, Kjeller, Norway
IS-1893-1:2002 - NE 1998-1:2004
IS 1893-1:
2002
IS-1893 Provisions
Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
Part 1: General provisions and buildings
EN 1998-1:
2004
Eurocode-8 Provisions
Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
A. Meslem & D. Lang
NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014
Table of contents
IS 1893-1:2002 vs. EN 1998-1:2004
IS 1893-1:
2002
Dynamic Characteristics
Seismic Masses
Fundamental Natural Period
Methods of analysis
Design Lateral Force Method
Modal Response Spectrum Method
Linear Time History Method
EN 1998-1:
2004
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Components of seismic action

Accidental/Torsional Effects
Second-order Effects (P- effects)
Select and Scale Earthquake Records
Contribution of Joint Regions
Dynamic Characteristics: Seismic Masses

IS 1893-1:2002
the seismic weight of each floor (k) is its full Dead Load (DL) plus appropriate amount of
Imposed Load (IL).
IS 1893-1: 2002, 7.4
DLk + ILk
the seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors.
k (DLk + ILk )
Percentage of imposed load (IL) to be considered in seismic

weight calculation (IS-1893-1:2002, Table 8)
Imposed Uniformity Distributed
Floor Loads (kN/m2)
Percentage of
Load
Up to and icluding 3,0
25
Above 3,0
50
the imposed load shall also be considered for roof.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
DL + IL
Dynamic Characteristics: Seismic Masses

EN 1998-1:2004
composed of permanent and participating live loads
Gk + i (Ei QKi)
EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.4
with: Ei - combination coefficient for variable action

2i - occupancy type coefficient
- load type coefficient
Ei = 2i
Storey
Occupancy type
Roof
1.00
Residential, office
0.30
storeys with correlated occupancies
0.80
Public, commercial (shops), parking
0.60
Interdependently occupied storeys
0.50
Roof with snow
0.20
Archives
1.00
Archives, libraries, staircases
0.80
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Dynamic Characteristics: Fundamental Natural Period

IS 1893-1:2002
for moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels:
Ta 0 ,075 H 0.75
0 ,085 H 0.75
for RC frame building

for steel frame building
H: Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement stories, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it
includes the basement stories, when they are not so connected.
Approximate Ta, in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame

buildings with brick infill panels, may be estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta
0,09
H
d
d: Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction
of the lateral force.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1: 2002, 7.6
Dynamic Characteristics: Fundamental Natural Period

EN 1998-1:2004
based on any equation coming from structural mechanics (e.g. Rayleigh method)
for building heights H 40 m :
T1 C t H0.75
Ct =
Ct =
0.085
0.075
0.050
0.075 / Ac
with: Ct - structural coefficient

H - building height (in [m]) from foundation or
top of a rigid basement
for moment-resistant steel frames

for moment-resistant concrete frames and eccentrically braced steel frames
for all other structures
for building with concrete or masonry shear walls
with Ac:
Ac Ai (0.2 (lwi /H)2 )
with: Ac - total effective area of the shear walls in the first storey (in [m2])
Ai - effective cross-sectional area of shear wall i (in [m2])
lwi - length of shear wall i parallel to applied forces
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Modeling Specifications: Planar (2D) & Spatial (3D)

if regular in plan, planar (2D) models may be used for each direction X and Y
Regularity
Plan
Elevation
Model type
planar (2D)
spatial (3D)
Ideally, the building should be modelled as three-dimensional. In some cases the

analyst may wish to use two-dimensional (planar) in order to reduce the calculation
effort. However, this later may be acceptable for buildings with regular geometries
where the response in each orthogonal direction is independent and torsional
response is not significant.
Regular/Irregular Configurations
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.1
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.2.3
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Modeling Specifications: Masses Lumped System
if floor diaphrams are rigid in plane, masses and moments of inertia may be lumped at the
centre of gravity
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.1
A floor diaphragm shall be considered rigid if horizontal displacements at

any point do not exceed more than 10 % of the rigid diaphragm
assumption. EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.1
A floor diaphragm shall be considered to be flexible, if it deforms such that

the maximum lateral displacement measured from the chord of the deformed
shape at any point of the diaphragm is more than 1,5 times the average
displacement of the entire diaphragm. IS 1893-1:2002, 7.7.2
m4
m3
m2
m1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
m4
m3
k
k
m2
m1
k
k*
Modeling Specifications: Masses Lumped System
Buildings with regular, or nominally irregular plan configurations may be modeled as a

system of masses lumped at the floor levels. IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4.5
m4
m3
m2
m1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
m4
m3
k
k
m2
m1
k
k*
Methods of Analysis
Analysis methods specified in IS 1893-1:2002 and EN 1998-1:2004
low complexity
of computation
(1) Design Lateral Force Method
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.7
(2) Response Spectrum Method
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
(3) Linear Time History Method
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.3
high complexity
of computation
A. Meslem & D. Lang
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
Buildings shall be deisgned and constructed to resist the effects of design lateral force
as a MINIMUM IS 1893-1:2002, 7.5
This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum.
Criteria :
shall be applied to buildings whose response is principally dominated by the 1st mode:
4 TC
T1
2,0 sec
and that are regular in elevation
A. Meslem & D. Lang
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
Buildings shall be deisgned and constructed to resist the effects of design lateral force
as a MINIMUM IS 1893-1:2002, 7.5
This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum.
Criteria (cont'd):
and that are regular in elevation
Regularity
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Plan
Elevation
Allowed simplification
in modeling
planar
spatial

Steps:
Step 1: the design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole
Step 2: this deisgn lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels
Step 3: the overall design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level, shall
then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on
the floor diaphgram action
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002
Design base shear VB :
Total design lateral force shall be determined for each horizontal

direction by the following expresssion:
VB Ah W
with: Ah W-
VB
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.5
design horizontal seismic coefficient for the structure, using the fundamental period Ta
seismic weight of the building.
Ah
Z I Sa
2 R g
IS 1893-1:2002, 6.4.2
Z = seismic zone factor (given in Table 2 Clause 6.4.2);

I = importance factor depending upon the functional use of the structure (given in Table 6 Clause 6.4.2 );
R = response reduction factor depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the structure
(given in Table 7 Clause 6.4.2);
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1: 2002, 6.4.1

IS 1893-1:2002
Calculation of average acceleration coefficient at T=Ta:
Horizontal components of the seismic action:
IS 1893-1: 2002, 6.4.1
For rocky, or hard soil sites

1 15 T
Sa
2 ,50
g
1,00 T
0,00 T 0,10
0,10 T 0,40
0,40 T 4,00
For medium soil sites

1 15 T
Sa
2 ,50
g
1,36 T
0,00 T 0,10
0,10 T 0,55
0,55 T 4,00
For soft soil sites

1 15 T
Sa
2 ,50
g
1,67 T
A. Meslem & D. Lang
0,00 T 0,10
0,10 T 0,67
0,67 T 4,00
For the purpose of determining seismic forces,

the country is classified into four seismic zones
The design acceleration spectrum for vertical
motions, when required, may be taken as twothirds of the design horizontal acceleration
spectrum.

IS 1893-1:2002
Calculation of average acceleration coefficient at T=Ta:
IS 1893-1: 2002, 6.4.1
For rocky, or hard soil sites

1 15 Ta 0,00 Ta 0,10
Sa
0,10 Ta 0,40
2,50
g
1,00 Ta 0,40 Ta 4,00
For medium soil sites

1 15 Ta 0,00 Ta 0,10
Sa
0,10 Ta 0,55
2,50
g
1,36 Ta 0,55 Ta 4,00
For soft soil sites
Example: 4-story building
1 15 Ta 0,00 Ta 0,10
Sa
0,10 Ta 0,67
2,50
g
1,67 Ta 0,67 Ta 4,00
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Ta
For medium soil site (Soil Type II)

Ta = 0,4 sec
Sa/g = 2,5
0,10 Ta 0,55

IS 1893-1:2002
Vertical distribution of base shear to different floor levels:
calculation of horizontal design forces Qi to all storey levels can be done as per the
following expression
h3
Qi VB
Wi hi2
n
W j h j 2
h2
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.7
Q3
W3
Q2
W2
h1 Q1
W1
j 1
Qi = design lateral force at floor i;

Wi = seismic weight of floor i;
hi = height of floor i measured from base; and
n = number of storeys in the building (the number of levels ayt which the masses are located).
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
Base shear force Fb :
shall be calculated for each horizontal direction
Fb Sd (T1 ) m
with:
Sd (T1) =
M=
=
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
Fb
ordinate of the design spectrum at T1

total mass of the building
correction factor = 0.85 if T1 2TC and the building has more than 2 storeys.
Otherwise = 1.0
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
Calculation of design spectral acceleration Sa,d :
dependent on soil class and behavior factor q
for 0 T1 TB :
2 T 2.5 2
S a ,d ( T1 ) a g S 1 (
)
q 3
3 TB
for TB T1 TC : S a ,d ( T1 ) a g S
for TC T1 TD : S a ,d ( T1 ) a g S
for TD T1 4 s : S a ,d ( T1 ) a g S
A. Meslem & D. Lang
2.5
q
2.5 TC

q T1
2.5 TC TD
2
q T1
Spectral acceleration Sa,d
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
q=1
q=2
q=4
TB
TC
T1
Period T [sec]
TD

EN 1998-1:2004
Distribution of horizontal seismic forces:
calculation of horizontal forces Fi to all storey levels can be done by two ways
Type A (dependent on height of masses):
z m
Fi Fb i i
z j mj
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
F3
z3
z2
m3
F2
m2
z1 F1
m1
with: zi height of the respective mass i
Type B (dependent on absolute horizontal displacement of masses):
s m
Fi Fb i i
s j mj
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2
with: si lateral displacement of mass i in the 1st mode

A. Meslem & D. Lang
m3
F3
F2
F1
m2
m1
s3
s2
s1
(1) Design Lateral force Nethod: EN 1998-1:2004

Tutorial 1
m3
3-story RC frame building (residential use)
m2
3 x 3.5 m
m1
1. Seismic masses:
Gk + i (Ei QKi)
residential use
Ground type C
Ei = 2i = 0.8 0.3 = 0.24
Level
G [kN]
Q [kN]
G+ Q [kN]
Mass mi [tons]
260
120
289
29.44
350
140
384
39.10
750
300
822
83.79
1kN 1000N
152.33
1N 1
Total seismic mass m
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Units:
kg m
s2
(1) Design Lateral force Method: EN 1998-1:2004

Tutorial 1
2. Base shear force Fb :
- fundamental period:
(with Ct = 0.075 for RC frames)
ag = agR I = 2.943 m/s2

Sa,d = ag S 2.5/q = 2.12 m/s2
Spectral acceleration Sa
- design spectral acceleration:

residential use I = 1.0
ground motion agR = 0.3 g
behavior factor q = 4.0
T1 = Ct H 0.75 = 0.075 10.5 0.75 = 0.44 s
- base shear force Fb:

(since T1 < 2 TC = 0.85)
A. Meslem & D. Lang
TB T1 TC
TD
Period T [sec]
Fb = Sa,d (T1) m = 2.12 152.33 0.85 = 274 kN
(1) Design Lateral force Method: EN 1998-1:2004

3. Load distribution and moment calculation:
F3
m3
z m
Fi Fb i i
z j mj
F2
m2
F1
m1
Tutorial 1
Level
Height z [m]
Mass mk [tons]
zk mk [mtons]
Force Fk [kN]
Moment = Fk zk [kNm]
10.5
29.44
309.12
96.68
1015.1
7.0
39.10
273.70
85.60
599.2
3.5
83.79
293.27
91.72
321.0
152.33
876.09
274.0
1935.3
Totals
m3
4. Effective height of the resultant lateral force:

Fres
heff
A. Meslem & D. Lang
M res 1935.3
7.06 m
Fres
274.0
m2
heff
Mres
m1
(2) Modal Response spectrum method

This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building to be taken into
account.
the Response spectrum method shall be performed using the design spectum, or by a sitespecific design spectrum mentioned.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
(2) Modal Response Spectrum method

Criteria:
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
shall be performed for the following buildings:
Regular buildings those greater than 40 m in height in Zone IV and V, and those
greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III.
Irregular buildings all framed buildings heigher than 12 m in Zones IV and V, and
those greater than 40 m in height in Zones II and III.
the resulted design base shear (VB) shall be compared with a base shear () calculated
using a fundamental period TB.
Where VB is less than , all the response quantities (e.g. Member forces,
displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions) shall be multiplied by
/VB.
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Criteria (cont'd):
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
the number of modes to be used in the analysis should be such that:

The sum total of modal masses
of all modes considered
A. Meslem & D. Lang
90 % of the total seismic mass and

missing mass correction beyond 33 %

Criteria:
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
Regularity
Allowed simplification
Plan
Elevation
Model
planar
spatial
shall be applied if the criteria for analysis method (1) are not
fulfilled, this means if:
4 TC
T1
2,0 sec
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Fb
1st mode

Criteria (cont'd):
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
response of all modes shall be considered that contribute significantly to the global
building response (i.e., important for buildings of a certain height)
those modes shall be considered for which:
(1) the sum of the modal masses is at least 90% of the total
building mass
or
(2) the modal mass is larger than 5% of the total building mass
A. Meslem & D. Lang
mi 0.9 mtot
mi 0.05 mtot

Criteria (cont'd):
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
if the '90%' and the '5%' criteria is not fulfilled (e.g. for buildings prone to torsional
effects), those modes shall be considered for which:
k 3 n
and
Tk 0.20 s
with:
n=4
k - number of modes taken into account

n - story number (from above foundation to top)
Tk - period of vibration of mode k
Mode shape: 1
4
Example: 4-story building
k 3 4 = 6
and
T12 = 0.002 s 0.20 s
six modes shall be
considered !!
Period Tk :
A. Meslem & D. Lang
0.27 s
0.23 s
0.16 s
0.02 s

Obtain natural periods, mode shapes & modal participating factors:
undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building to obtain natural periods
and mode shapes for the modes of vibration that need to be considered;
Differential equation:
with:
M u C u K u 0
0
0
m1 0
0
0 m2 0
M
0
0 m3 0
0
0
m
i
c11
..
C
..
c
n1
..
..
c22
..
..
c 33
..
..
Assumption: [C] = zero matrix ! Undamped system
K 2 M 0
c1n
..
..
cnn
M u C u K u 0
modal segmentation:
derive circular frequencies i / periods Ti and mode shapes i
A. Meslem & D. Lang
.. k 1n
k 11 ..
..
.. k 22 ..
K
..
.. k 33 ..
..
..
k
nn
n1
=>
km

Obtain natural periods, mode shapes & modal participating factors:
Given: - circular frequencies i / periods Ti
- mode shapes i
n,1
j,1
1 j1,1

n,1
j+1,1
j,1
T1
Modal participation factor of mode k:

n
Pi
W
j 1
j ,i
W j j ,i
n
j 1
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
A. Meslem & D. Lang
j ,i
j2,i
j 1
n
j 1
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
(2) Response Spectrum analysis

Tutorial 2.1
Example 1.1 - Modal analysis results:

Effective masses
building response
purely translational
first eigenmode is
translational
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode.
[-]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
T
[s]
0.398
0.316
0.264
0.19
0.17
0.137
0.136
0.134
0.129
0.124
0.118
0.116
0.113
0.11
0.105
0.104
0.103
0.098
0.096
0.096
0.095
0
0.092
0.092
0.09
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.081
0.08
mx'
[%]
0
52
8
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.1
5.5
8.5
0
0.6
0
0
1
3.5
2.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
my'
[%]
52.1
0.7
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
3.7
28.5
3.8
0
0
0
1.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mz'
[%]
0
0
0
39.2
1.4
2.6
6
0
7
0
4.7
0
2.8
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
4.4
0
1
(2) Response Spectrum analysis: EN 1998-1:2004

Tutorial 2.1

Effective masses
response of all modes

shall be considered
that contribute
significantly to the
global building
response
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode.
[-]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
T
[s]
0.398
0.316
0.264
0.19
0.17
0.137
0.136
0.134
0.129
0.124
0.118
0.116
0.113
0.11
0.105
0.104
0.103
0.098
0.096
0.096
0.095
0
0.092
0.092
0.09
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.081
0.08
mx'
[%]
0
52
8
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.1
5.5
8.5
0
0.6
0
0
1
3.5
2.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
my'
[%]
52.1
0.7
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
3.7
28.5
3.8
0
0
0
1.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mz'
[%]
0
0
0
39.2
1.4
2.6
6
0
7
0
4.7
0
2.8
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
4.4
0
1

Tutorial 2.1

Effective masses
those modes shall be

considered for which:
mi 0.9 mtot
or
mi 0.05 mtot
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode.
T
[-]
[s]
1
0.398
2
0.316
3
0.264
4
0.19
5
0.17
6
0.137
7
0.136
8
0.134
9
0.129
10
0.124
11
0.118
12
0.116
13
0.113
14
0.11
15
0.105
16
0.104
17
0.103
18
0.098
19
0.096
20
0.096
21
0.095
22
0
23
0.092
24
0.092
25
0.09
26
0.088
27
0.086
28
0.084
29
0.081
30
0.08
Sum
mx'
[%]
0
52
8
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.1
5.5
8.5
0
0.6
0
0
1
3.5
2.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
91.6
my'
[%]
52.1
0.7
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
3.7
28.5
3.8
0
0
0
1.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90.0
mz'
[%]
0
0
0
39.2
1.4
2.6
6
0
7
0
4.7
0
2.8
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
4.4
0
1

Tutorial 2.2
Effective masses
building strongly prone

to torsional response
first eigenmode is
torsional:
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode
[-]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
T
[s]
0.302
0.183
0.15
0.144
0.142
0.14
0.138
0.131
0.123
0.122
0.118
0.117
0.114
0.111
0.11
0.109
0.106
0.1
0.096
0.095
0.094
0.093
0.092
0.087
0.084
0.083
0.082
0.078
0.077
0.077
mx'
[%]
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
4.3
53.2
0.8
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
my'
[%]
2
0.5
55.3
2.6
11.6
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mz'
[%]
0
12.6
0.9
0
3.2
0
13.1
0
0
0
0
1.2
10.7
1.7
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9
1.8

Tutorial 2.2
Effective masses
response of all modes shall be

considered that contribute
significantly to the global
building response
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode
[-]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
T
[s]
0.302
0.183
0.15
0.144
0.142
0.14
0.138
0.131
0.123
0.122
0.118
0.117
0.114
0.111
0.11
0.109
0.106
0.1
0.096
0.095
0.094
0.093
0.092
0.087
0.084
0.083
0.082
0.078
0.077
0.077
mx'
[%]
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
4.3
53.2
0.8
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
my'
[%]
2
0.5
55.3
2.6
11.6
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mz'
[%]
0
12.6
0.9
0
3.2
0
13.1
0
0
0
0
1.2
10.7
1.7
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9
1.8

Tutorial 2.2
Effective masses
those modes shall be

mi 0.9 mtot
or
mi 0.05 mtot
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode
T
[-]
[s]
1
0.302
2
0.183
3
0.15
4
0.144
5
0.142
6
0.14
7
0.138
8
0.131
9
0.123
10
0.122
11
0.118
12
0.117
13
0.114
14
0.111
15
0.11
16
0.109
17
0.106
18
0.1
19
0.096
20
0.095
21
0.094
22
0.093
23
0.092
24
0.087
25
0.084
26
0.083
27
0.082
28
0.078
29
0.077
30
0.077
Sum
mx'
[%]
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
4.3
53.2
0.8
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
77.2
my'
[%]
2
0.5
55.3
2.6
11.6
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76.5
mz'
[%]
0
12.6
0.9
0
3.2
0
13.1
0
0
0
0
1.2
10.7
1.7
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9
1.8

Tutorial 2.2
Effective masses
since both criteria are

not fulfilled, those
modes shall be
k 3 n
and
Tk 0.20 sec
k 3 4 = 6 modes
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode
[-]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
T
[s]
0.302
0.183
0.15
0.144
0.142
0.14
0.138
0.131
0.123
0.122
0.118
0.117
0.114
0.111
0.11
0.109
0.106
0.1
0.096
0.095
0.094
0.093
0.092
0.087
0.084
0.083
0.082
0.078
0.077
0.077
mx'
[%]
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
4.3
53.2
0.8
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
my'
[%]
2
0.5
55.3
2.6
11.6
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mz'
[%]
0
12.6
0.9
0
3.2
0
13.1
0
0
0
0
1.2
10.7
1.7
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9
1.8

Example 2.1 3-Story RC Frame System
Define Masses Seismic...G + 0.3 Q
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

Define Number of Modes
select the number of

modes to be considered
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

Run Model Analysis
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

SAP2000
Deformed shape....
Mode 1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode 2
Mode 3

SAP2000

Modal Information....
first torsional
mode is 3rd
= 0,90
A. Meslem & D. Lang
0,98

Example 2.2 3-Story RC Dual System
first eigenmode
is torsional
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

SAP2000
Example 2.2 3-Story RC Dual System
first eigenmode is
torsional
= 0,83
A. Meslem & D. Lang
0,74

Steps:
Step 1: for each mode of vibration, a response is read from the design spectrum,
based on the modal frequency and the modal mass, for each floor;
Step 3: modal combination of the resulted peak response quantities (e.g.
displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions) to obtain the
total response of the structure (total response at each floor).
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
Procedure:
Mode shape i:
n,1
j+1,1
Design seismic coefficient for each mode i:
Ai
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Z I S a Ti
2 R
g
n,3
j,3
j,2
Design spectral accelerations Sa(Ti )/g for each mode i :
j+1,3
j+1,2
j,1
n,2
Sa,d (T1)
Sa,d (T2)
Sa.d (T3)
T1
T2
T3
Period T [sec]

IS 1893-1:2002
Procedure:
Design lateral force at each floor in each mode the peak lateral force (Q j,i) at floor j in
mode i is given by:
Q j ,i Ai j ,i Pi W j
Qn,2
Qn,1
Q j+1,1
Q j,1
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
Qn,3
Q j+1,2
Q j+1,3
Q j,2 Q j,3
where
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Pk
i 1
n
ik
Wi ik
i 1

IS 1893-1:2002
Procedure:
Story shear forces in each mode the peak shear force (Vj,i) acting in story j in mode i is
given by:
V j ,i
j i 1
j ,i
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
Story shear forces due to all modes considered the peak story shear force (Vj) in story j
due to all modes considered is obtained by combining those due to each mode
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002
Procedure:
Modal Combination
the peak response quantities (e.g. Member forces, displacements, story forces,
story shears and base reactions) shall be combined as per Complete Quadratic
Combination (CQC) method (here the modes are assumed to be closely-spaced):

i 1 j 1
ij
i
j
ij
Number of modes being considered,

Cross-modal coefficient,
Response quantity in mode i (including sign),
Response quantity in mode j (including sing),
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.7

IS 1893-1:2002
Procedure:
Modal Combination
the If the buildings does not have closely-spaced modes, then the peak response
quantities due to all modes considered shall be combined using the following
expresssion:

k 1
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.7
Lateral Forces at each Story due to all modes considered
Lateral forces at each story due to all modes considered the design lateral forces, Froof
and Fj, at roof and at floor j:
Froof Vroof
F j V j V j 1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4

IS 1893-1:2002
Procedure:
Story shear forces in each mode the peak shear force (Vj,i) acting in story j in mode i is
given by:
V j ,i
j i 1
j ,i
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4
Story shear forces due to all modes considered the peak story shear force (Vj) in story j
due to all modes considered is obtained by combining those due to each mode
Lateral forces at each story due to all modes considered the design lateral forces, Froof
and Fj, at roof and at floor j:
Froof Vroof
F j V j V j 1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4

EN 1998-1:2004
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
Procedure:
Mode shape i:
n,1
j+1,1
j,3
Sa,d (T1)
Sa,d (T2)
Sa.d (T3)
T1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
n,3
j,2
Design spectral accelerations Sa(Ti )/g for each mode i :
j+1,3
j+1,2
j,1
n,2
T2
T3
Period T [sec]

EN 1998-1:2004
Procedure:
Fj,i m j j,i i S a,d (Ti )

Mode shape i:
n,1
j+1,1
j,1
A. Meslem & D. Lang
j,3
j,2
Fn,3
Fj+1,2
Fj,2
Fj,1
resulting shear forces Fb,m :
Fb ,m
n,3
j+1,3
j+1,2
Fj+1,1
n,2
Fn,2
Fn,1
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.3
i1
Fb2,m ,i
Fj+1,3
Fj,3
(2) Response spectrum analysis: EN 1998-1:2004

Tutorial 2.3
3-story RC frame building (residential use)
behavior factor q = 4
ground motion: agR = 0.3 g
residential use: I = 1.0
structural parameters:
E = 2.1 108 kN/m2
I = 2.679 10-5 m4
h = 3.0 m
k = 12 EI/h3
m = 50 tons = 50 kNs2/m
m3 = m
m2 = 1.5m
m1 = 2m
k3 = k
k2 = 2k
k1 = 3k
1. Setting up the differential equation of motion:
M u C u K u 0
0
m1 0
2 0 0
M 0 m2 0 m 0 1.5 0
0
0 0 1
0 m3
A. Meslem & D. Lang
if [C] = 0 :
M u K u 0
k2
k1 k2
K k 2 k 2 k 3
0
k3
0
5 2 0
k3 k 2 3 1
0 1 1
k 3

Tutorial 2.3
2. Modal segmentation:
K 2 M 0
5k 2m 2
2k
0
2k
3k 1.5m 2
k 0
k
k m 2
3. Modal circular frequencies i and periods Ti :
1 = 4.19 s-1
2 = 8.97 s-1
3 = 13.3 s-1
T1 = 1.50 sec
T2 = 0.70 sec
T3 = 0.47 sec
4. Eigenmodes:
0.30
1 0.644
1.00
A. Meslem & D. Lang
0.676
2 0.601
1.00
2.47
3 2.57
1.00

Tutorial 2.3
5. Modal participation factors i :
n
j ,i
2
j ,i
j1
n
j1
i
Mi*
1 = 100 0.3 + 75 0.644 + 50 1.0 = 128.3 kNs2/m

2 = 100 0.676 75 0.601 + 50 1.0 = -62.7 kNs2/m
3 = 100 2.47 75 2.57 + 50 1.0 = 104.3 kNs2/m
M1* = 100 0.32 + 75 0.6442 + 50 1.02 = 90.0 kNs2/m
M2* = 100 0.6762 + 75 0.6012 + 50 1.02 = 122.8 kNs2/m
M3* = 100 2.472 + 75 2.572 + 50 1.02 = 1155.0 kNs2/m
1 = 128.3 / 90.0 = 1.426
2 = -62.7 / 122.8 = 0.511
3 = 104.3 / 1155.0 = 0.090
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Tutorial 2.3
6. Design spectral accelerations Sa(Ti ) for each mode i :
T1 = 1.50 sec :
Sa,d (T) ag S
2.5 TC
2.5 0.6
2
(2.943 1.0) 1.15
0
.
846
m
/
s
q T1
4.0 1.50
Check: Sa,d (T) = 0.846 m/s2 ag = 0.20 2.943 = 0.5886 m/s2
T2 = 0.70 sec :
Sa,d (T) ag S
2.5 TC
2.5 0.6
(2.943 1.0) 1.15
1.813 m / s2
q T1
4.0 0.7
Check: Sa,d (T) = 1.813 m/s2 ag = 0.20 2.943 = 0.5886 m/s2
T3 = 0.47 sec :
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Sa,d (T) ag S
2.5
2.5
(2.943 1.0) 1.15
2.115 m / s2
q
4.0

Tutorial 2.3
5. Lateral story loads Fj,i :
Fj,i m j j,i i S a,d (Ti )

F3,1= 60.3
F1,1 = 100 0.30 1.426 0.846 = 36.2 kN

F2,1 = 75 0.644 1.426 0.846 = 58.3 kN
F3,1 = 50 1.00 1.426 0.846 = 60.3 kN
F2,1 = 58.3
F1,1 = 36.2
F3,2 = 46.3
F1,2 = 100 (0.676) (0.511) 1.813 = 62.6 kN

F2,2 = 75 (0.601) (0.511) 1.813 = 41.8 kN
F3,2 = 50 1.00 (0.511) 1.813 = 46.3 kN
F2,2 = 41.8
F1,2 = 62.6
F3,3 = 9.5
F1,3 = 100 2.47 0.090 2.115 = 47.0 kN

F2,3 = 75 (2.57) 0.090 2.115 = 36.7 kN
F3,3 = 50 1.00 0.090 2.115 = 9.5 kN
A. Meslem & D. Lang
F2,3 = 36.7
F1,3 = 47.0

Tutorial 2.3
5. Maximum shear forces Fb :
9.5
-46.3
60.3
154.8
-27.2
-4.5
118.6
58.1
76.6
121.7
19.8
166.5
Fb ,m
A. Meslem & D. Lang
F
i1
2
b ,m ,i
(2) Modal Response spectrum analysis

SAP2000 3-Story RC Frame System
Define Response Spectrum to be used
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

SAP2000
Define Response Spectrum to be used
Acceleration is in g unit
we can move the cursor on
the grave to obtain the
coordinartes at any point
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Define Load case to include the Response Spectrum Analysis
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

SAP2000
Define Load case to include the Response Spectrum Analysis
A number of ways to combine modes given direction including CQC, SRSS,..and others...
Response spectrum will be applied as an acceleration in U1 (UX) direction using the
previously defined curve EC-8-B
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Run Analysis
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

Display Base Reactions for the Response Spectrum (RS) case
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000

SAP2000
Moments, Shear Forces, Axial Forces...for the Response Spectrum (RS) case
A. Meslem & D. Lang

SAP2000
Moments, Shear Forces, Axial Forces...for the Response Spectrum (RS) case
A. Meslem & D. Lang
(3) Linear time history analysis
Linear time history method of analysis, when used, shall be based on an appropriate
ground motion and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics.
The result of a response spectrum analysis using the response spectrum from a ground
motion is typically different from that which would be calculated directly from a linear
dynamic analysis using that ground motion directly, since phase information is lost in
the process of generating the response spectrum.
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002
shall be performed for the following buildings:
Regular buildings those greater than 40 m in height in Zone IV and V, and those
greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III.
Irregular buildings all framed buildings heigher than 12 m in Zones IV and V, and
those greater than 40 m in height in Zones II and III.
the resulted design base shear (VB) shall be compared with a base shear () calculated
using a fundamental period TB.
Where VB is less than , all the response quantities (e.g. Member forces,
displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions) shall be multiplied by
/VB.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.8.4

SAP2000
Define ground motion to be used Linear Time History analysis in UX direction (LTH_UX)
A. Meslem & D. Lang

SAP2000
A. Meslem & D. Lang

SAP2000
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Combination of effects of seismic action

When the analysis is conducted the actions of the orthogonal components of
ground motions shall be combined using approximate equations.
a) Horizontal components:
Step 1: Compute the structural response of the structure under each
component separately
- Analysis in Y direction Compute Ey

A. Meslem & D. Lang
Analysis in X direction
Compute Ex
Combination of effects of seismic action: ISN 1893-1:2002

Load factors for design of steel structures:
The following combination shall be accounted for:
IS 1893-1:2002, 6.3
1) 1,7 DL IL
2) 1,7 DL EL
3) 1,3 DL IL EL
Load factors for design of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures:
The following combination shall be accounted for:
1) 1,5 DL IL
2) 1,2 DL IL EL
3) 1,5 DL EL
4) 0,9 DL 1,5 EL
The terms DL, IL, and EL stand for the response quantities due to Dead Load,
Imposed Load and Earthquake Load.
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002, 6.3
Design horizontal earthquake load :
When the lateral load resisting elements are oriented along orthogonal horizontal
direction, the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full design earthquake
load in one horizontal direction at time.
Example:
Case of steel building, and where
lateral load resisting elements are
oriented along UX direction. The
building should be deisgned for:
1) 1,7 DL IL
2) 1,7 DL EL x
3) 1,3 DL IL EL x
A. Meslem & D. Lang

IS 1893-1:2002, 6.3
Design horizontal earthquake load :
When the lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along orthogonal horizontal
direction, the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full design earthquake
load in one horizontal direction PLUS 30% of the design earthquake load in the other
direction
Example:
Case of steel building, and where
lateral load resisting elements are not
oriented along UX direction. The
building should be deisgned for:
1) 1,7 DL IL
3) 1,3 DL IL EL x 0,3 EL y
2) 1,7 DL EL x 0,3 EL y
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Combination for two or three component motion:
When responses from the three earthquake components are to be considered, the
responses due to each component may be combined using the assumption that when
response from one component are 30% of their maximum.
The response due earthquake force (EL) is the maximum of the following three cases:
1) ELx 0.3EL y 0.3ELz
2) 0.3ELx EL y 0.3ELz
3) 0.3ELx 0.3EL y ELz
Alternatively, the response (EL) due to the combined effect of the three components
can be obtained on the basis of Square Root of the sum of the Square (SRSS):
EL
A. Meslem & D. Lang
ELx 2 ELy 2 ELz 2
IS 1893-1:2002, 6.3
Combination of effects of seismic action: EN 1998-1:2004

EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.5
a) Horizontal components:
Step 2: Combine the response quantities using SRSS method:

E E2x E2y
Alternatively, the response quantities can be combined as:

E Ex 0.3E y
E E y 0.3Ex
Exception:
For buildings satisfying the regularity criteria in plan and in which walls
or independent bracing systems in the two main horizontal directions
are the only primary seismic elements, the seismic action may be
assumed to act separately and without combinations.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Combination of effects of seismic action: EN 1998-1:2004

EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.5
b) Vertical components:
If avg is greater than 0.25g, the vertical of the seismic action should be taken
into account for the following cases:
for horizontal or nearly horizontal structural members spanning 20 m or more.
for horizontal or nearly horizontal cantilever components longer than 5 m.
for horizontal or nearly horizontal pre-stressed components
for beams supporting columns
in base-isolated structures
The analysis for determining the effects of the vertical component of the
seismic action may be based on a partial model of the structure, which
includes the aforementioned elements.
The effects of 2 horizontal and vertical components will be combined by:
E Ex 0.3E y 0.3Ez
E 0.3Ex E y 0.3Ez
A. Meslem & D. Lang
E 0.3Ex 0.3E y Ez
Torsional effects created in a simple building configuration: Torsion is occuring

because a uniformly distributed force is not resisted by a uniformly distributed lateral
resistant.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
SAP2000 3-Story RC Dual System
Modal Participating Mass Ratios
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Mode 1
UX = 0,08906
UY = 0,15627
RZ = 0,54874
Mode 1
UX = 0,144
UY = 0
RZ = 0,61726
Mode 1
UX = 0
UY = 0
RZ = 0,7735
Mode 1
UX = 0,73509
UY = 0
RZ = 0
IS 1893-1:2002
the design eccentricity, edi to be used at floor i shall be taken as:
1,5 esi 0,05 bi

edi
or esi 0,05 bi
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.9
bi - Floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular to seismic action;

esi Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the distance between centre of mass and centre of
y
rigidity.
M di edi Qi , j
Qi,j - lateral force acting on story i in direction j
Mdi - torsional moment applied at story i about
its vertical axis z
edi
direction of
seismic action x
z
A. Meslem & D. Lang
bi
IS 1893-1:2002
Irregular Buildings
IS 1893-1:2002, 7.9
m4
In case of highly irregular buildings modeled as a system of

lumped masses at the floor levels (with each mass having
one degree of freedom), additive shears will be
superimposed for a statically applied eccentricity of 0,05bi,
with respect to the centre of rigidity.
A. Meslem & D. Lang
m3
m2
m1
EN 1998-1:2004
to account for torsional effects predominantly depends on the model type (planar or spatial)
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.2
(1) Spatial models (3D):
displace the theoretical center of mass M at story i by an accidental eccentricity eai

for both directions of seismic motion/general building axes j of the structural
model
y
eai,j = 0.05 Li
Li - floor dimension (length, width)
perpendicular to seismic action
eai, y
direction of
seismic action x
Ly
Mai = eai,j Fi,j

z
Fi,j - lateral force acting on story i in direction j
Mai - torsional moment applied at story i about its vertical axis z

A. Meslem & D. Lang
EN 1998-1:2004
to account for torsional effects predominantly depends on the model type (planar or spatial)
(2) Planar models (2D):
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.3.2.4
theoretically, torsion cannot be considered in planar models

to overcome this, action effects for each individual lateral force-resisting element are
increased by a factor d :
x
Fi d Fi (1 0.6
x
) Fi
Le
direction of
seismic action
Ly
M
if two planar models are used:

(1) increase accidental eccentricity eai by a factor of 2 or
(2) double the factor d, so that:
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Fi d Fi (1 1.2
x
) Fi
Le
Structures in real life are flexible and can exhibit large

lateral displacements in unusual circumstances. The lateral
displacements can be caused by wind or seismically
induced inertial forces.
Gravity loading will influence structural response under

significant lateral displacement.
P- may contribute to loss of lateral resistance, ratcheting

of residual deformations, and dynamic instability.
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
Second-order effects (P- effects) need not be taken into account if the following
condition is fulfilled in all storeys:
Ptot d r
0,10
Vtot h
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.4.2.2
= is the interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient;
Ptot
= is the total gravity load at and above the storey considered in the seismic design
situation;
dr
= is the design interstorey drift, evaluated as the difference of the average lateral
displacements ds at the top and bottom of the storey under consideration and
calculated in accordance with Chapter 4.3.4;
Vtot
= is the total seismic storey shear; and
= is the interstorey height.
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
Second-order effects (P- effects) need not be taken into account if the following
condition is fulfilled in all storeys:
Ptot d r
0,10
Vtot h
EN 1998-1:2004, 4.4.2.2
If 0,1 < 0,2, the second-order effects may approximately be taken into account by
multiplying the relevant seismic action effects by a factor equal to 1/(1 - ).
value of the coefficient shall not exceed 0,3
A. Meslem & D. Lang

Use P-Delta in SAP2000
A. Meslem & D. Lang
To mitigate second-order effects:

two-story X-bracing or zipper columns are recommended
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
The suite of recorded or simulated/artificial accelerograms should observe the
following rules:
A minimum of 3 accelerograms should be used;
The duration of the accelerograms shall be consistent with the magnitude
and the other relevant features of the seismic event underlying the
establishment of ag;
The values are scaled to the value of ag.S for the zone under consideration;
in the range of periods between 0,2T1 and 2T1, where T1 is the fundamental
period of the structure in the direction where the accelerogram will be
applied;
no value of the mean 5% damping elastic spectrum, calculated from all time
histories, should be less than 90% of the corresponding value of the 5%
damping elastic response spectrum;
A. Meslem & D. Lang

EN 1998-1:2004
The parameters (that have the most influence on ground motion spectral shape)
that need to be considered in selecting records :
Magnitude range of anticipated significant event;

Distance range of the site from the causative fault;
Site Condition (i.e. looking at the average shear velocity);
Basin effect (if basin exists)
A. Meslem & D. Lang
A. Meslem & D. Lang

not considered
considered
A. Meslem & D. Lang
Abdelghani Meslem, PhD

NORSAR, Kjeller
abdelghani.meslem@norsar.no
Phone: (+47) 974 10 740
Web: www.norsar.no

P8 AM Structuralanalyismethods

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

P8 AM Structuralanalyismethods

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Seismic Design of Multi-storey Buildings:

IS-1893 vs. Eurocode-8

Structural Analysis Methods

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

A. Meslem & D. Lang

Components of seismic action

Dynamic Characteristics: Seismic Masses

IS 1893-1: 2002, 7.4

Percentage of imposed load (IL) to be considered in seismic

Up to and icluding 3,0

the imposed load shall also be considered for roof.

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

Dynamic Characteristics: Seismic Masses

composed of permanent and participating live loads

with: Ei - combination coefficient for variable action

storeys with correlated occupancies

Public, commercial (shops), parking

Interdependently occupied storeys

Roof with snow

Archives, libraries, staircases

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

Dynamic Characteristics: Fundamental Natural Period

for moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels:

for RC frame building

Approximate Ta, in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

IS 1893-1: 2002, 7.6

Dynamic Characteristics: Fundamental Natural Period

for building heights H 40 m :

with: Ct - structural coefficient

for moment-resistant steel frames

Ac Ai (0.2 (lwi /H)2 )

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

Modeling Specifications: Planar (2D) & Spatial (3D)

Ideally, the building should be modelled as three-dimensional. In some cases the

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

Modeling Specifications: Masses Lumped System

A floor diaphragm shall be considered rigid if horizontal displacements at

A floor diaphragm shall be considered to be flexible, if it deforms such that

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

Modeling Specifications: Masses Lumped System

Buildings with regular, or nominally irregular plan configurations may be modeled as a

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

(1) Design Lateral Force Method

(2) Response Spectrum Method

(3) Linear Time History Method

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

(1) Design Lateral Force Method

and that are regular in elevation

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

(1) Design Lateral Force Method

and that are regular in elevation

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014

(1) Design Lateral Force Method

A. Meslem & D. Lang

NORSAR Kjeller (Norway) 2014