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BI 302L: Lab A

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral


Nerves
A2. Microscopes
A3. Nervous Tissue Histology
Textbook Material:
Chapter 12 & 13 (Saladin)

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves &


Peripheral Nerves
Spinal cord, posterior view:

Structure:
Continuation of brain stem that extends to the
level of the L1 or L2 vertebra.
Functions:
Provides neural pathways between the brain and
the periphery
Acts as an association center for spinal reflexes

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Spinal cord, posterior view:
The spinal cord is found within the
vertebral canal of the sequential
vertebrae.
The spinal cord gives rise to cervical,
thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal
nerves.
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
occur where plexuses arise.
The medullary cone is the terminus
of the spinal cord.
Approximately L2

The cauda equina is a collection of


lumbar and sacral spinal nerves.
The terminal filum is a connective
tissue anchor for the spinal cord.

Fig.13.1
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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Fig.13.1: posterior view


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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Figure 13.2

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Meninges are the protective coverings of the
spinal cord and brain

Figure 13.2

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Figure 13.2
The anterior fissure and posterior sulcus subdivide the
spinal cord into hemispheres.
Gray matter is found on the interior of the spinal cord and
is subdivided into horns.
White matter is found on the exterior of the spinal cord
and is functionally subdivided into columns.
Note: dorsal & ventral are interchangeable with posterior
& anterior.

Note: No lateral horn in


lumbar portions of the
spinal cord

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Ascending tracts of white matter carry sensory signals up
the spinal cord
Descending tracts of white matter carry motor signals down
the spinal cord

Figure 13.4

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Anterior and posterior root merge to form a spinal nerve


The anterior root carries motor (efferent) output from the CNS
The posterior root carries sensory (afferent) input to the CNS
A posterior root ganglion is associated with the posterior root

Figure 13.8

A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Neuron & Horn/Root Mnemonic


SAME DAVE
Sensory = Afferent, Motor = Efferent
Dorsal = Afferent, Ventral = Efferent
All

Sensory (afferent) axons


enter via a dorsal root.
Motor (efferent) axons
exit via a ventral root.

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Spinal Nerves Exit the
vertebral canal via the
intervertebral foramina.
A spinal nerve is named
for its vertebra.

Bones are in
blue
Nerves are in
orange

SKULL
C1
-[C1]C2
-[C2]C3
-[C3]C4
-[C4]C5
-[C5]C6
-[C6]C7
-[C7]C8
-[T1]T1
-[T2]T2
...

CERVICAL spinal nerves


are named for THEIR
INFERIOR VERTEBRAE!
(we do not have an 8th
cervical vertebra but we do
have an 8th cervical spinal
nerve)
ALL OTHER spinal nerves
are named for THEIR
SUPERIOR
VERTEBRAE!!!

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Spinal nerves contain many axons, whether myelinated
nerve fibers (axons) or unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Figure 13.8

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Nerve:
Nerves are divided into
fascicles. Endoneurium,
perineurium, and
epineurium are
collagenous sheaths that
cover nerve fibers,
fasicles and entire
nerves, respectively.
Blood vessels are found
within the nerve to supply
the metabolically active
axons.

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


A spinal nerve divides into: anterior ramus, posterior ramus,
meningeal branch, and communicating rami.

Figure 13.11

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


The communicating rami lead to
sympathetic chain ganglia
The anterior rami of C1-T1 and L1S4 contribute to plexuses
The anterior rami of T2-T12 do not
contribute to plexuses and are
termed intercostal nerves more
peripherally

Figure 13.13

Figure 13.13
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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Cervical plexus, C1-C5
Brachial plexus, C5-C8 + T1

Each plexus has


contributions from
multiple spinal nerves.
Each plexus gives rise
to multiple peripheral
nerves.

Lumbar plexus, L1-L4

Sacral plexus, L4-S4


Figure 13.10

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Ventral rami
contributing to
plexuses merge
and diverge to form
various peripheral
nerves distal to the
plexuses.

Brachial Plexus

These peripheral
nerves are also
mixed (both
sensory and motor).

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves

Brachial Plexus

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Associated Nerves of Plexuses:
(know these examples)
Cervical
Phrenic
Brachial
Axillary
Median
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
Radial
Lumbar
Femoral
Sacral
Sciatic
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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Cervical Plexus

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Lumbar Plexus

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A1. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Peripheral Nerves


Sacral Plexus

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Resources for Lab A


Cadavers (list of testable features to be provided during lab)
Models

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Cadavers, Safety & Respect

Safety Overview
Clean vs. Dirty Areas of the lab
Respect
Covering up: Gloves on, coat on,
gloves off, coat off, wash hands.
No waste leaves cadaver room.
No phones/tablets/computers/books/
paper enters the cadaver rooms.
Touching? YES

OHSU Memorial for persons


gifting to the body donation
program.

The Course of Their Lives: Medical College of Wisconsin

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A2. Microscope Introduction


Leica DM500
Ocular lenses

Revolving Turret
(for selecting Objective)
Objective lenses
Stage
Condenser
Base
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A2. Microscope Introduction


Eye width adjustment

Arm
Stage Adjustment Knobs
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Power Switch

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A2. Microscope Introduction

Illuminator / Light source


Brightness Control Dial

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A2. Microscope Introduction


Instructions:
Do not move microscopes between tables or seats unless instructed by a TA
Hold by arm and base and lift off of countertop when moving, do not slide the
microscope.
To observe a slide:
Look at slide up to the light before placing on microscope
Center slide on stage with stage adjustment knobs
Begin with 4x Objective (use revolving turret dial to change objectives)
Focus at 4x with coarse focus knob first, then fine focus
Adjust progressively to more powerful objective as necessary, adjust fine focus
each time.
Power down and return slides to correct position in slide boxes when finished
Hints:
Note the objective that you are using and try to establish a sense of scale for a
particular slide.
Actively adjust the fine focus to see through the slide 3-dimensionally
Actively adjust light intensity to accentuate different features
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A2. Microscope Introduction


Diopter Adjustment
Diopter Adjustment: When you look through a
microscope with two eyepiece lenses, you
must be able to change the focus on one
eyepiece to compensate for the difference in
vision between your two eyes. The diopter
adjustment does this. The way to correctly
adjust this is to first close the eye over the
eyepiece with the diopter adjustment and
normally focus the microscope so that the
open eye sees the image in focus. Next,
switch eyes (close the open eye, open the
closed eye) and without changing the main
focus knobs, focus on the image by turning
the diopter adjustment only. Now with both
eyes open, the image should be clear with
both eyes. (This technique is used with
binoculars too.)
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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue = Neurons + Neuroglial Cells


Slides:
Neuron smears:
Mammal Neuron Motor Nerve Cells smear (Carolina 313570; Slide 29)
Spinal cord; motor nerve cells (Nissl stain). Smr. (Triarch HE4-11; Slide 29)
Nerve:
Mammal Peripheral Nerve c.s. & l.s. (Carolina 31-3552 H1580; Slide 30)
Medullated nerve c.s. & l.s. (Wards 93W3651; Slide 30)
Spinal Cord:
Spinal cord mammal, levels cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral sec. W&NFR
(Wards 93W3707; Slide 32)

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Multipolar Neuron

Nuclei of neuroglial cells.


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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Nissl bodies, Axon and Axon Hillock
Note lack of Nissl bodies within axon and hillock

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Nerve Cross Section

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Nerve Cross Section:
F: Fiber = Axon;
M: Myelin

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Nerve Cross Section:
Ep: Epineurium; P:
perineurium

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Anterior

Posterior
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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Cross Section of Spinal Cord:
CC: central canal;
VMF: ventral/anterior (median)
fissure;
DMS: dorsal/posterior (median)
sulcus;
C: gray commissure;
DH: Dorsal/posterior horn of gray
matter;
VH: ventral/anterior horn of gray
matter;
LF: lateral funiculus/column of
white matter;
VF: ventral/anterior funiculus/
column of white matter;
DF: dorsal/posterior funiculus of
white matter.
Note: No lateral horn of gray
matter in this micrograph.
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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Motor nerve cells (10x)
Carolina 31-3570 (H1660)

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Multipolar nerve cell (40x)
Carolina 31-3570 (H1660)
Axon
Axon hillock

Neuroglial cells

Dendrites

Soma
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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Fascicle
(containing many axons

Peripheral nerve c.s. (4x)


Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

Epineurium
Perineurium

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Fascicle
(containing many axons)

Peripheral nerve c.s. (10x)


Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

Perineurium

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Peripheral nerve c.s. (10x)
Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Peripheral nerve c.s. (40x)
Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

Endoneurium

Myelinated axons

Perineurium
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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Peripheral nerve l.s. (10x)
Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Peripheral nerve l.s. (40x)
Carolina 31-3552 (H1580)

Arrows indicate nodes of Ranvier


(gaps between Schwann cells)

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Spinal cord c.s. (4x)
Wards 93 W 3707

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue

White matter

Posterior
column

Lateral
column

Anterior
column

Spinal cord c.s. (4x)


Wards 93 W 3707

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Spinal cord c.s. (thoracic) (4x)
Wards 93 W 3707

Gray matter
Afferent neurons

Posterior horn
Gray commissure
Lateral horn

Anterior horn

Central canal

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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Spinal cord c.s. (thoracic) (40x)
Wards 93 W 3707

Area enlarged

Axons sheathed in myelin


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A3. Histology of Nervous Tissue


Spinal cord c.s. (thoracic) (40x)
Wards 93 W 3707
Neural soma

Nucleolus within nucleus

Area enlarged
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