Dynamic Response and Tunnel

Damage from Explosion Loading

Dr Zhou Yingxin
Defence Science & Technology Agency
Singapore
Presented at the International Symposium on Defence
Construction 2002, Singapore

Explosives Storage Safety

Design must consider accidental explosion
(airblast, ground shock, debris, fire)
Internal Safety
Chamber separation
Prevention of sympathetic detonation

External Safety
Inhabited buildings
Public transport route
Workshops

Large-scale Tests for

Underground Storage
Collaboration with Swedish
Defence Research Agency
and Armed Forces HQ
Validation of underground
facility design
Airblast propagation
Door pressure and response
Ground shock,
Debris hazards
Response of tunnels (at
criterion distances)

Layout of Test Facility

Test Facility Layout 3D View

Slot Tunnel

Debris Traps

Detonation Chamber

Main Tunnel

Access Tunnel
Debris Trap

Entrance Portal

Existing Klotz Group Tunnel

Barricade

Chamber Sections
Surface

100 m
Adjacent
tunnel
D=0.6Q1/3
13 m
2 m

Exploding
chamber
8.8 m

Considerations in Tunnel Design

10-ton explosives charge weight

Fragment loading (155 mm rounds)
Repeated blasts (3-4 year programme)
Safety considerations (need to go into
tunnel after test)

Requirements for Tunnel Design

Rock mass properties (cant take
everything for granite!)
Ground shock prediction
Tunnel damage criteria (if you know what
it means)

Rock Mass Properties

Rock type

Red porphry syenite with grey

granitic intrusion

Density

2620 kg/m3

Uniaxial compressive strength

200-250 MPa

Uniaxial tensile strength (based

on point load tests)

12.5 17.5 MPa

Rock mass quality

Avg Q value: 15-20

Ground Shock Prediction

Sources of Ground Shock

Sources

Illustration

Characteristics

Tunnelling /
mining blasting

Fully coupled charge

Low charge weight
Multiple delays
Repetitive blasting

Conventional
weapons
penetration bomb

Limited charge weight

Fully coupled or contact explosion
Penetration & Cratering effects

Nuclear weapons

Largest charge weight (kt or Mt)

Large displacement
Generally indirect-induced shock

Ammo storage
accidental
explosion

Low probability
Large charge weight
Low loading density

Empirical PPV Equation

R
V = H B
Q
H = constant; B = scaling law;
n = attenuation coefficient

Parameters for Coupled Explosions

H = (500/C2.17)/(C), mm/s
Rock
Type

Rock
Mass
Density, ,
kg/m3

Seismic
Velocity, C,
m/s

Initial Value,
H (mm /
sec)

Attenuation
Coefficient,
n
D<6

Attenuation
Coefficient,
n
D>6

Good

> 2600

5100-6000

5000

1.5

1.2

Fair

23002600

4100-5100

4000

1.8

1.5

Poor

< 2300

3500-4100

3000

2.3

1.8

D = R/Q1/3, scaled range, m/kg1/3

Conservative estimate for spherical charges

Correction Factors for PPV

Charge geometry (distributed vs
concentrated charge)
Decoupled explosions (explosives not in
full contact with rock)

PPV Correction Factor for

Decoupled Explosions
1.00
Decoupling Factor

Hultgren (1987)
McMahon (1992)

0.80

Joachim (1994)
Mandai Granite

0.60

LST:
Loading density = 10 kg/m3

0.40
0.20
0.00
0

50

100

150

Loading Density, kg/m3

200

PPV Prediction - Slot Wall

Charge weight

10000 kg

Fully coupled PPV

5000(R/Q1/3)-1.5
= 5000(14/100001/3)-1.5
= 10,760 mm/s
0.6 0.8

PPV correction for

charge geometry
Decoupling factor

0.116 0.23

Predicted PPV for slot 10,760x0.6x(0.116-0.23)

wall (incipient)
= 748-1,485 mm/s

Peak particle velocity, mm/s

Ground Shock Curves

100000
10000

1729

1000
1037

Rock free field data

Tunnel Wall-Adjusted
Quarry wall adjusted
Best fit - Decoupled
Klotz Group Test

100
10
1
0
0.1

0.6 1

10
1/3
Scaled horizontal distance, m/kg

100

Tunnel Damage What does it

mean?

Damage of Unlined Tunnels a

Sample of Definitions

Slight damage
Medium damage
Severe damage
Intermittent failure
Local failure
General failure
Tight closure
Blow out

Incipient swelling
Incipient damage
Dislodge of rock
section
Large displacement
Minor damage
Damage!

Damage by Earthquakes
Slot wall: PPV = 0.75-1.5 m/s

Calculated PPV and

associated damage to
underground excavations
by earthquakes, Brady,
1991

Damage of Swedish Hard Rock

(Persson, 1997)
Peak Particle
Velocity (mm/s)

Tensile Stress
(Mpa)

Strain Energy
(J/kg)

Typical effect

700

8.7

0.25

Incipient
swelling

1000

12.5

0.5

Incipient damage

2500

31.2

3.1

Fragmentation

5000

62.4

12.5

Good
fragmentation

15,000

187

112.5

crushing

Tunnel Damage (Li & Huang,1994)

Rock
Type

Rock Parameters

Peak Particle Velocity, mm/s

Unit
Weight
(g/cm3)

Comp.
strength
(Ppa)

Tensile
Strength
(MPa)

No
Damage

Hard

2.6-2.7

75-110

2.1-3.4

Rock

2.7-2.9

110-180

2.7.-2.9
Soft
Rock

Slight
Damage
(slight
cracking)

Medium
Damage
(partial
collapse)

Serious
Damage
(large
collapse)

270

540

820

1530

3.4-5.1

310

620

960

1780

180-200

5.1-5.7

360

720

1110

2090

2.0-2.5

40-100

1.1-3.1

290

580

900

1670

2.0-2.5

100-160

3.4-4.5

350

700

1070

1990

1-D Elastic Calculations (Zukas,

1982)
A saw-tooth wave pulse travelling along a
rock bar

VSP

2 m DT
DT
=
= 2 ppv
C
C

m = ppv ( C )
VSP = velocity of the first spall; s m = magnitude of incipient
stress; DT = dynamic tensile strength of rock; = rock mass
density, kg/m3; C = seismic wave velocity in rock, m/s.

1-D Spall Calculations

Slot wall: PPV = .75-1.5 m/s
100.0

60
50

5-m rock bolt

10.0

40
30

1.0

Assumptions:
Density = 2650 kg/m3
Seimic velocity = 5500 m/s
Dynamic tensile strength = 21.5 Mpa
Dominat frequency = 100-500 hz

100 Hz
200 Hz
300 Hz
400 Hz
500 Hz

0.1
0.1

1.0

10.0

Free-field Radial Peak Particle Velocity (ppv), m/s

20
10
0
100.0

Number of Spalls

Thickness of First Spall

Threshold PPV = 0.5T/(C) =

0.5(21.5x106)/(2650x5500) =
0.74 m/s

UET Tests, Sandstone (after

Hendron, 1977)

Damage Zone
Damage
Free-field radial strain
Free-field ppv, m/s
Calculated thickness of 1st
spall, m
Calculated number of spalls

1
tight
closure
NA
NA

2
General
failure
40
12
0.3-1.4

3
Local
failure
13
4
1-4.2

4
Intermitten
t failure
3-6
0.9-1.8
2-18.5

11

1-D Spall Calculation for UET

100.0

12

Calculated
Threshold

10.0

Zone 3

Zone 2

11

Zone 1
10

18.5
8

9.259
4.2

1.0

Assumptions:
Density = 2400 kg/m3
Seimic velocity = 2500 m/s
Dynamic tensile strength = 8 Mpa
Dominat frequency = 100-500 hz

2.083
1.4
4

4
0.694
100 Hz

2
200
300
400
500

1
0.1
0.1

1.0

10.0

Free-field Radial Peak Particle Velocity (ppv), m/s

Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz

0
100.0

Number of Spalls

Thickness of First Spall

Zone
4

Explosive Testing of Tunnel

Response (Dowding, 1984)
Type
Unlined tunnel:
Joint movement, fall of loose rock
Intermittent failure
Local failure
Complete closure
Lined tunnel:
Cracking of liner
Displacement of cracks
Local failure
Complete failure

Strain%

0.015
0.04
0.1
0.02
0.15
0.8

PPV, m/s
0.3
2.0
3.6

1.0
1.3
7.4
40.0

Design of Tunnel Support

Unlined tunnel can sustain ground shock of PPV
= 1.0-2.0 mm/s before damage begins
Static support design specified fibre-reinforced
shotcrete and rock bolts for increased
performance against dynamic loads
Swedish Armed Forces HQ Requirements: all
military facilities in rock must use dynamic rock
bolts

Swedish Dynamic Rock Bolts

Anchor Section

Smooth Section

Plain shotcrete

Reinforced shotcrete

Tunnel Support for LST

Tunnel Support for LST

Dynamic rock bolts

SFR Shotcrete
Dynamic rock bolts

Chamber
Slot Tunnel

LST - Instrumentation
Organisation
FOI

NDCS

DTRA

Gauge Type
Air Blast Chamber
Airblast Tunnel
Airblast External
Ground Shock
Strain
Temperature
Smoke puffs
Air Blast
Ground Shock
Airblast Induced
Ground shock
Geophones
Chamber Pressure
Chamber Bargauge
Pressure External
Accelerometer
Radar Fragment Vel.
Time of Arrival

2000
3
21
8
40
8
1
0
11
16
0

2001
Remarks
3
21
8
40
8
12
New - 11
0
Consider for future tests
11
16
2
New

8
2
2
4
8
1
0
133

8
2
2
8
12
2
15
170

Stings (4)

New

Ground Shock Gauges

Soil Surface

Rock-Soil
Interface

Vertical
Borehole

1-D
Accelerometers

N
2-D
Accelerometers

Slot
Tunnel

Detonating
Chamber

Horizontal
Borehole

Access
Tunnel

Shotcrete Pannels in Slot Tunnel

TNT Bare Charge (Test #3)

ELEVATION

PLAN VIEW

TEST
NO.

NEQ
(KG)

CHARGE
TYPE

OBJECTIVES/
DESCRIPTION

10

Bare
charge

Ground shock calibration

500

Bare
charge

Loading density 0.5 kg/m 3

10000

Bare
charge

Loading density 10 kg/m 3

4a

2500

Bare
Charge

Loading density 2.5 kg/m 3

4b

10000

Cased
Charge

Cased charge Test

Loading density 10 kg/m 3

Vide of Test #3 - 10000 Kg TNT

Chamber
10 craters in floor underneath charge
No rock fall from roof!

Overview of Chamber

Crater

Video Of Slot During Test #3

Slot Tunnel

Slot Tunnel

No visible damage of tunnel wall

Slight soil movement on floor

Shotcrete Wall
Soil Movement

Slot Tunnel
Lights (and all other fixtures) fully
functional after detonation

Chamber Pressure
3/16/01

LST Test#3 - NEQ=10,000 kg

Gauge No.: DP1 and DP2
150,000
135,000

P = 115 Mpa

120,000
Pressure, kPa

105,000

Pressure @ 7.2 m
Pressure @ 24.6 m
Bargauge @ 24.6 m

90,000
75,000
60,000
45,000
30,000
15,000
0
-15,000
-30,000
15.6

16.8

18

19.2

20.4

21.6 22.8
Time, ms

24

25.2

Equivalent PPV = [115 Mpa/(2620x5000)] = 8.8 m/s

26.4

27.6

VERTICAL BOREHOLE
LST Test #3 - NEQ = 10000kg
Ground Surface
and
Soil-Rock
Interface
Location: Vertical
Borehole
@ 16m from Chamber
Roof (Vertical)
Guage No.: G4
3x2-D at
-4.4m, 64m and 12m from Chamber Wall
900

Acceleration, g

600
300
0
-300
-600
-900
-1,200

Vertical
Borehole

2.5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

Time, ms

LST Test #3 - NEQ = 10000kg

Location: Vertical Borehole @ 16m from Chamber Roof (Vertical)

Guage No.: G4
3.6

Velocity, m/s

Slot
Tunnel

Detonating
Chamber

0.75

2.4

0.5

1.8

0.25

1.2

Access
Tunnel 0.6

0
-0.25
0

2.5

7.5

10

12.5

Time, ms

15

17.5

20

0
22.5

Displacement, E-03 m

1.25

HORIZONTAL BOREHOLE
3/16/01

Location: Horizontal Borehole @ 18m from Chamber Wall (Horizontal)

Guage No.: G10

LST Test #3 - NEQ = 10000kg

Location: Horizontal Borehole @ 18m from Chamber Wall (Horizontal)

Guage No.: G10

720

2.2

3.6

640

560

1.8

480

1.6

2.7

400

1.4

2.4

1.2

2.1

1.8

0.8

1.5

0.6

1.2

Velocity, m/s

Accleration, g

3/16/01

320
240
160
80
0

-80
-160

0.4
0.2

3.3

0.9
0.6

-240
0

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

-0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Time, ms

Time, ms

Horizontal Borehole
Slot
Tunnel

Detonating
Chamber

0.3

Access
Tunnel

Displacement, E-03 m

LST Test #3 - NEQ = 10000kg

Ground Shock on Slot Walls

1/18/01

LST Test#3 - NEQ=10,000 kg

26.4 m from back of slot - Shotcrete 100 mm - Fibre 60 kg/m3
Gauge No.: DA6
1,500
1,350

Acceleration

1,200

900
750
600
450
300
150
0
-150
20.4

21.6

22.8

24

25.2 26.4
Time, ms

27.6

28.8

30

31.2

1/18/01

LST Test#3 - NEQ=10,000 kg

26.4 m from back of slot - Shotcrete 100 mm - Fibre 60 kg/m3

Gauge No.: DA6
180

0.22

160

0.2
Velocity
Displacement

140
120

0.18
0.16

100

0.14

80

0.12

60

0.09999999

40

0.08

20

0.06

0.04

-20

0.02

-40
-60
18

0
21

24

27

30

33
36
Time, ms

39

42

45

-0.02
48

Displacement, cm

-300
19.2

Velocity, cm/s

Acceleration, g

1,050

PPVs from Test #3

10000
Horizontal Hole

Peak Particle Velocity, mm/s

Vertical Hole
Slot Wall Peak
Slot wall - Predicted

1000

100
1

10
Distance from Chamber Wall / Roof, m

100

Strain on Rock Bolts (T3)

11/16/01

LST - Test#3
Rock Bolt
Strain - TT6

0.00014
0.00012
1E-4
8E-5
4E-5
2E-5
0
-2E-5
-4E-5

Strain = 0.00011
Rock Bolt 2
Gauge No.: TT7

-8E-5
-1E-4
111.632

11/16/01

LST Test#3

-6E-5

111.656

111.68

6E-5

111.704
111.728
4.5E-5
Time, sec

111.752

111.776

3E-5

1.5E-5
0
Strain

strain

6E-5

-1.5E-5
-3E-5
-4.5E-5
-6E-5
-7.5E-5
-9E-5
-0.000105
-0.00012
111.65

111.665

111.68

111.695 111.71
Time, s

111.725

111.74

Fragment Loading (Test #4b)

ELEVATION

PLAN VIEW

Video of Test #4b

Damage in Chamber
Spalling of shotcrete layer
Still no rock fall from roof!

Slot Tunnel
Lights (and fixtures) still fully functional during
and after the test
Damaged shotcrete fell off to floor

Light Fixtures
Shotcrete Panels

Comparison of PPVs
10

Bare TNT
Best Fit for Test#3 - 10-ton TNT Charge

Peak Particle Velocity, m/s

PPV TNT = 0.94(R/Q 1/3 )-1.3

Cased charges
Best Fit for Test#4b - 10-ton Cased Charge
PPV 155 = 0.72(R/Q 1/3 )-1.3
0.1

Measured 10-ton TNT Charge

Measured 10-ton Cased Charge
0.01
0

Scaled Distance from Center of Charge, m/kg

10
3

Effects of Fragment Loading

Items
Min PPV, m/s
Ratio of Min PPV
Max PPV, m/s
Ratio of Max PPV
Average PPV, m/s
Ratio of Avg PPV
Equivalent TNT
Ratio

Test #3
0.94
1.00
1.70
1.00
1.39
1.00
1.00

Test #4b
0.62
0.66
1.84
1.09
0.98
0.70
0.54

Mostly fragments from outer row of rounds were

loading the tunnel walls

Computed Seismic Velocity

Test and Charge

Test 1 10 ton bare

TNT

Peak Chamber Average PPV

Time of
Pressure, MPa on Tunnel Wall, Arrival, Ms
mm/s
100

Test 2 2.5 ton bare

TNT
Test 3 10 ton TNT
(1450 155mm shells)
Ratio of Seismic
Velocity after Test 2

50

Calculated
Seismic
Velocity, m/s

1390

3.07

4,636

622

3.26

4,268

977

3.28

4,294

---

0.93

Conclusions
Fresh rock damage appears to begin at PPVs of
1-2 m/s
At incipient PPVs of 2-4 m/s, static support with
rock bolts and fibre-reinforced shotcrete sufficient
for tunnels in competent rock
For low loading densities (10 kg/m3), tunnels sited
at 0.6Q1/3 in hard rock can remain fully functional
against ground shock loading

Finally,

If in doubt . . .

. . . build in rock

THANK YOU

THANK YOU