Prepared By:

Sheilani bt Shaari
Department of Electrical Engineering, PKB

Department of Electrical Engineering

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Course Learning Outcome (CLO)

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Introduction

Transformer
 Construction
 Operating Principle
 Transformer Ratio
 Types of Transformer

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GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Understand the principles of transformer.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit you will be able to :
1. Explain the operating principles of
transformer
2. Describe the relationship between primary
winding and secondary winding.
3. Name types of transformer.
4. Explain step up and step down transformer

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A

transformer is a device which uses the

phenomenon of mutual induction to
change the values of alternating voltages
and currents.

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One of the main advantages of alternating

current transmission and distribution

an

alternating voltage
can be increased or
decreased by
transformers.

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Basically the transformer :

LOSSES

are generally LOW

EFFICIENCY is HIGH

Have a LONG LIFE and VERY STABLE

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Transformers

have various range in size from:

the miniature units

used in electronic
applications

the large power

transformers used
in power stations.

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A

transformer consists of 2 windings

connected by a magnetic core.

1 winding is connected to a power supply and
the other to a load.
Primary winding

AC supply

Flux

N1

Core

N2

Secondary winding

Load

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Transformer

ratio is the comparison between

primary and secondary elements

Primary Winding

Flux produced by primary winding

induces secondary winding via
core
Secondary winding

Primary
Voltage, Vp

Secondary
Turns,
Ns
Primary
Turns,
Np

Secondary
Voltage,Vs

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Conductors CUT the flux

flux CUT the Conductors

Current Flow
through Primary
Winding

Apply AC
Voltage (V1)at
Primary
winding

E1

E2

Secondary
winding
Open Circuit

Produce
Magnetic Flux
Induce emf, E1

Produce emf, E2

Current Flow
through Secondary
Winding

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The

induced e.m.f., E in a coil of N turns is

given by
d
E = -N
volts

dt
where

d
dt

is the rate of change of flux.

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In

the ideal transformer, losses are neglected

and a transformer is considered to be 100%
efficient.

the rate of change of flux is the same for
both primary and secondary

1
=
1

The

2
2

induced e.m.f per turn is constant

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Assuming

no losses,

E1 = V1 and E2 = V2

V1
1
V1
V2

V2
2

N1
2

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The

input powers = output power

V1I1 = V2I2
Or the primary and secondary volt-amperes
are equal.
Thus

V1
V2

I
I

2
1

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Combining equations gives

V1
V2

N1
2

I
I

2
1

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Transformer

ratio is the comparison

primary and secondary

between
elements.

Flux which is produced by primary
winding completely inducing to
secondary winding.

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Therefore,

e.m.f induced in all the

winding are similar for primary and
secondary winding.

Total of e.m.f inducedin secondarywinding Ns x e.m.f / winding

=
=
Total of e.m.f inducedin primary winding Np x e.m.f / winding

Np
Ns

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Constant K is known as transformer ratio:

K=

Ns
Vs
E2
=
=
Np
E1
Vp

Where
E2
E1
Vs
Vp

=
=
=
=

secondary e.m.f induced

primary e.m.f induced
secondary terminal voltage
primary terminal voltage

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Ns < Np then K < 1

this is step-down transformer

If Ns > Np
then K > 1
this is step-up transformer

If Ns = Np then K = 1
this is coupling transformer

If

Np
(3000
)

Np
(100)

Np
(100)

Ns

(2000
)

Ns

(2000
)

Ns

(100)

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The number of windings for the three

transformers are
Np = 100, Ns = 2000
Np = 3000, Ns = 2000
Np = 100, Ns =100
Calculate the value of K for each transformer
then determine the type of transformer and
draw the symbol of transformer to
differentiate the number of windings

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Vs or V2

Vp or V1

A transformer is to be used to provide

a 60 V output from a 240 V A.C supply.
If the secondary is wound with 500
turns. Calculate
(a) the turns of ratio required and N2
(b) the number of primary turns

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Vp or V1

Vs or V2

A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66 turns

in the secondary. Calculate
N

(i) primary turns N1

(ii) primary and secondary full-load currents
Neglect the losses.

I1 & I2

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There

2 types of single-phase double-wound

transformer construction


core type

the winding surround

considerable part of
the core

and

shell type

the core surround is

considerable portion of
the winding.

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Single

phase core type transformer

consists of two windings and one
core

Core type provides better
insulation between the primary
and secondary because of its
inherent two winding.

The main application for a core
type transformer is to increase
voltage from a standard 240v
supply up to 415v, instead of using
three phase supply.

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shell

type consists of one

winding and two cores.

Shell types provide a higher
degree of mechanical
protection to the winding
because it is surrounded by
core.

Shell type transformer is
used in transmission of
multiple high and low
voltages.

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The advantages of each type are:

Core type is the most commonly
used method of construction, the
smaller core means less weight and
expense.

Shell type is used for larger
transformer because they can be
made with a reduce height.

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(Q1 Q7)

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GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Understand the principles of auto transformer.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit you will be able to :
1. Explain the operating principles of auto
transformer
2. Describe the differences between auto
transformer and application
3. Explain ideal transformer and its
relationship with power losses

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Introduction
Auto Transformer
Losses
Efficiency

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Magnetic Flux,
(Wb)
flux has to change from +
m
to -
m in the half cycle

+ m

Time,T (s)

- m

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Average rate of change of flux

1

= 2 m
2 f
=4 f m webers /second
Average e.m.f induced per turn is

E1/N1= 4 f m volts

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A

sinusoidal wave the r.m.s or

effective value is 1.11 times the
average value

RMS

value of e.m.f induced per turn

E1/N1= 1.11 4 f m

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Hence

r.m.s value of e.m.f induced for

primary:
E1 = 4.44 N1 f m volts
secondary:
E2 = 4.44 N2 f m volts

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Vp or V1

Vs or V2

A 250 kVA, 1100 V / 400 V, 50 Hz

single-phase transformer has 80 turns
on a secondary. Calculate :
N2

the primary and secondary currents.

the number of primary turns. N
1

the maximum values of flux.

I1 & I2

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P
Np

Ns

An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on

the primary winding and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected
Vp or V1
to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
i. primary and secondary currents on
full-load
I1 & I2
ii. secondary e.m.f. and V2
iii. the maximum core flux m

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An

autotransformer has only a single

winding which is tapped at some
point along the winding.

The primary and secondary windings
are not electrically separate, hence
if an open-circuit occurs in the
secondary winding the full primary
voltage appears across the
secondary

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Primary Current

Laminated Ferromagnetic Core

Secondary Current
Primary no.
of turns

i1

i2
V1

Secondary
Voltage

N1
C

Load

V2

N2
B

Primary Voltage
Secondary no. of turns

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Connected to the
end of the end of
the winding

AC voltage is applied
across a portion of the
winding.
IP

IS
IP

IS
230 V

VP

NP

NS

115 V
NS
IS - IP

VS
115 V

LOWER voltage is
produce across another
portion of the same
winding for STEP DOWN

VP

VS

230 V

NP
IS - IP

HIGHER voltage is
produce across another
portion of the same
winding for STEP UP

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Auto Transformer ratio (n) is the ratio of

the smaller voltage to the larger voltage
(Neglecting the losses, the leakage reactance and the
magnetizing current)

n =

V2
V1

I1
I2

N2
N1

The nearer the ratio of transformation to

unity, the greater the economy of
conductor material.

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For

the same current density in the

windings and the same peak values
of the flux and flux density
 the I2R

loss in the auto transformer is

lower and
 the efficiency higher than in the two
winding transformer.

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Generally,

an auto transformer
should not be used for
interconnecting high voltage and low
voltage systems.

The most important thing is the
common connection to the earth ,
otherwise there is a risk of serious
shock.

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Mainly used for :

interconnecting

systems that are

operating at roughly the same
voltage and

starting cage-type induction motors.

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saving

in a cost since less copper is

needed.

less volume, hence less weight.

higher efficiency, resulting from lower I2R
losses

continuously variable output voltage is
achievable if a sliding contact is used.

smaller percentage voltage regulation

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There

is a direct metallic connection

between the input and the output, where
the coupling in a double wound
transformer is magnetic only when giving
electrical isolation of the two winding.

In the event of an open circuit fault in the
common part of the winding, the input
voltage of a step down autotransformer
would appear on the output terminals.

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An

ideal transformer is one which

has no losses,
 its

winding have no ohmic resistance,

 no magnetic leakage and
 no I2R and core losses.

An

ideal transformer consists of two

purely inductive coils wound on the
loss free core.

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2

cases consider for transformer

with losses but no magnetic leakage.
is assumed as an ideal
 No Load
transformer which there
 Loaded/ Full load
is no losses.
The losses only can occur in a
loaded transformer. There are two
types of losses :iron loss in the core
and copper loss in the winding.

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Copper losses
can result from power loss in the form of
heating of the conductors.
If R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary
winding resistances than

total copper loss =I12R1 + I22R2

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Core losses
(i) Hysteresis loss
the heating of the core so the internal
molecular structure reversals which occur as
the magnetic flux alternates.

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Core losses
(i) Hysteresis loss
The loss is proportional to the area of
the hysterisis loop and thus low loss nickel
iron alloys are used for the core since
their hysteresis loop have small areas.

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Core losses
(ii)Eddy current loss
the heating of the core due to emfs being
induced not only in the transformer windings
but also in the core.

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Core losses
(ii)Eddy current loss
These induced e.m.f.s set up circulating
currents called eddy currents. Owing to the low
resistance of the core, eddy currents can be
quite considerable and can cause a large power
loss and excessive heating of the core.

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total losses in transformer

= Pc + I1
total core loss

2R

+ I2

2R

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output power
input power
=

output power
input power + losses

I2V2 p.f.
2
1 1

I2V2 p.f.+ Pc + I R + I2 R2

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output
input

=1-

power
power

input power - losses

input power

losses
input power

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The primary and secondary windings of a 500

kVA transformer have resistances of 0.42 and
0.0019 respectively.
The primary and secondary voltages are 11 000
V and 400 V respectively and the core loss is 2.9
kW, assuming the power factor of the load to be
0.8.
Calculate the efficiency on :
 full load
 half load

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In a 50 kVA transformer, the iron loss

is 500 W and full-load copper loss is
800W. Find the efficiency at :
1.

full-load and

2.

half-load

at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

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Transformer
Drum

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(Q8 Q18)

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AC ELECTRICAL
MECHINES