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Semi-analytical Solution for Multiple Layer Reservoir Problems with Multiple Vertical,
Horizontal, Deviated and Fractured Wells
J. Phillip Gilchrist, Abingdon Techno Centre, and Geoff Busswell, Raj Banerjee, Jeff Spath, and R.K. Michael
Thambynayagam, Schlumberger
Abstract
We present new semi-analytical solutions to the multiple layer
reservoir problem, both in real-time and Laplace space.
Assuming a vertically stacked system of layers, an analytic
solution within each layer can be derived using a method of
integral transforms. We fully account for crossflow between
layers by coupling these analytic solutions together and
solving Fredholm integral equations to obtain the flux field at
the layer interfaces. The time evolution of these fluxes is
governed by a Volterra integral equation. Also, the form of
our equations allows us to stop a model execution and then
restart from the exact terminated state.
Our solutions are applicable to partially penetrating vertical,
horizontal, deviated and fractured wells and take into account
superposition effects in multi-well and multi-rate scenarios.
Notably, regarding fractured wells, we are able to accurately
model the case of a finite conductivity fracture with nonDarcy flow as well as those of infinite conductivity. Also,
using solutions in Laplace space we are able to model
naturally fractured reservoirs, wellbore storage, non-Darcy Dfactors as well as constant well pressure production, all within
a full field multi-well scenario.
We present a comparison of our solutions with that generated
using a commercial finite difference simulator for a variety of
problems. We find amazing accuracy with massive gains in
model building and execution times for fracture problems in
particular.
Introduction
Reservoir simulation is an essential tool for the management
of oil and gas reservoirs. Prediction of pressure-production
behaviour under various operating conditions allows, among
other benefits, proper investment decisions to be made. In
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IPTC 11718
p j ( x, b, z, t)
(4)
= 0
z
kz j
(5)
p j 1 ( x , y , d j , t )
=
z
k z j 1
p j (x, y, d j ,t) = p
(6)
j 1
( x, y, d j , t)
j ct
(7)
p j
= k xj
2 pj
2x
+ k yj
2 pj
2y
+ k zj
2 pj
2z
(2)
(3)
p j (0, y , z , t )
x
p j (a , y , z, t)
x
p j ( x, 0, z, t)
(8)
p j ( x, y, t) =
= 0
= 0
= 0
t t0
U (t t0 ) d
2 a bc t
z 02 v z 0 1 v
q (t t0
S x ( x , x 0 v , ) S y ( y , y 0 v , ) S z ( z 0 1 v , z 0 2 v , z 0 1 v , z 02 v , )
+
c t a bd z 02 v z 0 1 v
Bz
( x , y , z 0 1 v , z 02 v , )d + p I
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d +
IPTC 11718
Deviated Well
This problem also yields a system of integral equations of the
form seen in equation (10). The expressions for the
coefficients Aj , B j , C j and j are different however and
are given in Appendix A
Fractured Well
This problem also yields a system of integral equations of the
form seen in equation (10). The expressions for the
coefficients Aj , B j , C j and j are different however and
are given in Appendix A
Numerical Solution Prescription
For each of the problems so far seen in this paper we showed
that we must solve a system of Volterra integral equations
which have the form:
(11)
p j (n, m , d j , t) = p
(9)
j 1
j ( n , m , ) A j ( n , m , t ) d
0
t
(n, m , d j , t)
j +1
( n , m , ) B j ( n , m , t ) d
j 1
( n , m , ) C j ( n , m , t ) d
0
t
+
0
+ j ( n , m , t ) = 0
(10)
j ( n , m , ) A j ( n , m , t ) d
0
t
j +1
( n , m , ) B j ( n , m , t ) d
j 1
( n , m , ) C j ( n , m , t ) d
0
t
+ j ( n , m , t ) = 0
i =1
( n , m , )
ti
A j ( n , m , t )d
t i 1
N
+
i =1
N
+
i =1
j +1 ( n , m , )
B j ( n , m , t )d
t i 1
j 1 ( n , m , )
+ j ( n , m , t ) = 0
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ti
ti
t i 1
C j ( n , m , t )d
IPTC 11718
(13)
j ( n , m , t N )
tN
A j ( n , m , t N )d
t N 1
j +1
( n , m , t N )
tN
B j ( n , m , t N )d
t N 1
j 1
( n , m , t N )
tN
C j ( n , m , t N )d
t N 1
N 1
ti
i =1
t i 1
j ( n , m , t i ) A j ( n , m , t i )d
N 1
+
i =1
ti
j + 1 ( n , m , t i ) B j ( n , m , t i )d
i =1
t i 1
ti
N 1
j 1
( n , m , t i ) C j ( n , m , t i )d
t i 1
+ j ( n , m , t ) = 0
Nomenclature
a = reservoir length
b = reservoir width
b f = fracture thickness
j 1
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Appendix A
Analytic Expressions for Coefficients in the Systems of Integral Equations
In this paper we have seen that we must solve systems of Volterra Integral equations in time in order to obtain Fourier components of
the interfacial flux functions in our multiple layer scenario. In the final version of this paper we will show the exact expressions for
the coefficients Aj , B j , C j and j in equation (11) for each problem type.
Appendix B
Analytic Expressions for Integrals
When performing the time stepping methodology outlined in the Numerical Solution Prescription section of this paper it was
mentioned that the integrals in equation (13) could be performed analytically. In the final version of this paper we will show the exact
expressions for these types of integrals.
Appendix C
Function Definitions
(42)
U (t t0 ) =
1 t > t0
0 t < t0
(43)
erf ( x ) =
u2
du
(44)
S x ( x , ) = 3
( x x0 ), e a
2a
(45)
S y ( y , ) = 3
( y y 0 ), e b
2b
(46)
S z ( z , ) = 3
( z z 0 ), e d
2d
+ 3 ( x + x0 ), e a
2a
+ 3 ( y + y 0 ), e b
2b
+ 3
( z + z 0 ), e d
2d
(47)
S z ( z 0 1 , z 0 2 , z , ) = 3
2d
2d
( z z 01 ), e
z
d
( z z 02 ), e
z
d
z
+ 3
( z + z 02 ), e d
2d
z
d
3
( z + z 01 ), e
2d
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IPTC 11718
(48)
S x ( x 01 , x 02 , x 03 , x 04 , ) = 3
+ 3
2a
2a
2a
2a
x
a
( x 04 x01 ), e
x
a
( x 04 x 02 ), e
x
a
( x 03 x01 ), e
x
a
( x 03 x02 ), e
+ 3
+ 3
2a
2a
2a
2a
( x04 + x02 ), e
x
a
( x04 + x01 ), e
x
a
( x03 + x02 ), e
x
a
( x03 + x01 ), e
x
a
(49)
S z ( z 01 , z 02 , z 03 , z 04 , ) = 3
( z 04 z 01 ), e d
2d
2d
2d
( z 04 z 02 ), e
+ 3
( z 04 + z 02 ), e d
2d
+ 3
( z 03 + z 01 ), e d
2d
z
d
( z 03 z 01 ), e
z
d
+ 3
( z 03 z 02 ), e d
2d
2d
2d
( z 04 + z 01 ), e
B x ( x , y , z , ) =
m =0 l=0
x ( t )
( z 03 + z 02 ), e
(
,
,
)
,e a
m
l
ayz
4
2a
x ( t )
(51)
B y ( x , y , z , ) =
n=0
l=0
2
2
n
l ( t )
x +
z
a
d
n x
l z
n l cos
c
o
s
e
a
d
y
(n , l , ) 3
,e b
x0z
2b
y ( t )
y
(n , l , ) 4
,e b
xbz
2b
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2
m 2
l
y +
z ( t )
b
d
z
d
m y
l z
m l cos
cos
e
b
d
(
,
,
)
,e a
m
l
0 yz
3
2a
z
d
(50)
y ( t )
IPTC 11718
(52)
B z ( x , y , z , ) =
n=0
2
n 2
m ( t )
x +
y
a
b
n x
m y
n m c o s a c o s b e
m =0
n
m
e
(
,
,
)
,
xy 0
3
2d
( t )
xyd
(n , m , ) 4
,e d
2d
( t )
(53)
B x ( x , y , z 0 1 , z 0 2 , ) =
m l
m =0 l=0
d
l z 0 2
l z 0 1
m y
cos
s in
s in
e
l
b
d
d
m
l
(
,
,
)
,e a
0 yz
3
2a
x ( t )
2
2
m
y +
z ( t )
d
b
m
l
(
,
,
)
,e a
4
ayz
2a
x ( t )
(54)
B y ( x , y , z 0 1 , z 0 2 , ) =
n=0
l=0
2
2
n
l ( t )
x +
z
a
d
d
l z 0 2
l z 0 1
n x
n l
cos
s in
s in
e
l
a
d
d
n
l
(
,
,
)
,e b
x0z
3
2b
y ( t )
n
l
(
,
,
)
,e b
xbz
4
2b
y ( t )
(55)
B z ( x , y , z 0 1 , z 0 2 , ) = 2 d
n=0 m =0
n m
2
2
n
m ( t )
x +
y
a
b
n x
m y
cos
c
o
s
e
a
b
(n , m , ) z
,e d
xy 0
2d
(56)
I x (u , x ) = 3
( x u ), e a
2a
xt
(57)
I y (v, y ) = 3
( y v ), e b
2b
yt
(58)
I z (w, z) = 3
( z w ), e d
2d
( t )
xyd
(n , m , ) z
,e d
2d
+ 3 ( x + u ), e a
2a
xt
+ 3 ( y + v ), e b
2b
yt
zt
+ 3
( z + w ), e d
2d
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zt
( t )
IPTC 11718
(59)
I z ( w , z 01 , z 02 ) = 3
( z 02 w ), e d
2d
3
( z 01 w ), e d
2d
0 yz ( m , l , ) =
0 yz
0 0
(m , l , ) =
ayz
ayz
0 0
a d
(62)
(n , l , ) =
x0z
x0 z
0 0
a d
(63)
xbz ( n , l , ) =
xb z
0 0
(n , m , ) =
xy 0
xy 0
a b
xyd
(n , m , ) =
xyd
0 0
0 yz
(m , l, s) =
ayz
(m , l, s) =
l z
m y s
( y , z , ) c o s
cos
e d dzdy
d
b
ayz
0 0 0
a d
(68)
x0z
(n, l, s) =
x0z
0 0 0
a d
(69)
xbz
(n, l, s) =
xbz
0 0 0
l z
n x s
( x , z , ) c o s
cos
e d dzdx
d
a
l z
n x s
( x , z , ) c o s
cos
e d d zd x
d
a
a b
(70)
xy 0
(n, m , s) =
xy 0
0 0 0
a b
(71)
xyd
(n, m , s) =
0 0 0
l z
m y s
( y , z , ) co s
cos
e d dzdy
d
b
0 yz
b d
zt
m y
n x
( x , y , ) c o s
cos
dydx
b
a
0 0 0
(67)
( z 01 + w ), e d
2d
m y
n x
( x , y , ) c o s
cos
dydx
b
a
b d
(66)
l z
n x
( x , z , ) co s
cos
dzdx
d
a
0 0
(65)
zt
zt
l z
n x
( x , z , ) c o s
cos
dzdx
d
a
a b
(64)
( z 02 + w ), e d
2d
l z
m y
( y , z , ) co s
cos
dzdy
d
b
b d
(61)
+ 3
l z
m y
( y , z , ) c o s
cos
d zd y
d
b
b d
(60)
zt
xyd
m y
n x s
( x , y , ) c o s
cos
e d dydx
b
a
m y
n x s
( x , y , ) co s
cos
e d dydx
b
a
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IPTC 11718
a b d
(72)
l z
m y
n x s
p ( x, y, z, t) cos
cos
cos
e d dzdydx
d
b
a
p (n, m , l, s) =
0 0 0 0
Many of the analytical solutions we present in this paper use elliptical theta functions. We define the basic elliptical theta functions as
in Abramowitz & Stegun24, although the reader should be aware that there are alternative definitions e.g. Spanier & Oldham25.
Despite these functions consisting of infinite sums they converge very rapidly indeed for all parameter input ranges. Our definitions
are as follows:
(73)
3 ( x , e t ) =
2
2
1
c o s ( 2 n x ) e t >
2
2
e t 1
e (x+n) /t
1 + 2 en
n =1
n =
2t
(74)
4 ( x , e t ) =
2
2
1
c o s ( 2 n x ) e t >
2
2
e t 1
e ( x + 0 .5 + n ) / t
1 + 2 ( 1) n e n
n =1
n =
2t
(75)
x
3 ( x , e t ) =
( x ' , e t )d x '
2
2 1
e t >
1
1
x+n
n
t
erf e
erf
2 n = t
t
1 n2 2t
sin(2n x)
e
n =1 n
x+
(76)
4 ( x , e t ) =
2
( x ' , e t )d x '
2
2 1
e t >
x + 0.5 + n
1
0.5 + n 2t 1
erf
erf
2 n =
t
t
2 2
1
(1) n e n t sin(2n x)
n =1 n
x+
(77)
2
3 ( x , e t ) =
( x ' , e 2 t )d x '
x2
1
+ 2
2 2
1
2
n =
n
n =1
e n t [1 cos(2n x) ]
2
2
x+n
( x + n )2 / t
e n / t
+ t e
t
( x + n)erf
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2t 1
>
e
1
n
2t
erf n e