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8. A FMEA cause-effect diagram for airbags used in passenger cars is as shown below:
9. Recording by Exception:
In earlier HAZOP studies, only possible deviations with some negative consequences
were recorded since these reports were only for internal use of the organization and it
saved time both during hazard analysis and reporting. This is called recording by
exception. In such a methodology, it is assumed that anything that is not recorded is
deemed to be satisfactory.
Full Recording:
Later, as HAZOP reports came to be used by external agencies too, the format changed
to full recording wherein all primary and secondary keywords are clearly stated as
applied to the system under study. Even statements like no cause could be identified or
no consequence arose from the cause recorded are included in the report.
10. FMEA Analysis of the anti skid braking system where the objective is to prevent locking
of front wheels during heavy braking is conducted in the table below. The FMEA includes
six components sensors S1, S2 and S3, valves V1 and V2 and the microcomputer.
COMPONENT
FAILURE MODE
Microcomputer
(MC)
FAILURE EFFECTS
REMARKS
Uneven braking on
front wheels; possible
use of stop valve.
heavy braking
required
required