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INTRODUCTION:
Steel trusses are being used for both buildings and bridges. But the
design principles are different for different uses. Many books are
course oriented and not with a practical principles. Now an attempt has
been made to gather information on the design principles from various
references ON THE LAYOUT AND OTHER DESIGN PRINCIPLES.
Steel roof trusses are used for mainly for the Industrial buildings where
free space requirement are essential for more working areas. The span
of truss varies from 10-0 to 300-0 depending on the type of
requirement and the available spaces.
The following steps should be considered when designing a truss:
1. Select the general layout of truss members and truss spacing.
2. Estimate external loads to be applied including self weight of
truss, purlins and roof covering together with wind loads.
3. Determine critical (worst combination) loading. It is usual to
consider Dead loads alone and then Dead and Imposed loads
combined.
4. Analyze the frame work to find forces in all members.
5. Select material and section to produce in each member a stress
value which does not exceed the permissible value. Particular
care must be taken with compression members (struts) or
members normally in tension but subject to stress reversal due
to wind uplift.
For span up to about 20.00 m, the spacing of steel trusses is likely to
be about 4.00m i.e. 1/5 of span.
A slope of 22(degree) is common for corrugated steel and asbestos
roofing sheets.
For economic spacing of roof trusses, the cost of truss should be equal
to twice the cost of purlins +the cost of roof covering. As a guide the
spacing of the roof trusses can be kept :
a. of span upto 15.0m.
b. 1/5 of span upto 15m to 30m.
Trusses with parallel chords are often referred to as LATTICE GIRDERS.
<7.0M
11.0m
Belgium truss
COMPRESSION CHORD
COMPRESSION CHORD
TENSION CHORD
TENSION CHORD
N-GIRDER/PRATT TRUSS
GIRDER
L=SPAN
CONFIGURATIONS:
The pitch of roof truss depends on the roofing materials.
a) Min. recommended for GI sheet1in 6.i.e h/l=1/6 h=l/6
b) For A.C sheet
-1 in 12i.e h=l/12.
Parallel chord trusses: The economical span to depth ratio =12 to 24.
Trapezoidal trusses:
The configuration shown below reduces the axial forces in the chord
members adjacent to supports.
3
Economical span to depth ratio is around 10. The slope is 1/5. Spacing
of trusses should be in the region of 1/4 to 1/5 of span.
Fan trusses are used when the Rafter members of the roof trusses have
to be subdivided into ODD number of panels.
Pitch =L/h=4 to 10
h=L/4 to L/10
Loadings:
False ceiling---------------------------------------------200 N/sq.m
Duct ----------------------------------------------------- 40 N/sq.m
G.I.Sheet-0.63mm thick to 1,6 mm thick-----------55 to 140 N/sq.m
Asbestos sheet -----------------------------------------171 N/sq.m.
Roofing tiles ---------------------------------------------350 to 850 N/sq.m
Bracings --------------------------------------------------12-15 N/sq.m
Purlins ----------------------------------------------------200 to 400 N/sq.m
Mangalore tiles with battens --------------------------650N/sq.m.
=18.0m
=24.0m
=30.0m
=36.0m
g=2.2+q/125
g=2.78+q/54.2
g=4.44+q/34.7
g=5.27+q/21
Light
Group of shops
Medium
Heavy
16-25
0-6
10-12
0-10
18-30
4-7
12-18
8-12
20-40
8-20
12-16
8-12
Ties
2.
Total
Columns with tie &
platforms
Crane
girder
with
bracing beams
Wall frame work
Miscellaneous
Grand total
3-4
30-40
10-18
3-5
45-70
18-40
8-15
50-80
70-120
0-14
14-40
50-150
0-3
35-80
5-14
0-10
75-170
12-20
3-12
200-400
Span of trusses
250
300
400
500
600
800
7.5m
9.0m
12.0m
15.0m
18.0m
25.0
trusses.
4.5m
trusses.
7.5
7.5
9.0
11.0
15.0
17.5
GRAVITY LOADS:
Gravity loading about 1kpa(including LL but excluding the self weight
of purlins and roof principals) and basic wind speed 46m/s.
Where the maximum gravity loading(DL+LL) exceeds the net uplift
loading(DL+WL) as usual in roofs of buildings, the web compression
members under gravity loading attract higher forces because of their
slope.
LIVE LOADS:
Roof slope
10
10
10
every
Access
provided
not provided
load
1500N/sq.m of plan area
750N/sq.m of plan area.
750N/s.m reduced by 10N/sq.m for
degree increase upto & including
20.
Reduced by 20N/sq.m for
each one
8
The spacing of purlins adjacent to the eaves and the ridge of a roof
may be reduced to give a more uniform moment distribution in the roof
sheets.
For fully continuous purlin configurations the larger B.Ms and the truss
loadings in the end span and at the penultimate trusses can be
reduced by making the end spans(i.e. at the end bays of the
building)smaller than the interior.
If the purlins are placed at intermediate points i.e. between the joints
of the top chord, the chord will be subjected to moments.
RECOMMENDED THICKNESS OF ROOF TRUSS GUSSETS
Max.design
forces
in
support
/diagonals(ton
s)
Thickness
of
gussets-mm
Upto
20
20-45
45-75
75-115
115165
165225
225300
10
12
14
16
18
20
MEMBER SIZES:
Common practice is to specify a minimum angle size 50x50x6mm in
the case of trusses.
Single angle tension member having twisting tendency and produce
eccentric forces in the joints. Therefore double angle cross sections are
provided.
The width of the members should be kept minimum as far as possible
because wide members have greater secondary stresses.
Two angles back to back or a structural tee form the most common
section for members of a roof truss. When the load is light and the
span is short, a single angel section will often suffice and may be used
in spite of its lack of symmetry. This is true for web members to carry
only nominal stresses
SUBDIVISION OF THE MAIN PANELS:
10
SECONDARY STRESSES:
Normally the secondary stresses in roof trusses may be disregarded if
1. the slenderness ratio of the chord member is greater than 50.
(l/r>50)
2. that of the web member is greater than 100.(l/r>100).
3.
All the members of the roof truss usually do not reach their limit state
of collapse simultaneously.
The design code suggest an effective length factor between 0.7 and
1.0 for the in-plane buckling of member depending upon this restraint
and 1.0 for the out of plane buckling. Zin the case of roof trusses, a
member normally UNDER TENSION due to gravity loads(DL+LL) may
experience stress reversal into compression due to DL+WL
combination.
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
The design standard (IS800) imposes restrictions on
max.slenderness ratio as given below:
Sl.n
Member type
Max
o
limit
1.
Member under COMPRESSION under loads other 180
than Wind/EQload
2.
TENSION members undergoing reversal due to loads 180
other than WL
3.
Members normally under TENSION but may have to 250
resist COMPRESSION under Wind load
4.
Members designed only for TENSION even though 350
they may experience stress reversal
5.
Members always under TENSION
400
the
l/r
11
For smaller or where there is net uplift loading a WARREN truss will be
lighter than PRATT-truss.
leg
is
smller
from
the
plane
of
the
truss)
Ly=2Lx
12
NAME OF ELEMENT
COMPRES
SION
ELEMENT
S
TENSION ELEMENTS
UNDER
DIRECT
ACTION OF
DYNAMIC
LOADS
STATIC
LOAD
IN BUILDING
WITH HEAVY
SERVICE
CONDITIONS
120
250
400
250
150
200
350
400
400
400
300
300
is
13
14
15
TRUSSED BEAMS:
FORMULAE FOR TRUSSED BEAMS-REF: Building engineers hand
book
Used for long spans and are built up of wooden beams and struts of
steel rods. But the wooden beams may be replaced by steel
sections.
16
Es=2.1x10^6Kg/sq.cm(steel)
Design formulae.
Sl.n
Description
o
Uniformly distributed load in Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam
Concentrated load over strut,Kg
1.
Tension in rod
2.
Compression in strut
3.
Compression in beam
Single strut
Double strut
0.312Wh/r
0.625W
0.312WL/2r
Wh/3r
W/3
WL/9r
Ph/2r
P
PL/4r
Ph/r
P
PL/3r
17