Académique Documents
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On
Evolution of 5g TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Computer Science & Engineering)
Submitted by
Vimal Kumar
Roll No. 78122007
ABSTRACT
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With
5G people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced
before. 5G technology is offering the services in different fields like Documentation,
supporting electronic transactions (ePayments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes
more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent
package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the
search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out
innovate their competitors. The 5g design is based on usercentric mobile environment with
many wireless and mobile technologies on the ground. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..............................
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G NETWORKS....
3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM......
4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM .....................................
5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM .....
6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM .....................
7. COMPARISON OF 5G WITH OTHER TECH . .
7.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G & 5G .
7.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN 2G & 5G .
7.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G & 5G .
7.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G & 5G .
8. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS.
9. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY.....
9.1. UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING ...
9.2. AGGREGATOR ..
9.3. FLATTER IP CONCEPT ...
10. 5G NANOCORE..
10.1. NANOTECHNOLOGY.........
10.2. NANO EQUIPMENT....
10.3. CLOUD COMPUTING.
10.4. ALL IP NETWORKS....
10.5. HETEROGENOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ...
11.KEY CONCEPT OF 5G
12. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G...
12.1 HARDWARE OF 5G...
12.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G ..................................................
13.FEATURES OF 5G NETWORK TECHNOLOGY..
14. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
15. CONCLUSION..
16. REFERENCES.............
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INTRODUCTION
The current vision towards 5G is often driven by traffic forecasts that suggest
increasing data volumes, number of more intelligent terminals and an ever growing
capacity and service-aware demand. This discussion is also accompanied by the
fundamental question related to the need to define a new air interface or consider 5G as
an evolution of current systems.
Launching a higher number of base stations i.e. introducing traditional network
densification, may provide a solution for such a tremendous traffic increase, but would
result in increased network infrastructure costs, which are expected to see a consequent
explosion through the years. In particular, energy consumption is an important part of
Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and its relevance in upcoming systems will be
somehow proportional to network growth. In fact, energy consumption at network level
depends on large part on the number of installed radio base stations. In addition to
this essential densification of network nodes, integrating new systems upon the existing
ones unavoidably increases the energy consumption, even if new systems are more
efficient than the old ones ( this happened by adding LTE on top of 2G/3G ).
Increased energy consumption means higher costs and a greater carbon footprint, since
today mobile systems are present everywhere in the world. The European Commission
(EC) recognized the need for further actions towards energy efficiency and
green
communications and introduced the Code-of-Conduct to provide a policy that regulates
energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.
As a consequence, Energy Efficiency (EE) and sustainability of 5G networks have recently
received significant attention from mobile operators, vendors and research projects [2].
Figure 1 shows our vision of the EE evolution in mobile networks toward a sustainable 5G,
where the exponential mobile traffic growth toward 2020 (blue curve) goes with a stable
network energy consumption (red curve), resulting in an increasing EE of the system through
the years (green curve).
From the standardization point of view, EE in wireless systems mainly concentrates on the
efforts of 3GPP for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) [3]. The 3GPP Radio Access Network
(RAN) groups were the first to deal with EE in Release 9 by investigating energy-aware
network management with small cells, allowing LTE base stations (called eNBs) to switchoff, based on local load information and configuration data or via the Operation and
Management (OAM).The RAN groups further introduced the cell DTX'' mechanism, which
deactivates the transmitter of an eNBs based on certain patterns, conserving energy on the
fraction of inactivity time [4]. Energy saving management was later suggested by the Service
Architecture Group 5 (SA5) that introduced Self-Organizing Network (SON) operations in
relation with overlaid and dense urban networks, wherein certain eNBs may compensate in
terms of coverage and service allowing selected eNBs to be powered-off [5].
Besides 3GPP, the effort of the research community in this topic is also notable. Current
activities mainly focus on evolving flexible hardware for enhancing eNBs, novel
architectures based on small cells deployment and adaptive schemes that adjust network
capacity with respect to service loads [2]. Nevertheless, while research on green
communications has produced notable results, improving the wireless network EE is still an
open research _eld with Green Touch recently announcing that the potential of reducing the
net energy consumption may reach up to 90% by 2020 [6]. However, a main challenge is to
elaborate realistic and complete models of innovative solutions for new generation networks,
in order to correctly influence the definition of affordable and sustainable 5G systems.
In [7], the EE benefits of a centralized RAN are analyzed in terms of hardware design, i.e.,
cooling and soft technologies including cooperative processing, virtualization and dynamic
cell re-configuration. In addition, signalling and control optimizations are explored to move
away from the conventional connection-oriented paradigm, i.e., the use of ``virtual'' eNBs
with irregular antenna arrays and new interference mitigation schemes.
A more flexible cloud-based RAN architecture is proposed in [8], where the front-haul is
logically re-adapted to the corresponding requirements. Such cloud-RAN architecture enables
energy saving on the cloud-RAN platform, by re-arranging the number of active Base Band
processing Units (BBUs), when the traffic is low.
More recently, the concept of RAN-as-a-Service (RANaaS) has been introduced in [9], where
some RAN functionalities are partially and flexibly centralized, depending on the actual load
and network characteristics. In the view of future definition of 5G systems, these cloud-based
designs together with RAN sharing mechanisms appear to be the most promising solutions in
terms of efficient usage of network resources.
The aim of the paper is to present a vision of the advantages of the RANaaS paradigm and its
benefits in terms of EE. To do so, we will introduce a consistent system-level power
consumption model, which is intended to be a useful reference for the EE performance
evaluation of innovative RAN mechanisms. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
Section II describes the proposed mobile access architecture. Section III gives an overview of
current status and future trends of IT platforms, with a description of related performances
offered for hosting RANaaS entities. Section IV provides a detailed analysis of the proposed
architecture from an EE perspective, with a derivation of a comprehensive power model for
each involved entity. Section V gives an exemplary description of small cell management
using the RANaaS paradigm, as a promising solution for future sustainable 5G systems.
Finally, Section VI concludes the paper.
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3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An analog or analogue signal
is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,
developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone
systems, 1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G
networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers
(which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call
is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency,
typically 150 MHz and up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in
Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in
the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France,
and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in most places worldwide. 1G
technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured mobile radio telephones and such
technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)[1]
Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990s
1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell
Phones speed up to 2.4kbps
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a
1G mobile system
Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country
4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in
1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the
various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture
messages and MMS (multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G
technology
holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally
encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time
division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows
for the division of signal into timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM,
PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group special
Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired
standard of all the mobile technologies.
Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than 212
countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international
roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many
different countries of the worlds is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which
were used to transfer Analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short
message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to
send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is
beneficial to both the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In
comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and
proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not
be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than
that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a
smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As
conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but
a call made from a 2Ghandset would fail completely. Data transfer in speeds is up to 64kbps.
5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM
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6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM
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In this section we will compare the various features of 5G with other wireless technologies
which are as follows:
5G
1) 5G is the fifth generation technology and it
will be completely available in the market
by 2020
2) It is based on virtual private network
3) It support data band width up to 1GB
4) It is based on IPv6
5) Its a very fast means of communication
6) In 5G technology phones have HD
streaming, large memory, MP3 recording,
camera and all advanced features
7) It has very high security
8)Multiple carrier aggregation
9) Band width per frequency channel of 5G is
up to 28Ghz
This comparison shows that the 1G technology is much more back behind 5G technology as
5G provides a very broad coverage network area and even safest and the fastest means of
communication. The mobility quality of 5G is thousand times better than the old 1G
technology as 1G provides only voice communication and on the other hand 5G provide the
fastest internet communication.
5G
1) It came in 1990
1) It will come till 2020
2) It is successor to 1G
2) It is successor to 4G
3) It is based on digital signals
3) It is based on internet protocol IPv6
4) It is mainly used for mobile
4) It is for mobile communication and also
Communication
for wireless internet
5) No quality of service
5) Very high quality of service
6) Handsets are provided with messaging
6) Handsets are provided with ultrahigh
facility (SMS, MMS and picture message)
HD video calling
7) Cannot take multiple parties
7) It can take unlimited number of parties
Simultaneously
simultaneously
8) Band width per frequency channel of 2G is 8) Band width per frequency channel of 5G is
up to 200Khz
up to 28Ghz
9) Core network is PSTN
9) Core network is internet
10) Maximum speed is up to 64Kbps
10) maximum speed is up to 1Gbps
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As the successor of 1G 2G was far better than 1G but still it lags very much to compete with
5G. 2G provides facility of messaging as well as data transfer. But the speed of 2ginternet
was very slow as compared to 5G, the 2G did not allow the high data transfer rate for
streaming multimedia whereas 5G provides a HD video streaming.
5G
1) It is fifth generation mobile
communication technology
2) It is based in internet protocol 6
3) The data transfer speed is up to 1gbps
4) It provides virtual private network
5) It provides high resolution and bi
directional large band width shaping
6) 5G is successor to 4G
7) IP based mobility
8) very high data rates
9) Band width per frequency channel is up to
28Ghz
3G is successor of 2G technology. 3G allows the video calling facility and some additional
features that are not present in 2G and also the data transfer speed is higher than 2G, but in
comparison to 5G it is very low. 5G allows the very fast internet i.e, in gbps
5G
1) 5G will come completely in 2020
2) 5G is the revolution in 4G mobile
mobile communication technology
3) 5G provides dynamic information access,
Wearable devices with AI capabilities
4) It supports data band width in Gbps
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5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the
means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before
such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features
which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G
technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least
1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to
get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player,
large phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For
children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.
As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially launched .Some
nations has planned to launch LTE within next quarter. Operator is looking ahead for
widescale deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators will also find that the timing is right to
make the switch because much of the first generation of 3G equipment will need to be
upgraded soon. LTE networking equipment and handsets, already under development, will
become available in 2010, and should be rolled out in large quantities in Europe by 2012.
clearly shows that within 2020 LTE will become the latest trend for wireless communication
all over the world. But yet our question remains unanswered. Why there is a need for 5G.
Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless telecommunication.
People are not in a circumstance to make use of those benefits in an effective manner LTE
might be rigorously used in Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a common man who
utmost utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call. Fact is that there is no such
ground-breaking application exists in real world to be utilized by a common man. You might
doubt how this verdict is applicable for current innovative world, where have enormous
splendid real time applications. Concern is that our present wireless telecommunications is
bottlenecked to use those applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on
how a 5G network can provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available
possessions in an immense way to make him to feel the real progress.
If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.
We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do
so.
Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your mobile as per
your desire.
If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.
If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your bedroom.
Mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your healthiness.
Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode.
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Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.
Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can
view your sitting room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing
secure website .
You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication
need and next doctor appointment
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9.2. Aggregator
Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber traffic is
aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. (As shown in
figure).Flat IP architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly
move from Base station to Media gateways. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All
network operators (GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super core
with massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of
super core will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now
network operator is facing. It will also reduce number of network entities in end to end
connection, thus reducing latency considerably.
hence, more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased
processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks
(instructions per minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP
has shifted some of the BSC/RNCs radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter IP will
shift some of the RR functions, to Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone
will not be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio Resource
Management functions. With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can
Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations
costs and capital expenditure.
Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data
transmitted to align infrastructure capabilities with emerging application
requirements.
Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for
delay; upcoming latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully
realized.
Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to
a greater extent than in the past, creating greater flexibility in network
planning and deployment.
Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service
innovation across both mobile and generic IP access networks.
Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to be
competitive, from a price/performance perspective, with wired networks.
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all media content. When words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information,
it expands the potential relationships between them and enable them to flow across platforms.
10. 5G NANOCORE
The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies have
their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.
Nanotechnology.
Cloud Computing.
All IP Platform.
10.1. Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process on nanometer scale. i.e.
between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT
deals with control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by
molecule engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at
the Tokyo international conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next
industrial revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it
in a few years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both
mobile as well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as
security. This is considered as a most significant in telecommunication. We will be discussing
the same in our further slides.
are used to deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have
also developed platforms that allow users to access applications from
centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud, amazon.com and
sales force are some of the active
3. Infrastructure The third segment in cloud computing, known as the
infrastructure, is the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendorsG
environments such as Google gears allow users to build applications. Cloud
storage, such as Amazons S3, is also considered to be part of the
infrastructure segment.
5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments to satisfy his customer
demands. The concept of cloud computing will reduce the CAPEX of 5G network
deployment. In turn this will create a less billing to the end user for all kinds of services that
he utilizes through Nanocore.
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provide access technology for the user equipment. In these methods, generally speaking,
vertical handover is accomplished as a result of the conditions under which user applications
see main qualitative parameters of service or experience to the user.
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Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care of mobile IP address is assigned
according to location and connected network.
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing Different radio technologies to
share the same spectrum efficiently by Adaptively finding unused spectrum and
adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently
sharing the spectrum This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a
distributed fashion, and relies on software defined radio.
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems The radio interface of 5G
communication systems is suggested in a Korean research and development program to be
based on beam division multiple access(BDMA) and group cooperative relay techniques
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It uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels.
This BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than todays wireless
networks.
It uses smart antenna either Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array Antennas.
12.2. SOFTWARE OF 5G
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5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large
bandwidth shaping.
The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect
The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak . The 5G
technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world
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15. CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates and
all-IP principle. Currently, there are many available radio access technologies, which provide
possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is migration of
all services in IP environment, including the traditional telephony and even television,
besides the traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used among
the others. On the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing
power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same applications (services). It
is expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and
giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of
mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.
Author have defined completely novel network architecture for such 5G mobile
networks. The architecture includes introduction of software agents in the mobile terminal,
which will be used for communication with newly defined nodes called Policy Routers,
which shall be placed in the core network. The Policy Router creates IP tunnels with the
mobile terminal via each of the interfaces to different RATs available to the terminal. Based
on the given policies, the change of the RAT, i.e., vertical handover, is executed via tunnel
change by the Policy Router, and such change is based on the given policies regarding the
Quality of Service and user preferences, as well as performance measurement obtained by the
user equipment via new defined procedure for that purpose in this paper, called Quality of
Service Policy based ROuting (QoSPRO).
The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be implemented using
components of the shelf (existing and standardized Internet technologies) and its
implementation is transparent to the radio access technologies, which makes it very likeable
solution for the next generation mobile and wireless networks.
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16 Refrences
1. Suvarna Patil, Vipin Patil, Pallavi Bhat, A Review on 5G Technology, International
Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 1,January
2012.
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.scribd.com
4. www.seminarsonly.com
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