Q: Briefly discuss the different types of wireless techniques and its advantages:

The different types of wireless techniques are:

1. Infrared transmission
Infrared radiation (IR radiation) is electromagnetic radiations which have frequency
range between approximately 1 and 430 THz. The name means below red, the Latin
infra meaning " below&quot. Red is the color of the longest wavelengths of
visible light. Infrared light has a lower frequency than that of red light visible to
humans, hence the literal meaning of below red.
Infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes. Military
applications include target acquisition, surveillance, and night vision, homing and
tracking.
Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, remote temperature sensing,
short-ranged wireless communication, weather forecasting.
Infrared Applications

Night Vision

Thermography

Tracking

Heating

Communications

Meteorology

Astronomy

Infrared Advantages

Low power requirements: therefore ideal for laptops, telephones, personal digital
assistant

Low circuitry costs.

Simple circuitry: no special or proprietary hardware is required, can be

incorporated into the integrated circuit of a product

Higher security: directionality of the beam helps ensure that data isn't leaked or
spilled to nearby devices as it's transmitted

Portable

2. Satellite
The word satellite originated from the Latin word Satellit- meaning an attendant,
one who is constantly hovering around & attending to a master or big man. For our
own purposes however a satellite is simply anybody that moves around another
(usually much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit.
From a Communication stand point, a satellite may be considered as a distant
microwave repeater that receives uplink transmission and provides filtering,
amplification, processing and frequency translation to the downlink band for
transmission.
TYPES OF SATELLITES

Antisatellite weapons
Astronomical satellite
Biosatellites
Communication satellites
Miniaturized satellite
Navigational satellites
Reconnaissance satellites
Earth observation satellites
Solar power satellites
Weather satellites

Advantages of satellites:

The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.

Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of
the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use

3. Broadcast radio
Radio has its roots in the Telegraph. This device was the first widely-used form of
long-distance communication. In 1836, Samuel Morse invented a language of
dots and dashes that is still used today.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the human voice over wires for the
first time. Soon, his invention moved from the lab to the home and life hasn't
been the same since. Most of these telephones were wired on party lines, which
mean that many of your neighbors could listen to your calls. All the phones on the
party line rang at one time, and each home had its own ring pattern.
In the early days of radio there was no way to record sound - everything was
performed " live. Quot; although the first sound recording device can be
traced back to 1855, it was some time before the concept was applied to radio.
TYPES OF RADIO BROADCASTING

A.M
AM stands for amplitude modulation, and ranges from 535 to 1705kHz.
Kilohertz are thousands of cycles per-second of electromagnetic energy.
These are the numbers you see on your AM radio dial. The signals of
most AM stations are limited in their range, so the same frequencies can
be used many times as long as they are separated.

F.M
Frequency Modulation. FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology
pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation
(FM) to provide high- fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM
band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for
broadcasting". This term is slightly misleading, since it equates a
modulation method with a range of frequencies.

Advantages:
1. A universal medium. Can be enjoyed at home, at work, and while driving. Most
people listen to the radio at one time or another during the day.
2. Permits you to target your advertising spends to the market most likely to respond to
your offer.
3. Permits you to create a personality for your business using only sounds and voices.
4. Free creative help is usually available.
5. Rates can generally be negotiated and is cheaper to advertise on than some other
media vehicles.
6. Least inflated medium. During the past ten years, radio rates have gone up less than
other media.
7. Covers 97% of Indian territory and 90% of the population
8. it is also an illiterate persons medium
9. Can be customized from region to region

4. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

Microwave technology has applications in all three of the wireless networking

scenarios; LAN, Extended LAN and Mobile Computing.
Microwave communication can take two forms:

Terrestrial (Ground) links

Satellite links
Terrestrial (Ground) links

Terrestrial microwave communication employs Earth-based transmitters and

receivers. The frequencies used are in the low-gigahertz range, which limits all
communications to line-of-sight. You probably have seen terrestrial microwave
equipment in the form of telephone relay towers, which are placed every few
miles to relay telephone signals cross country.
Terrestrial (Ground) links used for long-distance telephone service
Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 GHz.
Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high used by common carriers as well as
private networks requires unobstructed line of sight between source and receiver
curvature of the earth requires stations (repeaters) ~30 miles apart
Satellite links
A microwave relay station in space can relay signals over long distances
geostationary satellites remain above the equator at a height of 22,300 miles
(geosynchronous orbit) travel around the earth in exactly the time the earth takes
to rotate
Satellite Links Applications

television distribution
o a network provides programming from a central location
o direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

long-distance telephone transmission

o high-usage international trunks

private business networks \

ADVANTAGES:

No cables needed

Multiple channels available

Wide bandwidth

5. BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a short-range and low power wireless technology originally
developed for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile
devices, creating personal area networks (PANs).Short-range radio frequency
technology that operates at 2.4 GHz on an unlicensed Industrial Scientific
Medical (ISM) band. Effective range of Bluetooth devices is 10 meters. It was
originally conceived as a wireless alternative to data cables.
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
Supports data rate of 1 Mb/s (originally). The Bluetooth specifications are
developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
Bluetooth Protocols Application Framework and Support Link Manager and
L2CAP Radio & Baseband Host Controller Interface RF Baseband Audio Link
Manager L2CAP TCP/IP HID RFCOMM Applications Data Control.
Advantages

Eliminates wires

Facilitates Data and Voice Communication

Offers formation of Ad hoc networks

Standardized protocol

Free of charge

Easy to use

Low power consumes battery less

Stationary and mobile environments

6. WIFI
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11
communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Wi-Fi
Network connects computers to each other, to the internet and to the wired
network.
Wi-Fi Networks use Radio Technologies to transmit &receive data at high speed:

IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11g

EEE 802.11b

Appear in late 1999

Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum
11 Mbps (theoretical speed) - within 30 m Range
4-6 Mbps (actual speed)
100 -150 feet range
Most popular, Least Expensive Interference from mobile phones and Bluetooth
devices which can reduce the transmission speed.

IEEE 802.11a

Introduced in 2001 Operates at 5 GHz (less popular)

54 Mbps (theoretical speed)
15-20 Mbps (Actual speed)
50-75 feet range
More expensive
Not compatible with 802.11b

IEEE 802.11g

Introduced in 2003
Combine the feature of both standards (a,b)
100-150 feet range
54 Mbps Speed
2.4 GHz radio frequencies
Compatible with b

ADVANTAGES

Mobility
Easy of Installation
Good Flexibility
Cost
Reliability
Security
Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
Roaming
Speed is high.