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Striving for Perfection: On the Various Ways

of Translating Sanskrit into Tibetan


Michael Hahn
Philipus Universitt, Marburg
IN 1976 OR 1977 I HAPPENED to meet the Swiss Indologist Heinz
Zimmermann in his home in Basel, Switzerland. In 1975 he
had published his doctoral thesis bearing the ornate title Die
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Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect

,QWHUIHUHQFH: Transmission of the Tibetan translation

Correct (CC) Incorrect (CI) Correct (IC) Incorrect (II)

,QWHUIHUHQFH: Translation into Tibetan

Correct (C)

,QWHUIHUHQFH: Transmission of the original text (Sanskrit manuscript)

Original message of the author (Language: Sanskrit)

Figure 1. Interference and the Transmission of Texts

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incompatible parts. Nevertheless, as a whole his translations are to 95
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Tibetan translations as a whole.
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1. Heinz Zimmerman, 'LH 6XEKLWDUDWQDNDUDDNDNDWK, Freiburger Beitrge
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]XU9HUGLHQVWOHKUH1DFKULFKWHQGHU$NDGHPLHGHU:LVVHQVFKDIWHQLQ*|WWLQJHQ
, *|WWLQJHQ9DQGHQKRHFN 5XSUHFKW 
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7. Siglinde Dietz, 'LH EXGGKLVWLVFKH %ULHLWHUDWXU ,QGLHQV 1DFK GHP WLEHWLVFKHQ
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1984).
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and 65.
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RULJLQDO6DQVNULWRI9DUDUXFLV*WKDWDND is now lost.
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6FKDXVSLHOGLFKWXQJ$VLDWLVFKH)RUVFKXQJHQ :LHVEDGHQ2WWR+DUUDVVRZLW]
1974), 192; and Michael Hahn, trans., -R\ IRU WKH :RUOG $ %XGGKLVW 3OD\ E\
&DQGUDJRPLQ %HUNHOH\&$'KDUPD3XEOLVKLQJ 
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21. Nils Simonsson, ,QGRWLEHWLVFKH 6WXGLHQ 'LH 0HWKRGHQ GHU WLEHWLVFKHQ
hEHUVHW]HU XQWHUVXFKW LP +LQEOLFN DXI GLH %HGHXWXQJ LKUHU hEHUVHW]XQJHQ IU GLH
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22. Ibid, 249.
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F  &'*14 UHDG ODP LQVWHDG RI UQDP, and in line (d) we have emended the
transmitted readings GH and VSRQJV as GHV and VSRQJ. The emendation *GJH

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