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Abstract
Alexander Keilland (1980), Ocean Ranger (1982), Piper Alpha
(1988), P36 in Brazil (2001) and a recent major blowout (H2S
release) in China (2003) are all well-known examples of
incidents that have resulted in major loss of life.
The Safety Management Systems the industry utilises
should be equally applicable to the management of all types of
risk: from the high frequency, low consequence slips, trips
and falls to the rare, high consequence incidents. However,
the review of past major incidents has shown that the
complexity of the failure path is such that questions arise as to
how adequate a traditional SMS based approach is to
managing these types of incident.
This paper presents some of the major challenges
associated with managing major incident risks. It draws upon
the findings of a recent workshop organised by the
International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) that
specifically addressed key challenges in this area, and
identified issues that warrant further review and development.
Introduction
Alexander Keilland (1980), Ocean Ranger (1982), Piper Alpha
(1988), P36 in Brazil (2001) and a recent major blowout (H2S
release) in China (2003) are all well-known examples of
upstream related incidents that have resulted in major loss of
life. They form a class of incidents that are often referred to as
low frequency, high consequence; as opposed to the high
frequency, (relatively) low consequence incidents that
dominate in the E&P industrys safety statistics [1].
The Safety Management Systems (SMS) the industry
utilize, and the risk assessment and management process
within them, should be equally applicable to all forms of risk:
from slips, trips and falls to the rare, high consequence
events. However, the frequency with which major incidents
and near misses occur suggests that more can be done to
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0.16
Probability
0.14
Load
Distribution
Strength
Distribution
0.12
0.1
Failure Zone,
where load
exceeds strength
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
50
100
Load/Strength
150
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Risk Assessment
Identify Risk
Reduction Options
Set Functional
Requirements
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The Incident P yra mid - Nu m ber of L TIs per Fatality - v aries per Business Activ ity
ref: U S - B ureau of Lab our S tatistics - year 2001 data (exclusiv e S ept 11 ev ents)
LTIs/Fat
100000
13046
10000
2773
777
1000
496
261
137
138
173
100
19
20
27
10
1
A ssault and
violent acts
Caught in
equipm ent,
object or
collapsing
m aterial
Total
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