MAGNET & MAGNETISM

OBJECTIVES
( At the end of the lab student should be able
to : )
1.
to understand the basic concept of
magnetic field
2.
to verify magnetic field patterns of the
magnet.
3.
To study the differences magnetic field
pattern when magnet attracting or
repelling.
4.
To identify the directions of magnetic
field using a plotting compass.

DESCRIPTION & BACKGROUND

A magnet is a material or object that produces
a magnetic field. This magnetic field is
invisible but is a responsible for the most
notable property of a magnet a force that pulls
on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron
and attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a
material that is magnetized and creates its
own persistent magnetic field. An everyday
example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold
notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can
be magnetized, which are also the notes that
are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called
ferromagnetic. These include iron, nickel,
cobalt, some alloys of care earth metals and
some naturally occurring minerals such as
lodestone.
An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire
that acts as a magnet when an electric current
passes through it but stops being a magnet
when the current stops. Often, an
electromagnet is wrapped around a core of
ferromagnetic material like steel, which

enhances the magnetic field produced by the

coil.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured
by its magnetic moment or, alternately, the
total magnetic flux it produces. The local
strength of the magnetism in a material is
measured by its magnetization.

EQUIPMENT
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Magnet bars
Horseshoe nar
Iron filling
Card board
Compass

PROCEDURES
1. Sprinkle ion filling on the cardboard and place the card ovcr
the two magnet as shown in figure 1 and tap the board.
Draw the magnetic line pattern in Table 1.

2. Place a compass at position 1 to 6. Draw the direction and

record in Table 1. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for different pole as
below.

QUESTION & ANSWER

1. Define the meaning of magnet and give
two types of magnet.
- A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have be
-

enimparted; called, in distinction from the loadstone, an artificial magnet.

A magnet is any piece of iron, steel, nickel or cobalt that has the property of attracting
iron or steel.
TWO TYPES OF MAGNET :

Magnetomotif force
Magnetic flux

2. State and explain the models to show

how to determine the direction of the
magnetic force.
-

Magnetic force lines/flux radiate from North to south pole.

Magnetic field is an area round the magnet, which can be
represented by magnetic force lines/ flux.

3. Describe the structure of an

electromagnet and list some of its use.
-

Continuous structure

Classically, electric and magnetic fields are thought of as being

produced by smooth motions of charged objects. For example,
oscillating charges produce electric and magnetic fields that may be
viewed in a 'smooth', continuous, wavelike fashion. In this case,
energy is viewed as being transferred continuously through the
electromagnetic field between any two locations. For instance, the
metal atoms in a radio transmitter appear to transfer energy
continuously. This view is useful to a certain extent (radiation of low
frequency), but problems are found at high frequencies (see ultraviolet
catastrophe).

Discrete structure

The electromagnetic field may be thought of in a more 'coarse' way.

Experiments reveal that in some circumstances electromagnetic
energy transfer is better described as being carried in the form of
packets called quanta (in this case, photons) with a fixed frequency.
Planck's relation links the energy of a photon to its frequency through
the equation. Where is Planck's constant, named in honor of Max
Planck, and is the frequency of the photon . Although modern quantum
optics tells us that there also is a semi-classical explanation of
the photoelectric effectthe emission of electrons from metallic
surfaces subjected to electromagnetic radiationthe photon was
historically (although not strictly necessarily) used to explain certain
observations. It is found that increasing the intensity of the incident
radiation (so long as one remains in the linear regime) increases only
the number of electrons ejected, and has almost no effect on the
energy distribution of their ejection. Only the frequency of the
radiation is relevant to the energy of the ejected electrons.
This quantum picture of the electromagnetic field (which treats it as
analogous to harmonic oscillators) has proved very successful, giving
rise to quantum electrodynamics, a quantum field theory describing
the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with charged matter. It
also gives rise to quantum optics, which is different from quantum
electrodynamics in that the matter itself is modelled using quantum
mechanics rather than quantum field theory.

 We have learnt to verify magnetic field

patterns of the magnet.
We can understand the basic concept of
magnetic field.
We can know how to difference magnetic
field pattern when magnet are attracting or
repelling.
We have know to identify the directions of
magnetic field using a plotting compass.